Home – Home – Jornals – Thermophysics and Aeromechanics 2022 number 3

Nowadays, self-government bodies of the city of Yakutsk remain almost unstudied by historians. This work considers the history of self-government in Yakutsk during the Revolution of 1917. The research objective is to analyze the structure of the city government and the electoral process in Yakutsk in 1917 and reveal the factors that influenced this process in the context of political and socio-economic crises. In addition, the focus is to clarify the composition of Yakutsk city self-government bodies. This scientific novelty of research is that it provides for the first time a holistic view of the election organization and the self-government staff of the city of Yakutsk (the City People’s Duma and City Council) based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, consistency, and comprehensiveness. The retrospective method is used as a research tool, making it possible to highlight cause-and-effect relations and regularities in the historical development of the issue. It was found that the elections to Yakutsk City Duma on 18 May, 1917 resulted in three political groups becoming the dominant force: the Social-Democratic, Social-Revolutionary, and Yakutsk Labour Union of the Federalists (YaLUF). The study revealed that the most stable position was that of the Socialist Revolutionary Party: its representatives were at the head of the Yakutsk Committee of Public Security, City Duma, and City Council and entered into an alliance with the national intelligentsia through YaLUF. The Mensheviks have been found to account for an absolute majority in the local branch of the RSDLP actively collaborating with the Social Revolutionaries. The position of the Bolsheviks proved to be considerably weaker. It is worth noting that after the events of October 1917 in Petrograd, the authorities in Yakutsk remained loyal to the Provisional Government and the Constituent Assembly, which had been overthrown by the Bolsheviks.

The article reveals the informational content of commercial advertisements in the pages of the first private periodicals of Tomsk («Sibirskaya Gazeta» and «Sibirsky Vestnik») as a means of promoting goods and services in the local market. The author solves the following tasks in the publication: to identify the main groups of advertised products; highlight the common and distinctive features in advertising of Tomsk newspapers. Advertising was directly related to sale of products and informed readers about the range of products, current prices, new arrivals, and discounts. According to the publications, non-food products (cultural and household, medical, agricultural equipment, household and luxury items, etc.), grocery, gastronomic, fruits and vegetables, fish and meat, as well as crop products were widely represented in the local market. The service sector (passenger and cargo transportation, insurance, printing, hotel service and photography) was characterized by a gradual increase in the number of ads. Products in the first private periodicals were advertised both by Tomsk, and foreign, metropolitan, and other Siberian entrepreneurs, that stimulated the development of the local market of goods and services. The ads differed in a certain structure (the name of product or service, price, owner’s name, designation and address of the trading establishment, etc.) and design (font, frames, product image). The author concludes that advertising publications are an important historical source on the history of regional entrepreneurship and trade. Based on these materials, it becomes possible to identify systemic changes in the Tomsk society of the late XIX - early XX century, characterize the practical interests of population, reveal the world of commerce and the attitude of public opinion to it, draw up a scheme of trade relations of Tomsk merchants.

The article substantiates the need to apply the structural and functional typology in the urban settlement classification of the Altai, Tuva and Khakassia Republics. This typology is based on highlighting the development degree of the urban functional structure in the region, the territorial content of their functions and their economic and geographical position, it takes into account the history of their origin and size as well. The paper shows influencing deindustrialization on the development of the Sayan-Altai urban settlements, their reprofilization and their functions transformation. These processes are particularly characteristic of the capitals of national republics (Abakan, Gorno-Altaisk and Kyzyl). Throughout the period under study, the monotowns with industrial and economic functions played an important role in the spatial settlement structure of urban settlements in the region due to their number, and negative impact on the entire intraregional urban system. The article considers monotowns with administrative and economic functions as a special type of settlements - such are urban villages in Tuva (Turan, Chadan and Shagonar). During their history, they faced problems of the poor quality of life related to the low level of able-bodied population’s employment, a small city-forming base, low investment attractiveness, insufficient level of developing sphere of the social and consumer service, underdevelopment of recreation areas, limited opportunities for self-realization of the youth. The specific feature of the region, and Siberia as a whole, is a significant role of urban villages in the urban settlement system. The author demonstrates how their role changed during the second half of the XX - early XXI centuries.

The first historical writings on Siberian urban residents in the second half of the XX century date back to 1960s. They were primarily dedicated to the working class. In 1990s, the writings were further broadened in the context of historical demography and urban development in historical perspective. The Institute of History of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science became the center to research Siberian towns and cities and their dwellers. S. Bukin, N. Guschin, V. Isaev and V. Isupov are among the most prominent scholars. In 2000s, the historians published a series of monographs, miscellanies and articles of conceptual significance. They introduced the concept of Siberian demographic transition and characterized it by the delayed and fragmentary nature of processes. East Siberian historical demography is less studied. L. Slavina pointed out delayed demographic transition. S. Rafikova argued for accelerated urbanization and young population in Siberian towns and cities. The researchers from the Republics of Khakassia and Tuva prepared a multitude of publications discussing the historical urban demography of the second half of the XX century. V. Kyshpanakova, N. Barantseva, Ye. Tinikova, Z. Anaiban, V. Boiko and Z. Dorzhu should be pointed out among them. The researchers suggested delayed demographic transition among the indigenous peoples of Siberia, urban residents including. They argued for Soviet industrialization of the region and its related urbanization. The analysis allows concluding that historical Siberian urban demography is expanding. Linking theory of modernization and concepts of urban and demographic transitions in historical analysis is an area of great promise and substantial potential. It allows gaining new knowledge about life and characteristics of Siberian urban population during the late Soviet period and noteworthy features of processes of urbanization. At the same time, other methodological approaches have not been implied. The works of foreign authors are poorly used. None of the above-mentioned researches has included either any comparative analysis, or mathematical modeling in their study. Such issues as epidemiological transition, migration, the way of life, departmentalism, mixed-nationality marriages, etc. require further research.

The article highlights the main stages and achievements of the 100-year historical path of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Institute traces its history back to the Buryat-Mongolian Academic Committee (Buruchkom) - the first research institution in the history of the Buryatia, which was founded on July 1, 1922. Today IMBT SB RAS is a unique academic institution in the East of Russia which carries out multidimensional research projects in the field of history and culture of the peoples of Central and East Asia. Specifically, it focuses on a comprehensive study of the problems of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies, patterns of socio-economic, political, historical and cultural development of the Mongolianspeaking peoples of Russia and Central Asia. The results aimed at academic development of the Oriental space contribute to developing a positive dialogue between the West and the East, while the Institute itself looks ahead with confidence.

The monograph by E.S. Bushueva is devoted to the architecture peculiarities and origin of the Assumption Church of the Holy assumption Monastery, as well as the fate of people related to its activities. The monograph sources were documents deposited in the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Region and National Archives of the Republic of Buryatia. The author’s attentive attitude to archival materials, their adequate interpretation made it possible to place the singular in the context of culture, to identify the general and the special. The research results indicate the fallacy of the view on the provincial abandonment of Siberian regions. In their historical period, many of them were outposts on the paths of development and advancement of Russia, modern ideas of architecture and art were embodied there, culturally significant buildings were created. The book, full of historical facts, evidence-based arguments, and the author’s reasoning, has become an important contribution to studying the religious life of Siberia.

The textbook under review is devoted to the history of the most difficult period of post-Soviet Russia - the 1990s. The review notes the relevance of the textbook prepared by the famous Russian historian Professor L.N. Slavina. It’s marked that the tutorial provides an analysis of transformations of all spheres of the socio-political and socio-cultural life of the Russian Federation. The textbook is in demand by historical faculties of Russian universities, as it gives basic answers to the most pressing questions of Russia’s recent history.

The goal of the study is to study the gas-dynamic structure of a supersonic underexpanded jet in the presence of a liquid spray as applied to the topic of gas-liquid nozzles. The wave structure is detected by methods of shadowgraphy and adaptive transparency visualization. Laser Doppler anemometry is used to measure the spray velocity and also to determine its concentration and droplet size. It is found that the flow in the two-phase core is qualitatively different from the gas jet flow. The transformation of the Mach disk in a wide range of gas flow regimes and liquid flow rates is studied. A crucial role of the gradient region of the jet in the vicinity of the Mach disk in the process of liquid atomization is demonstrated.

Two diametrically opposite internal grooves were introduced in the diverging section of a supersonic nozzle. Experiments were conducted to find the effect of grooves at three different nozzle pressure ratios (NPRs), i.e., 3.6, 5.5, and 7.2 and comparisons were made with circular jet without grooves. Data reported here are for a design exit Mach number of 1.8 with an area ratio 1.44. Results are presented as pitot pressure decay along the extended geometric center-line of the nozzle and the radial distribution of pitot pressure at various axial ( x ʹ =1, 3, 5, and 8) locations. Empirical relations have been developed to identify the lengths of various regions involved in the pitot pressure decay (along X -direction). Groove effectiveness was used as a parameter to find the effect of grooves on the jet decay characteristics. The jet from grooved nozzle exhibited totally different results compared to that from plain circular nozzle. Results show that grooves played a more significant role at overexpansion condition of the nozzle than at under-expansion case. Schlieren flow visualization technique was used to capture the shock cell structure of the jets for the same NPRs and it was found that the structure of the jet emanating from the grooved nozzle was highly distorted. To understand decay characteristics, supersonic core length and the pitot pressure decay lengths for 50 % decay and 90 % decay were determined from the pitot pressure data along the extended centerline of the nozzle. A significant reduction in spatial pressure fluctuations and supersonic core length were observed at overexpansion condition of the nozzle when grooves were introduced.

The fluid dynamics of a water fluid jet with supercritical state parameters outflowing from a high-pressure vessel through a thin nozzle is investigated. The numerical modeling of the jet was carried out using a system of equations for a gas-vapor-liquid mixture which includes the conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy formulated in with one-pressure, one-velocity, and two-temperature approximation. The simulation takes into account the contact heat and mass transfer processes of evaporation and condensation under equilibrium condition using a modified solver reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam within the OpenFOAM free open package. The process of barrel shock formation in a supersonic boiling jet with developing the Mach disk is demonstrated. It was found that the outflow process is accompanied by formation of vortex zones near the jet symmetry axis and this induces periodic pulsations in pressure and mass velocity inside the jet. Finally, this generates the acoustic pulses series preceding the main jet flow. Justification of reliability for the applied numerical method implemented through the OpenFOAM package solver is offered through comparing the numerical and analytical solutions for the Sedov problem of a strong point explosion in a two-phase gas-droplet mixture (for the planar case). The comparative analysis of simulation and the experimental photography for the supersonic nitrogen jet ejected from a cylindrical nozzle of a high-pressure reservoir is presented. The numerical results obtained using the OpenFOAM package demonstrate a satisfactory agreement with analytical solution and experimental data.

Heat exchange devices involving confined heated cylinders in crossflow require wake stability to minimize hydraulic losses, which are typically accompanied by a considerable loss in heat transfer. To address this problem, passive wake control for laminar flow past a cylinder is introduced in the form of wavy channel walls around the cylinder. The resultant effects on heat transfer and drag are investigated in detail for a range of Reynolds numbers (Re = = 20 - 200), blockage ratios ( b = 0.5 - 0.9) and Prandtl numbers (Pr = 0.25 -100). For the given range of parameters, it is shown that the wavy channel reduces cylinder drag by a minimum of ~ 36 % and a maximum of ~ 95 %, at the expense of ~ 8 % and ~ 40 % loss in heat transfer, respectively, compared to the plane channel. Thermal-hydraulic performance of the wavy channel compared to the plane channel for Pr = 0.744, is improved by ~ 14 % for b = 0.5 and ~ 160 % for b = 0.9. Therefore, the performance enhancement brought about by the wavy channel provides an appropriate trade-off between drag reduction and heat transfer loss.

The problems of interaction between gas dynamics and combustion are considered using the well-known database of experimental results on the boundary layer with ethanol combustion. Gas dynamics is represented by streamlines, combustion is represented by isotherms. The influence of an increased degree of air turbulence (up to 18%), acceleration in a narrowing channel, and the influence of the height of a flame stabilizing fin (3 and 6 mm) on the flow structure in individual cross-sections and in the boundary layer as a whole are studied. It is shown that immediately behind the barrier, where the signs of kinetic reaction of the gas mixture are manifested, the streamlines intersect, and during combustion in a narrowing channel with low air turbulence, the isotherms and streamlines become equidistant near the flame front, as in the case of diffusion response. Mass transfer on the liquid fuel surface remains conservative to changes in the gas-dynamic parameters of the air flow.

The present paper aims to investigate the effect of longitudinal curvature on film cooling performance through a single row of cylindrical holes. Four different longitudinal curvature cases are considered by changing the curvature heights. Detailed film effectiveness distributions are presented for several blowing ratios. The ANSYS CFX has been used for this computational simulation. The turbulence is approximated by a shear stress transport (SST) model. The numerical results are compared with experimental data.

Temperature distribution was measured during the development of natural convection in a vertical rectangular cavity 364 mm high, 185 mm wide and 40 mm deep, filled with a lead-bismuth melt and with the temperature difference maintained on its vertical sidewalls. The initial temperature difference was set by changing the electric power supplied to the heated wall, and, accordingly, by changing the heat removed from the opposite wall. The measurements were carried out in a quasi-stationary regime of free convection, when the flow parameters and temperature distributions over the cavity cross-section were constant for several hours. As a result of the performed measurements, the temperature profiles along the width and depth of the rectangular cavity were obtained.

The processes of heat transfer in air and liquid plate-finned heat exchangers of a thermoelectric cooling system are considered. The flow modes in interfin channels are analyzed, and the local heat-transfer coefficients are determined. From the numerical solution of the two-dimensional thermal-conduction problem, the dependences of the thermal resistances of the heat exchangers on their geometric parameters are obtained. The influence of thermal resistances on the cooling capacity and on the coefficient of performance of the thermoelectric cooling system is determined. Optimization of heat exchangers in terms of fin thickness and interfin spacing has been performed.

A numerical method of inductive drag reduction by means of improving the aerodynamic performance of the tip elements of lifting systems is presented. The method allows one to optimize the distribution of the intensity of free vortices at the wing tips in the Trefftz plane for a prescribed lift force and unchanged base wing geometry. Optimization calculations of various lift systems are performed, including the STR-40DT short-range airplane developed at the Chaplygin Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation (SibNIA). Good agreement of the numerical and experimental results is noted.

Heat transfer and critical heat flux on flat rectangular (16´24 mm) heat-releasing surfaces (HS) made of aluminum alloy D16 and modified by microarc oxidation (MAO) were investigated. Two types of coatings made using different electrolytes were studied: KOH and phosphates. Coatings had good adhesion to the HS and high dielectric strength. The thickness of coatings was 20 and 7 µm, respectively. The studies were carried out using freon R21 under conditions of natural convection with horizontal orientation of the HS. For comparison, measurements were carried out on identical working sections without a modifying coating: the first section was polished; the second one was ground with a roughness of 20 μm. It was shown that the heat transfer intensity on the modified HS was not lower than on the HS polished with a roughness of 20 μm, and it was almost twice as high as that on the polished HS. The values of the critical heat flux on the studied surfaces were almost the same. The use of these types of coating provides electrical insulation of the heat-releasing element without compromising the efficiency of heat removal.

The paper presents the calculated spectral densities of radiation energy fluxes and the emissivity factors of combustion products from model liquid and solid propellant rocket engines for the conditions of the combustion chamber, nozzle, initial and main sections of the plume. The influence of temperature non-equilibrium between gas and particle flows on the spectral and integral emission characteristics of combustion products is investigated. The calculated results of this work are compared with experimental and computed data of other authors. Particular attention is focused on the nature and level of emission at different locations of outflowing combustion products. The results of the work may be used to choose a section of the spectrum when determining the temperature of combustion products by pyrometric methods.

In laser ablation, the nonuniform distribution of energy across the laser beam leads to a nonuniform heating and evaporation of the material from the irradiated surface. The influence of nonuniform temperature and that of the nonuniform flux of evaporated material from the surface on the laser-plume expansion dynamics during the nanosecond laser ablation in vacuum were studied. It was assumed that the surface temperature depended linearly on the laser radiation energy. Direct Monte Carlo simulation of pulsed gas expansion for a flat-top laser beam and for a Gaussian beam has been carried out under the assumption of no absorption of laser radiation in the plume. For the flat-top beam, the surface temperature proved to be areally uniform over the entire irradiation spot, whereas for the Gaussian beam, the temperature varied along the spot radius. It is shown that for both beams, the final distributions of particles in the plume are almost identical. However, in the case of the Gaussian beam the plume moves a little faster in comparison with the flat-top beam, which circumstance leads to an increased kinetic energy of particles passing through the time-of-flight detector by 2-4 %.

The process of heat transfer in NbN film while applying a pulse of current is considered using the 2D inhomogeneous heat equation. The boundary value problem is solved for a longitudinal cross-section in the film; the heat transfer problem is solved for a system “contacts-film-substrate-thermostat”. The temperature evolution for the film cross-section since the pulse start till the temperature relaxation is visualized. The maximum film heating is evaluated. It was shown that the contact material (beryllium cooper BeCu) ensures the effective heat drainage from a superconductive film existing in the resistance mode while passing a high density current through the film. The developed simulation method and the material for the contacts can be used for other types of metallic or semiconductor films.

Introduction. The implemented competency-based approach raises many questions, including: what skills should be included in the portfolio of basic literacy in the 21st century? Regardless of one position or another, critical thinking is one of the universal competencies in higher education. The purpose of the study is the explication and comparison of the concepts of critical thinking proposed by philosophers, experts and practitioners of educational activities. Methodology. The object of research is the concept of critical thinking in engineering education. The subject of the study is the place and meaning of critical thinking in the standards of higher education in Russia (considered on the material of the Transport University). A critical, constructivist and competence-based approach is used as a priority methodology. Discussion. In the FSES HE 3++, the list of universal competencies includes the position of the formation of “critical thinking” (UK-1). This competence should be formed in all students of the transport university. The conflict between experts (teachers, managers, philosophers) is associated with a different understanding of the content of competence, its place in the educational program and its impact on professionalism. It substantiates the idea that a sharp reduction in the volume and range of courses in the soft skills segment, misinterpretation of the concept and methodology of critical thinking by managers (who rely on strict adherence to the standard), leads to an increase in dilettantism in teaching, demonstrates the gap between philosophical scientific research and the practice of teaching philosophy in a transport university. Conclusion. The practice of developing critical thinking among engineering students reveals a contradiction between understanding the profession as a system of qualification requirements (where critical thinking does not matter) and the model of the profession as a dynamic portfolio of competencies (where it is impossible to build a successful career trajectory without it).

Introduction. Practice-oriented learning is actively being introduced into modern education at any level. Its philosophical foundations were laid by critical rationalism, which had a huge impact to many areas of education and science. The purpose of the article is to determine the basic foundations of the critical-rationalist philosophy of education, as well as to find out its new meanings and values for society. Methodology. Conceptual-semantic and comparative analysis are used in the article as the main research methods. The Karl Popper epistemology is taken as a starting point for researching the theoretical foundations of the practice-oriented learning model and its influence to the formation of critical rationalism is considered. The conceptual-semantic and comparative analysis of the critical rationalism concepts is used. Discussion. Attention is drawn to two main educational paradigms: “cognitive” - aimed to obtaining knowledge and subjectively oriented - aimed to the development of the subject as a person or his personal characteristics with the help of new learning technologies. The objects of critical analysis are the empirical paradigm, the falsified approach to pedagogical research, the complex relationship between pedagogical theory and practice, as well as the problem of value neutrality in pedagogical science. The results obtained allow us to present the debatable, but apparently inevitable role of the teacher in the educational process as a subject that encourages a student or schoolchild not so much to gain knowledge as to acquire useful self-learning skills. Conclusion. The conclusion is made about the positive contribution of critical rationalism to the professionalization of teachers and students. The results obtained have methodological significance associated with understanding the place and role of intelligent technologies in the implementation of the educational process at any level. They can also be used in further practical and theoretical studies of higher education.

Introduction. The problem of assessing the knowledge of university students is relevant due to the emergence of new technologies and learning formats. The formal assessment of knowledge according to exam standards is being replaced by the individualization of the process of assessing not only knowledge, but also the level of competence of the student. It is important to investigate the critical thinking of students in its intention to evaluate knowledge. Methodology. The research methodology is based on a systematic understanding of critical thinking. The qualities of critical thinking in the process of knowledge assessment are analyzed. Based on the synthesis of interactions of thinking qualities, assessment methods, the specifics of philosophy teaching technologies and the possibilities of philosophical reflection, the importance of self-assessment is substantiated. The structural approach allows us to consider self-assessment as an independent construct functioning outside the evaluation procedure, but dependent on this procedure and participating in it. Discussion. The discussion is based on the use of their own model of critical thinking. The components of critical thinking are discussed. The interaction of the critical component with the qualities of reflexivity, constructiveness of critical thinking is considered. The analysis of students’ evaluation activity in the context of critical thinking allows us to determine the special place of philosophy as an academic discipline that forms critical thinking. Due to the dialogic nature of the content of the discipline, the use of dialogue technologies becomes possible. The idea is put forward that evaluation is most productive if it is a process of building dialogues between a teacher and a student, a student and other participants in a group dialogue. The role of self-assessment and the possibilities of its development in the process of knowledge assessment are analyzed. The most productive result is the coincidence of assessment and self-assessment in the course of philosophizing. Conclusion. Assessment methods should be aimed at the formation of the student’s openness, readiness to discuss the results of activities and the development of adequate self-assessment. These possibilities are realized through the constructive nature of philosophical criticism. Technologies for the development of critical thinking in the study of philosophy can be used in the process of evaluating knowledge. The technology of problem-based learning, dialogue technology, philosophical analysis with the use of rating, forming the qualities of critical thinking, have an impact on the student’s self-esteem.

Introduction. Today, humanity is increasingly focused on effective innovations aimed at fast and high-quality technologies and their application in industry 4.0. The figure of the engineer is the key here. This imposes new challenges on engineering education. Thus, engineering education is forced to acquire new meanings, corresponding to the meanings of the VI technological order and industry 4.0. The methodological foundations are the historical-philosophical and sociological approaches, within which an analytical review of two “lines” in the development of modern engineering education was carried out: engineering work as a “craft” (the tradition of D. K. Sovetkin, V. K. Dilla-Vos) and the tradition engineering as creativity (“Liberal Arts”). The analytics of these traditions points to their convergence in educational, industrial and business technologies STEM and STEAM. Discussion. The implementation of the meanings of these technologies is delayed in updating the educational didactics of engineering education. The resolution of this contradiction becomes an urgent task. This requires not only a conscious reflection on the actual status of an engineer, but also the definition of the very vector of changes in the didactics of engineering education. It can be defined as the development of the target meaning of engineering education from a predominantly “handicraft” functionality to its “cognitive-technological” content. For the formation of an engineer of a new formation in the didactics of the educational process, a sociological survey was conducted among engineering students of SibFU. The purpose of it was to find out the meaning of engineering work as a “craft” and as “creativity” within the framework of STEM and STEAM technologies. Conclusion. It is argued that the didactics of engineering education is only approaching the semantic implementation of STEM and STEAM technologies. This means that the technological gap and the quality of the engineering corps are not in the vector of advanced development.

Introduction. Uncertainty is a part and a consequence of thinking more geometrico, which is the basis of the modern age. It is necessary to return to things themselves, to substantive thinking, and to life from one’s own source. Reasonable knowledge in education is rooted not only in the ontological emergency, but also in deictic digital thinking, which has a nominalistic basis, where brands play a decisive role, where a true statement is represented by one, and a false statement is represented by zero. In this subtle way, the truth becomes a brand to which one can add everything that claims to power. The devastation of the essence of human thought, caused by the rational type of mental operations and techniques, is noted. The purpose of the study is to find the foundations of a reliable (certitudo) mental analysis based on the things themselves, and not just on the idea of correctness (orthotes). The methodology for studying uncertainty in education is based on the scientific and philosophical work of M. Heidegger, J. Pyatochka, T. G. Masaryk, H. Arendt, who developed the principle of “Measure of things”, due to the phenomenon of “das Gestell”. Discussion. The principle of “Measure of things” in education is both artificial and voluntary, since, starting with Antiquity, it has served as a methodology for criticizing rationalism associated with the introduction of digital technologies into education, generating the phenomenon of “digital thinking”, “flat thinking”, “geometric thinking”, “uncertainty in education” and other fields. Learning with the use of digital technologies completely deprives pupils and students of the opportunity to concentrate, because the intention of perceiving information is fragmented. Thus, the thought processes return to the computer game, which in principle is a typical children’s delight. Conclusion. Planning for the future of education is done by planning with numbers. Today it has reached its climax, thanks to the huge role of computer philosophy in the entire life of society. Politicians, officials and lawyers must realize that education is not a pragmatic-objective process, it cannot be regulated by market goals and values.

Introduction. Mongolia, like many countries in the post-Soviet space, was twice subjected to a process of peripheralization during the 20th century, namely by an expanding system of socialism and a capitalist world-economy. The study of educational inequality using Mongolia as an example makes it possible to see the differences in the results of these two variants of peripheralization. Methodology. The dynamics of educational inequality in Mongolia is interpreted on the basis of the world-system approach (I. Wallerstein), the concept of peripheralization of societies by S. Amin, a number of theoretical statements of the world-system paradigm in comparative education and critical pedagogy (R. F. Arnove, T. G. Griffiths, G. Steinert-Khamsi, I. Stolpe). The idea of the possibility of the existence of multiple and structurally diverse centers capable of performing peripherization is developed on the basis of Mongolia. Discussion. The educational system of Mongolia, formed in the process of socialist peripherization, corresponded to the tasks of developing the national economy and took into account the specifics of its agriculture. The results of Mongolia’s integration into the system of the socialist division of labor and the creation of an appropriate system of production, as well as an education system, can be seen as an example of social co-evolution, when the presence of a hierarchy leads to the growth of the periphery. The collapse of the socialist system in Mongolia was accompanied by the growth of social and educational inequality. The school education system is in demand by the general population and is able to clearly reflect the dynamics of social inequality in modern Mongolian society. The fact of the introduction of educational patterns of countries with high incomes and a settled population into the education system of a society where a third of the population is nomadic pastoralists reveals obvious discrepancies between the borrowed elements and the realities of modern Mongolia. Conclusion. The educational system of Mongolia in the context of the current peripherization of the post-Soviet space by the core of the world-system contributes to the consolidation of social inequality. In the absence of the necessary funding, educational samples imported to Mongolia are transformed in the realities of the educational process of Mongolian schools, and also become a factor in the transformation of households of pastoralists-nomads.

Introduction. The transformation of modern education sharply raises the issue of pedagogical design. To create a pedagogy of the future, it is necessary to clarify the principles and directions of design. Therefore, a comparative analysis of any pedagogical systems makes it possible to clarify the criteria for comparison as strategic directions for designing. Particularly productive is the analysis of pedagogical systems created in the context of deep social and cultural transformations. Methodology. The purpose of the study is to identify the differences between the philosophical and pedagogical concepts of J. Locke and J.-J. Rousseau. To determine the grounds for comparison, the authors reveal different approaches in the works of Russian and foreign researchers. As criteria for comparing philosophical and pedagogical concepts, the authors use structural elements of the educational process (goal, method, content of education, the role of the teacher), pedagogical axioms (the axiom of human nature, the axiom of the educational ideal, the axiom of the social ideal), evaluative characteristics (advantages and disadvantages), and educational vectors as directions of efforts in certain characteristics of the educational process expressed in categorical pairs, as well as particular characteristics of the process. Discussion. The latter approach seems the most interesting and promising, as within its framework there are studies comparing the pedagogical concepts of the most prominent representatives of the Enlightenment, J. Locke and J.-J. Rousseau. The studies analyze the differences in the categorical pairs “external - internal” (as a key factor in the formation of a person), “activity - passivity”, and “freedom - dependence”. Earlier, the authors carried out a comparative analysis of the pedagogical systems of J. Locke and J.-J. Rousseau on the basis of categorical pairs “reason - sense”, “natural - social (artificial)” (human nature - environment). Conclusion. The article proposes categorical pairs that reveal additional differences in the pedagogical views of the two philosophers: “creation (filling)” - “manifestation (detection and development of the existing)”, and “present - future”. In the authors’ opinion, it is these pairs that are important not only for the analysis of pedagogical concepts of the past, but also for modern pedagogical design.

Introduction. The modern social world is being transformed with acceleration. The vectors of such changes are ambiguous and may have several main directions: further social development and perfection; stabilization of public life with the help of renewing and new social technologies, or degradation and deconstruction of people and public consciousness. In order to search for the idea of a harmonious, healthy interpersonal and social existence and to achieve a balance of personal and multi-level social life, the following vectors of social life are being developed: 1) development and perfection, 2) stabilization (conservation) of the existing situation in a certain period of social time, 3) degradation and decay (deconstruction), 4) new forms of social organization as the sprouts of future social life. Methodology. The journal “Philosophy of Education” offers a series of scientific articles in the context of the general theme “On the way to the health of society”, which will consider two worldview plans - epistemological and empirical, applicable to subsequent system-philosophical methodological conclusions. Discussion. The problem of identifying modern ways of cognizing social dynamics, taking into account its specifics at different levels of social life, requires adequate knowledge of the social world, taking into account which vector (direction) of transformations is chosen. Is preference given to development and perfection, or stabilization (conservation) of the existing situation, or degradation and decay (deconstruction)? Conclusion. The discussion of the ideas of organizing the harmonious life of modern society as the basis of the general axiomatics of the system-philosophical approach indicates that the real change in modern society is multi-vectored. One path of global and regional social transition is the path of the noosphere. The opposite path is the path of the necrosphere. But it should be emphasized that most modern social systems and interpersonal relationships are of an intermediate, hybrid nature. These hybrid systems and interactions are also subject to comprehensive socio-philosophical study in the future.

Introduction. The transition of civilization to a qualitatively new level is caused by a change in the quality of energy transfer, which underlies the methods of production and the model of a person of his/her time. An organic person, capable of both resisting the negative manifestations of new technologies and using them for the benefit of society, is today discussed within the framework of an individual cultural model. The purpose of the article is to substantiate and reveal the methodological foundations for the formation of a new person, due to a qualitatively new image of civilization. Methodology. The arsenal of methodological foundations, in the form of developed initial and basic concepts (relationships, organizations, spaces, processes), “matryoshka” models, the Mobius strip and the space of methodological laws, provided technologies for specific algorithms for the formation of fundamental and intellectual qualities of a person, to create the image of a person organic. Discussion. Ordered sets of moral and intellectual qualities of a person are presented. A description of the structural and logical development of a person is given, based on the development of his internal genetically determined potential. Based on the algorithms for organizing the life processes of the subject, included in the single harmony of the life of Man, Society, Nature, Cosmos, through the harmonization of life processes, the structural and logical organization of each of these spaces corresponding to the logic of human development is revealed. Conclusion. In the characteristic-justification of the integral characteristics of an organic person, a complex of integral qualities of the cultural model of a modern person is presented - this is a conscious worldview, self-fulfillment, self-development, integrity, organicity, ensuring the inclusion of a person in a single harmony of the life of Man, Society, Nature, Cosmos in the new civilizational conditions of life.

Introduction. The classical model of higher education, with a class-based system, does not meet the challenges of modern reality. Discussions are currently underway on the need to transform the higher education system. Methodology. The purpose of this study, based on the identification of factors affecting the current state of higher education, is to determine the direction of transformation of the role of the teacher and, accordingly, what approaches and teaching methods are currently required. The study uses a systematic approach that makes it possible to study individual elements of the education system, their interrelation and mutual influence, changes in the higher education system as a whole and its individual elements under the influence of environmental challenges, resulting in the transformation of the system as a whole, as well as the adjustment of the norms and rules of the system, the role and functions of individual elements. Leading experts and analysts, using foresight, have analyzed the changes that are taking place and will take place in various professional fields, including education, and have presented the results of their research in the form of an Atlas of Future Professions. Discussion. In the context of the development of information technologies, information challenge, changes in teaching methods are needed, primarily in higher education. Based on the analysis of this Atlas, it is possible to draw conclusions which direction higher education will be transformed in, and how the educational process will change, what the guidelines in teaching methods will be. The article analyzes the changing role of the teacher in the educational process, the transformation in teaching methods, especially student-centered education and their significance in the teaching process. Special attention is also paid to new approaches to the educational paradigm related to interdisciplinarity. Conclusion. Particular attention is paid to the interdisciplinary approach while teaching students of “Foreign Regional Studies” specialty, various approaches to explaining the concept of “interdisciplinarity” are proposed.

Introduction. Implementation of digital technology for teaching philosophy in higher education requires new approaches to the content quality assessment. Writing assignments, engaging students in creating texts where the use of philosophical terms is implied, can become the source of data for Philosophy course efficiency analysis and evaluation. They can also enable the research of the students’ vision with the quantitative methods of text analysis. The article aims at evaluating the particular assignment efficiency on Social and Political Philosophy within the Philosophy course implying quantitative content analysis. Methodology. The suggested research implements quantitative content analysis for determining the frequency of social and political philosophy terms in students’ texts for the writing assignment. The essay’s corpus is generated from the assignment “Utopia” in the online course “Philosophy” for 2nd-year bachelor students that is aimed at describing their vision of humanity’s future. The acquired results were broadly categorized into two groups: general terms and the terminology relating specifically to social and political philosophy topics. Discussion. The research results demonstrate that the most frequently used nouns in the students’ essays represent the most general terms of social and political philosophy. However, specific terminology is implemented by the students relatively rarely. Conclusion. The research results confirm the hypothesis that quantitative content analysis of student-generated texts in the online course can become the data source for improving the course content and assignments. In this particular case, quantitative content analysis of social and political terms implementation for the student-generated text corpus in assignment “Utopia” demonstrates the necessity to pay more attention to specific terminology of social and political philosophy while teaching the course. Quantitative methods implementation for student assignments analysis revealed the opportunities to use them as a source of data for sociophilosopical research of students’ vision for the future of humanity.

Introduction. Our society is moving towards globalization, informatization, digitization, but the individual is not getting happier. And yet, man is distinguished from all other known species by the ability to be happy. Moreover, a lot of human problems, stem from his “unhappiness”. The subject to bring up a happy man is gaining in importance. Thus, the UN resolution “Happiness: a holistic approach to development” defines the pursuit of happiness as one of the main goals of mankind. The methodological basis of the study was a socio-cultural approach which allowed to identify the main contexts for the definition of happiness. Research method - analysis of philosophical, psychological, cultural, pedagogical texts. Revealing views, positions of evidence in the general subject field is the upbringing of a happy person. The article deals with the concepts of M. Argyle, V. Tatarkevich, D. A. Leontiev, E. Fromm, A. Maslow, K. Rogers. The key contexts for the definition of happiness, identified as a result of socio-cultural analysis, are extrapolated to pedagogy. Based on the ideas of classical teachers K. D. Ushinsky, A. Nill, A. S. Makarenko, V. A. Sukhomlinsky on the topic of happiness, fundamental conclusions have been drawn. In order to bring up a happy person, it is necessary to: to create an understanding of the universal connection of man to the world, to show the dependence of an individual’s happiness on the happiness of others; to help the pupils to find a cause that will give meaning to the soul; to develop the desire to realize their potential in socially meaningful activities and creativity; to learn to see the joyful prospects of tomorrow; to support not the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of suffering, but the abilities and skills to overcome adversity. Pupils should be made aware of their responsibility for their happiness and that of others, and should develop a sense of measure and moral limits in the pursuit of happiness.

The capsule review of the scientific editor for the thematic issue of the Siberian Journal of Forest Science, 2022, number 3 is done, dedicated to silvicultural problems in Siberia.

As a result of an experiment on thinning of different intensity and the application of fertilizers (carbamide, 46 % as the active ingredient) in the young stands of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, formed on former agricultural land, with the initial density 30 thousand trees per ha, data were obtained on the response of cenoses to the complex treatment. Dependences of growth on the age and initial density of plantings, and on the density and dose of fertilizer were built. It is shown that on the plots with the thinning intensity of 77 and 59 % of the number of trees, after 10 years it is necessary to carry out a second thinning treatment. It has been established that the growth response to the application of fertilizers begins from the fifth year after their application. The application of fertilizers makes it possible to reduce the competition between trees for environmental resources, which allows overdense young stands to provide the maximum possible productivity up to a certain age. The results obtained can be used not only in solving forestry problems of increasing the productivity of plantations, but also to increase their carbon sequestration functions.

Based on the analysis of the wood increment dynamics in the middle-aged pine forests of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe of various structure, formed through thinning of different intensities and the introduction of various doses of mineral fertilizers (carbamide, 46 % of the active substance), the regularities of changes in the current annual increment were established. A model allowing assessing the trends in increment with age and density of stands growing both without and with the use of fertilizers has been proposed. Data are presented indicating that in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, due to the application of fertilizers, the current annual increment in pine plantations can be increased by 1.2-6.8 m³/ha compared to the reference site. Differences in the response of stands to fertilization in the first five years and the next three years were revealed it has been found that the current annual increment increases significantly starting from the sixth year after fertilization. The density-age optima of the productivity of pine stands, providing a multiple increase in the increment of managed stands as compared to the reference site were established. The obtained knowledge is the theoretical basis for the implementation of a model of intensive use and reproduction of forests in the best forest growing conditions, and will also be useful in creating carbon farms, which main purpose is to reduce the carbon footprint of industrial enterprises.

The dynamics of forest inventory indicators, attrition and wood growth of 35-year-old pine Рinus sylvestris L. crops with various density are analyzed, Pine crops were created in 1982 by V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch under the leadership of A. I. Buzykin on former agricultural lands in Bolshemurtinsky district of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The initial density of the stands varied in a wide range from 0.5 to 128.0 thousand trees per ha. The assessment of the stand density influence on the growth and productivity of young pine stands at the age of 2, 5, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 years old was carried out. It has been established that since the age of five, the process of intensive self-thinning of trees has been observed, at initial planting density 90.0 thousand trees/ha the density decreased to 10 thousand trees/ha by the age of 35 years. At the initial density less than 10 thousand trees/ha the self-thinning intensity is significantly lower and the stand density has decreased by less than 2 times over the same period. It is shown that at the initial stage of stand growth there is a growth increase with the initial planting density, reaching the plateau at a density of over 70.0 thousand trees/ha. With age reaching the plateau occurs with the lower initial density. At the age of 20, the maximum increase was at the initial density from 50.0 to 70.0 thousand trees/ha, by the age of 30 it shifted to a density range from 30.0 to 50.0 thousand trees/ha. The relationship between the current annual increment, age, and the initial and actual densities of pine crops has been established. In the age range studied there is a tendency of increasing the increment with age, although for the crops with the initial density higher than 90 thousand trees per ha in the range of 15 to 22 years the decrease of annual increment is observed, which is evidently connected to the escalating of concurrent relations in cenosis. Thus, it can be suggested that high rates of carbon deposition at the initial stage of high-density stands creation can be maintained under the condition of periodic thinning, regulating the stand density.

The results of the formation of overstocked 15-year pine stands (with initial density of trees 35.6 thousand per ha) in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe the thinning aimed at reducing their density with keeping only the trees of a certain cenotic position (dominant, co-dominant and suppressed) in order to obtain information about the possible equalization of their forest inventory indicators in the process of their growth are presented. It was found that after thinning the dominant trees stand had density of 4.3 thousand per ha, had the best growth characteristics (mean height and mean diameter) and upheld that tendency through the whole observation period. After 7 years mean diameter of dominant trees increased from 4.8 ± 0.1 to 9.4 ± 0.2 cm, mean height increased from 4.8 ± 0.1 до 8.1 ± 0.1 m. Stem timber volume increased 5.0 times to the value of 141.63 m³ per ha, relative density - from 0.51 to 1.27. Stand density for co-dominant trees decreased to 6.6 thousand per ha after the thinning. The mean diameter of co-dominant trees increased 2.6 times and amounted 6.1 ± 0.1 cm, the mean height increased from 3.4 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.1 m. Stem timber volume increased from 7.92 to 60.06 m³/ha, relative density increased 3.7 times (1.00). After the thinning the suppressed trees underwent a long (1-2 years) adaptation period, had disproportional growth in height and decreased growth in diameter (relative height 244). Stand density for suppressed trees pine Pinus sylvestris L. decreased to 6.3 thousand per ha after the thinning. The mean diameter of the suppressed trees after 7 years after the thinning changed from 0.9 ± 0.1 to 4.2 ± 0.1 cm, the mean height - from 2.3 ± 0.1 to 3.8 ± 0.1 m. Timber volume increased from 1.09 to 17.23 m³ per ha, relative density increased from 0.07 to 0.69.

A simulation model of the growth of pine stands is proposed. The model, taking into account the competition for the available resource, allows to calculate the increase in trunk diameter for each tree in the simulated area, as well as to derive the taxation characteristics: stand density, completeness, stock of stem wood and make monitoring the dynamics of all these indicators in increments of one year. The model takes into account the relative location of trees in the tree stand, their size and the amount of available resource for each tree. The verification of the model was carried out using the materials of long-term research on permanent research plots of young, middle-aged and ripe stands. Several scenarios for the growing of pine stands are considered. The influence of cutting on the dynamics of a number of taxation characteristics is studied. These are the average diameter the average diameter of the trunk and the increase in diameter, the value of the average annual increase; the density of the stand; the stock of stem wood. The proposed simulation model is an effective tool for studying the growing of stands and serves as an alternative to time-consuming field studies, which are difficult to implement over long time intervals. Modeling allows studying the impact of logging in forests for various destinations. It is possible to choose such a system of forest care activities using the analysis of the dynamics of the main taxation indicators, which provides the most complete implementation of the tasks of intensive reforestation by varying the intensity and frequency of cutting during modeling.

The basis for forecasting the growth of forest stands is the site index scales. Expansion of knowledge about the processes of functioning of forest ecosystems, the nature of changes in the process of growth of morphological indicators of trees and stands, their interconnections and interdependencies, and the creation of a more suitable mathematical apparatus and appropriate software for describing biological processes form the prerequisites for formulating and solving the problem of forecasting the growth of stands on higher methodological level. The aim of this work is to assess the predictive ability of the growth equations obtained using the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to describe the course of growth of tree stands at the average height and to construct a site index scale. The data for the study were general tables of the course of growth of complete (normal) pine stands North Eurasian. A total of 25 equations obtained using the GADA approach are analyzed. Comparative analysis showed that the best quality of data alignment is provided by an equation based on the Mitscherlich function (also known as Drakin-Vuevsky, Chapman-Richards) with the replacement of parameters responsible for the limiting values of the height and the shape of the curve. This model is polymorphic, has the shape of a sigmoid curve and variable asymptotes, i.e. takes into account most of the properties imposed on the growth rate models in height. Model errors are distributed depending on the selected forecasting interval and the site index of the stand. With an increase in the forecasting period, an increase in the error occurs. For all intervals of the forecast range, the value of the mean absolute error is not exceeding 2.01 %. The highest average absolute forecast error (1.1-2.2 %) is characteristic of the extreme site index classes (I^b, V, V^a and V^b). The methodology considered in the study can be applied to develop models of the growth rate of stand inventory variables of other forest-forming species in Russia.

Qualimetry of aboveground and underground biomass of trees is an integral part of studies of biological productivity and carbon depositing capacity of forest cover, necessary for the correct assessment of the carbon cycle in its spatial gradients and in relation to climate change. The great bulk of carbon is deposited in tree stems and largely depends on the basic density (BD) of wood and bark. The author’s database on the qualimetry of forest-forming species of Northern Eurasia is used in the work. About 3.450 model trees of 9 tree species (genera) were selected from it. The constructed mixed-effects models describing the dependences of the BD of wood and bark on their dendrometric indicators, geographical coordinates and species belonging of trees, revealed a 0.25% decrease in the BD of wood by 1 ° N. in the direction from south to north and 0.26 % decrease by 1 °E. in the direction from west to east. In the same gradients, the decrease in the BD of the stem bark is 0.55 % by 1 °N. and 0.28 % by 1 °E., respectively. The largest share of the explained variability of BD is accounted for by the species of trees - 74 % for wood and 87 % for bark, significantly less - by geographical location - 12 and 9 %, respectively, and the smallest share - by dendrometric indicators of trees 14 and 4 %, respectively. The ranking of species of equal-sized trees by BD value was performed, which showed that each species has a specific ratio of BD of wood and bark. This means that for a more correct assessment of the basic density and carbon deposition in wood and bark, it is necessary to process separately wood and bark of the disks removed from stems, and not the disks over bark as a whole.