Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2022 number 6

We consider the usefulness of satellite data to estimate atmospheric instability and precipitable water vapor for the cases with severe convective events occurred over the European Russia and the Ural region. The initial sample includes 305 squalls, tornado, and large hail events. We evaluated the values of the instability parameter Lifted Index (LI) and precipitable water vapor (PW) using MODIS Atmospheric Profile Product data as well as the ERA5 reanalysis data. It was found that the median values of LI and PW according to the MODIS and ERA5 data are rather close, while the extreme values substantially differ. Local areas with very strong instability and high PW were identified from MODIS data, but not detected according to the reanalysis data. We found major limitations of the MODIS data associated with rather low frequency of imagery and the lack of information on the instability parameters for cloudy pixels. In particular, it reduced the sample size from 305 to 95 cases.

The results of the complex study of the composition and temporal variability of urban aerosol in near-surface air in the center of Moscow during two winter seasons (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) are discussed. Daily data on PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations and the total aerosol mass concentration (by gravimetric method) and 65 chemical elements included in its composition measured for 35-40 days every season are considered. The aerosol composition is compared with the meteorological parameters in near surface air in Moscow, the direction of long-range air mass transport to the Moscow region, and the distribution of dust in near-surface air over the European Russia (according to the MERRA-2 reanalysis). The detailed study of the aerosol elemental composition in Moscow allowed us to identify the elements of global/local distribution and of natural/anthropogenic genesis. Concentrations of all aerosol components under study in Moscow in winter did not exceed the corresponding daily average MPC values for the air of residential areas. It is shown that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are accumulated in the near-surface air of the city in calm conditions. The maximal levels of aerosol pollution were observed in the first part of December 2020 with south-easterly winds, when long-range atmospheric transport of impurities to Moscow took place from sources located in the arid south zones of European Russia, in the Caspian Lowland and in western Kazakhstan.

We discuss the results from measurements of aerosol physicochemical characteristics in summer 2021 in the Greenland-Kara sector of the Arctic Ocean (83rd and 84th cruises of RV “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh”). The studied characteristics included: the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere, the aerosol and black carbon concentrations, as well as the chemical composition of aerosol samples, i.e., the concentrations of main elements, the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon, and the isotopic composition of carbon. For the most aerosol characteristics we noted lower average values as compared to the three preceding expeditions. Data from five expeditions are used to estimate the differences in the aerosol and black carbon concentrations among the Kara, Barents, Norwegian, and Greenland Seas.

The results of long-term (2007-2021) complex experimental studies of microphysical parameters, mass concentration and elemental composition of aerosol particles in the surface air layer of semiarid zones in the south of European Russia are presented. Background values of the daily average mass concentration of near-surface aerosols in the deserted areas of Kalmykia and dry-steppe zone of Rostov region are estimated for the hot summer period: 125 and 34 mg/m³, respectively. The particle size distribution functions typical for atmospheric aerosols of the regions under study are determined. The processes of aerosol particle removal are studied in connection with the main atmospheric processes. Insignificant variations in the mass concentration of only Cd, Hg, and Cu are revealed in aerosols in Rostov region. The elemental composition of Kalmykia aerosols is more variable in both natural and man-made elements, mainly in chemical elements of salt balance and heavy metals. It is shown that most elements are weakly accumulated in aerosols, and their differentiation depends more on the mosaic of the underlying surface. During the long-term period under study, a trend toward purifying the deserted territories of the south of European Russia from harmful atmospheric impurities is found, presumably as a result of reducing climate aridization and/or anthropogenic effect.

Microorganisms of atmospheric aerosols sampled at four stationary points with different anthropogenic load in Novosibirsk in the period from September 2020 to December 2021 are studied. Atmospheric aerosols were monthly sampled by atmospheric air filtration at reinforced Teflon membranes Sartorius for 12 h, with a two week lags. Under those sampling conditions, spore-forming bacteria of the genus Bacillus and cocci of the genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus predominated among the cultured bacteria in winter. In the spring-summer and autumn samples of atmospheric aerosols, the concentrations and diversity of coccal forms, spore-forming and non-spore-forming bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi sharply increased. We have identified a significant number of hemolytic spore-forming bacteria and staphylococci, which are multi-resistant to antibiotics and have enzymes contributing to infectious process development.

The long-term temporal variability of the microstructural characteristics of aerosol in the surface air layer, measured in the monitoring mode at the aerosol station of IAO SB RAS in 2000-2020, is analyzed. Estimates are made on the basis of the concentrations of submicron ( N_f ) and coarse ( N_c ) particles and their ratio N_f / N_c . Two data arrays are considered: “full” and for the “background” aerosol weather type. The range of variations in the annual average values of the total concentration of particles N ( r > 0.2 mm) is found to be 8-50 cm^-3, and for background situations, 5-30 cm^-3. No reliable long-term trends in the characteristics under study are revealed. Spectral analysis of the monthly average concentrations for the “background” array shows the presence of a significant (with a probability of 0,95) time period of about a year for N_f / N_c and N_f and its absence for N_c .

The chemical composition of dry deposition in the industrial center of Eastern Siberia, Irkutsk (Russia) in 2020 is analyzed. In the warm season, the content of PO₄³_¯ in the dry deposition was increased, especially in calm weather. In autumn, the average concentration of NH₄⁺ was three time higher as compared to August; Si²⁺, two time higher, and PO₄³_¯, three time lower.

The results of the study of pollen emission into the atmosphere of 24 anemophilic plant species and 3 entomophilic plant species for which optional anemophilia is possible are given. The percentage of clusters of two or more pollen grains of the total number of pollen particles entering the atmosphere is estimated. It is shown that such clusters were formed in significant quantities in all series of experiments. The percentage of pollen clusters attained ~ 71% of the total number of pollen particles, and of pollen grains in the clusters, ~ 94% of the total number of pollen grains.

Physicochemical and toxicological properties of biomass burning are of a big importance for assessment of wildfire impact on environment. However, the data on Siberian wildfires are much limited. The composition of Siberian biomass burning is studied in the Large Aerosol Chamber (LAC) of Institute Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (Tomsk). Here, we present FTIR spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography experimental data on composition of organic compounds in Siberian pine and forest debris smoke produced at smoldering and flaming phases and due to aging. Markers which allow identifying the combustion conditions and biomass type are established, namely, characteristic absorption bands, ratios of carboxyl and aliphatic functionalities, diagnostic ratios of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Emission factors and carcinogenic risk for smoke PAH are assessed.

The results of experimental and numerical studies of long-term atmospheric contamination of the cement plant environ in the Iskitim city of Novosibirsk region are discussed. The object under the study is the snow cover. There are the data of network measurements of hydrogen value (pH), ionic components, suspended matter content accumulated for winter 2018/19. The numerical reconstruction of the pollution fields was carried out using low-parameter models in the approximations of a light and monodisperse impurity. A statistical analysis of the relationship between the content of impurities in snow samples and the values of the snow index (NDSI) calculated from high-resolution satellite images was carried out.

We consider the application of MODIS satellite data to the analysis of the condition of oil-producing Arctic territories. The state of the vegetation cover of the hydrocarbon fields in the Purovsky region of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: East-Tarkosalinskoye, Vyngayakhinskoye and Tarasovskoye for the period 2013-2020 are studied. Based on Terra/MODIS satellite data and ArcGis geoinformation system, we calculated the average values of the vegetation index EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) for the areas under study. The anthropogenic load on the oil and gas complex is mapped, and the dynamics of the vegetation of the territories of oil and gas fields in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is analyzed.

The problem of revealing relationships between atmospheric parameters measured with GNSS receivers and characteristics of convective processes based on monitoring data in Kazan for 2010-2020 is solved in the work. Coherence and synchrony of variations in the precipitation intensity and potentially available convective energy with variations in the zenith tropospheric delay are most often detected on time scales smaller than 4 hours, with the wavelet correlation level higher than 0.8 in most cases.

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the turbulent structure of the flow of two parallel jets from long round tubes in the near field of the flow. Measurements were performed for distances between the axes of the tubes s/d = 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 and for Reynolds numbers Re =5.5x103 and 1.1x104. It is shown that in the near field of the closely spaced twin jets, the longitudinal velocity component on their axis decreases more slowly than in single jets. In this case, the distance between the jets s/d has practically no effect on the transverse scale of the jet and turbulent fluctuations of the longitudinal velocity component. Turbulence anisotropy is practically absent throughout the flow field, except in the outer regions of the jets.

A partially invariant solution of a three-dimensional problem with a free boundary for the Navier-Stokes equations is studied. The flow domain under consideration is a horizontal layer bounded by a solid plane from below and by a flat free surface from above. The vertical velocity and pressure are independent of the x and y coordinates. Three flow modes can be formed for different initial velocities of the flow: stabilization to the quiescent state with time, solution blow up within a finite time, and self-similar regime in which the layer thickness unboundedly increases with time.

Model buoyancy frequency distribution and the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method are used to obtain an asymptotic solution to a problem of constructing solutions that describe internal gravity waves in a stratified medium with a background shear flow slowly varying in depth. Dispersion relation asymptotics are expressed in terms of the Airy functions. Asymptotics for various model distributions of background shear flows are used to obtain analytical representations of dispersion relations and eigenfunctions. Exact and asymptotic results are compared for various distributions of background shear flows and generation regimes typical of a real ocean.

The turbulent mixing on interfaces of three-layer gas systems after shock-wave passage has been studied. The influence of the initial roughness of interfaces on the development of instability and mixing of gases with different density has been investigated. The development of Richtmyer-Meshkov instability has been simulated using the implicit large eddy method and the MIMOZA code. The results of the study have been compared with available experimental data. It has been shown that the width of the mixing region and the enstrophy and mass of mixed gases depend significantly on the degree of interface roughness.

The physical grounds of droplet breakdown in a flow behind a transient shock wave in accordance with one of possible sheet stripping mechanisms (shedding of a liquid boundary layer) are considered. The analysis is performed on the basis of data of high-speed shadowgraphy of the droplet behavior behind the shock wave in the range of the Weber numbers We = 200-2200, measurements of the breakdown induction period, and registration of the ablation character. The condition of instability of the liquid surface by the sheet stripping mechanism and the criterion of interface breakdown are formulated with the use of parameters of an adjoint boundary layer in the fluid. On this basis and with due allowance for previous investigations, a dependence of the delay of droplet breakdown by this mechanism on the fluid characteristics and flow parameters is derived.

Results of optical and gas-dynamic investigations of the microwave discharge plasma under conditions of gas-jet synthesis of diamond are reported. The data are analyzed for determining the temperature and composition of the mixture in the discharge chamber for the purpose of further optimization of the method. The influence of the flow rate of the injected gas mixture on the macroparameters of the gas mixture flow at the exit of the discharge chamber is studied. The temperature and pressure measured in the discharge chamber are used for the numerical analysis of the mixture composition depending on the injected gas flow rate. It is demonstrated that the mixture composition at the exit of the discharge chamber correlates with the rate of diamond synthesis.

Numerical analyses of turbulent boundary layer parameters and skin-friction drag reduction on a flat plate under the effect of air micro-blowing with the use of the SST k-w turbulence model are performed. The macroscale characteristics of a huge number of microjets are simulated by using a microporous wall model (MPWM) incorporated into ANSYS FLUENT by user-defined functions. Numerical results obtained within the Mach number range M=0.2-0.5 (Reynolds number Re=2.88x106-7.20x106) confirm the experimental data of other researchers. Furthermore, a slight increase in the boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness, as well as a decrease in the velocity gradient and shear friction are well captured. In comparison to a simple flat plate, applying air micro-blowing reduces the skin-friction coefficient by 51% at the Mach number M=0.4 and blowing fraction of 0.008. Additionally, the skin-friction coefficient decreases as the blowing fraction and Mach number increase.

This paper describes a problem of measuring a gas flow temperature using thermocouples for which the time it takes to reach an equilibrium temperature is shorter than the duration of the measurement process. Results for the numerical simulation of a gas flow in a sensor used to measure a stagnation temperature in short-term wind tunnels are presented. The conjugate problem of a sensor in a supersonic flow is solved and the flow field inside the stagnation chamber is calculated. The temperature of the thermocouple place at the end of the stagnation chamber is determined. The results of simulating the thermocouple readings depend on time and the oncoming flow parameters. The obtained readings of the stagnation temperature sensor are taken as virtual experiment data, which are processed using experimental aerodynamics methods. The “step process” and “two thermocouples” methods are used to restore the stagnation temperature. A difference in thermocouple readings is a normalized thermocouple hardware function. True temperature readings are restored by deconvolution. The restored readings are compared with the initial values of the stagnation temperature in the incoming flow to the sensor. The sources of measurement errors are determined, and the applicability of experimental methods for determining the stagnation temperature in short-term aerodynamic installations, including those with parameters decreasing with time, is substantiated.

The present study elaborates the response of a heat source along with thermomechanical loading in a modified Green-Lindsay generalized thermoelastic half-space with nonlocal and two-temperature parameters. The problem is formulated for the model under consideration by reducing the governing equations into a dimensionless form. The problem is solved by using the Laplace and Fourier transforms. The physical field quantities, such as the stresses, displacement vector components, thermodynamic temperature, and conductive temperature, are found in the domain obtained after the Laplace and Fourier transforms. Numerical inversion techniques are used to recover the equations in the physical domain. Results obtained by using various thermoelasticity theories are compared.

In the present study, entropy generation in a non-axisymmetric steady-state incompressible viscous flow over a single rotating porous disk is investigated analytically. The dimensionless form of the local and total entropy generation caused by frictional and thermal effects are derived. The effects of the injection rate and Brinkman number on the entropy generation are revealed. It is found that there exists an optimal injection rate for each Brinkman number, which minimizes the total entropy generation.

A mathematical model of unsteady oil flow to a vertical well in a circular reservoir taking into account degassing in the bottomhole zone is proposed. The effects of saturation pressure and gas factor on pressure recovery curves and their derivatives are investigated. It is shown that the saturation pressure value characterizes the radius of the degassing zone. The change in permeability in this zone is affected by both the saturation pressure and the gas factor. Based on the proposed model and using the theory of inverse problems, a method was developed for interpreting the results of hydrodynamic studies of vertical wells operating with bottomhole pressure below the saturation pressure. This method can be used to evaluate the saturation pressure and permeability of the reservoir from pressure recovery curves.

Fluid flow in a hydraulic fracture and the reservoir surrounding the fracture and the dynamics of pressure and flow rate in transient well operation were studied theoretically. Solutions describing the relationship between fluid flow rate and pressure evolution in the fracture were obtained. The main dependences of reservoir parameters and fracture characteristics on time were determined.

In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of solving the simulation model of high-frequency pulse electrochemical machining of a cross groove, a multi-physics coupling model based on the turbulent bubble flow model coupling the electric field and temperature field models is established. The direct current average voltage is proposed to replace the high-frequency pulse voltage. Experimental results are also provided.

This paper describes the study of a linear formulation of a problem of the stability of boundary layers with a pressure gradient, which are formed in a flow around surfaces with a single-layer viscoelastic coating. Calculations account for a change in the external flow velocity in the longitudinal direction, and experimental dependences describing the coating characteristics and frequency are used. The e N method is used to estimate the influence of a compliant coating on the position of a laminar-turbulent transition region is estimated. It is shown that, even in the case of a sufficiently rigid coating, a laminar-turbulent transition in a boundary layer with a favorable pressure gradient can be delayed along the longitudinal coordinate by approximately 41%.

Effect of preliminary heat treatment of CuA_l10Fe₃Mn₂ bronze particles in the working chamber of a furnace with varying atmosphere on the process of applying coatings by cold gas-dynamic spraying and their properties is experimentally studied. It is shown that an temperature rise in the working chamber of the furnace reduces the microhardness of the material from HV_0.025 = 240 to HV_0.025 = 115. It is noted that the spraying process is accompanied by an increase in the specific mass of the coatings from 1.62 to 3.50 kg/m2. It is shown by the study of the surface structure and physical characteristics that, for the coatings obtained from the original bronze powder, porosity is 2%, the arithmetic mean of the absolute values of profile deviations within the base length R_a = 27 µm, and microhardness is HV₁ = 250. For the coatings obtained from heat-treated bronze powder, porosity is 5%, R_a = 21 µm, and microhardness is HV_0.1 = 300.

The problem of optimizing the bearing capacity of a stringer panel with a hole and a straight crack propagating from its contour is considered. The goal is to determine a hole contour at which the stress intensity factor in the vicinity of the crack tip is equal to zero (i.e., the crack is immobile) and at which the maximum circumferential stress is the smallest. A minimization problem is solved using the method of successive approximations, the minimax criterion, and the simplex algorithm.

This paper presents a volumetric feeder of non-free-flowing powders which is comparable in dosing precision to weighing systems. The efficiency of the main units was studied numerically (using the discrete element method) and experimentally. A continuous high-precision volumetric feeder design is proposed.

The spatial vibrations of a pipeline on two supports vibrating in the vertical direction with equal amplitudes and phases are considered. The pipeline movement consists of rotation (rolling) around a straight line passing through the supports and bending deformation. It is assumed that the bending occurs in the rolling plane without torsional deformation. Nonlinear equations of bending and angular motion of the pipeline are used. The pipeline movement was studied in the case where the bending is much more influenced by the internal pressure of the medium in the pipe than by its weight. The ranges of input parameters in which the upper and lower bent states of the pipeline are stable are determined by analogy with the Kapitza pendulum. Numerical calculations were carried out for a reinforced magnesium tube filled with methane.

The initiation of an edge annular longitudinal shear crack (III fracture mode) during torsion of a circular cross-section bar made of an elastoplastic material with ultimate strain is considered. The fracture process of such materials is described using a modified Leonov-Panasyuk-Dugdale model, which uses an additional parameter - the diameter of the plastic zone (the width of the prefracture zone). To obtain the critical parameters of quasibrittle fracture, a double (sufficient) strength criterion for mode III cracks in an elastoplastic material is proposed. Diagrams of quasibrittle fracture of a circular shaft with an edge crack are plotted. For quasiductile and ductile types of fracture, the ultimate loads are found numerically by the finite element method. The difference between the numerical and analytical models is that the characteristics of the investigated materials correspond to the deformation modes in full-scale yielding. It is found that the results of numerical experiments are in good agreement with the results of calculations using the analytical model of fracture of specimens during torsion in the mode of small-scale plastic flow.

To identify the causes of activation of cryogenic landslide processes in the territory of South-Eastern Altai, a detailed analysis of temporal changes in the hydrothermal regime of natural seasons from 1936 to 2016 was carried out. Analysis of climatic conditions of the years of peak landslide activity established during processing of ultra-high resolution satellite imagery data and their comparison with indicators calculated for the period before the beginning of steady global climate change (1936-1970) indicates pronounced climate warming and its active influence on high-mountain cryogenic systems. Periods of landslide intensification caused by extreme thawing of the active layer of cryolithozone in 1998, 2012 and 2016 are reliably correlated with anomalies of indicators of hydrothermal regime of natural seasons and their structural units.

Various types of biomineral layers have been identified and characterized at the rock art sites of the Minusinsk Basin. On the surface of sandstone, on which images were applied in ancient times, cyanobacterial biofilms, biofouling dominated by lichens, mosses, primary soils develop, and are also formed by mineral crusts, to a greater or lesser extent inhabited by microorganisms. Cyanobacterial biofilms formed by Gloeocapsopsis magma are the dominant form of biolayers on open rock surfaces exposed to intense insolation. The most intense development of microorganisms was noted on light-colored calcite-containing crusts with a porous surface. Gypsum crusts are poor in organic matter content and are practically not colonized by microorganisms. By itself, the growth of gypsum crusts leads to serious damage to the surface layer of the stone and can be one of the main processes leading to the loss of the rock art.

The article deals with the issues of methodological support and methodological support for the analysis of risk-forming situations in environmental management at the regional level. The principles and criteria for assessing natural hazards and risks are presented, taking into account the geosystem situation, natural-climatic and socio-economic conditions of the territory. The article provides information on the development and application of methodological approaches in the comprehensive assessment of the state of the natural environment and the likelihood of environmental and socio-economic risks. On the example of the taiga territories of Western Siberia and Tomsk region, the dynamics of dangerous situations, their classification, spatial differentiation and probability of occurrence are revealed. The features of the sectoral approach (forest management, agriculture) to the assessment of environmental risks associated with changes in the natural and climatic conditions of the territory are determined. The article presents the experience of GIS analysis and zoning, examples of estimated mapping, which take into account the impact of dangerous and unfavorable processes on various branches of environmental management. It is concluded that the degree of natural and climatic risk of the Tomsk region is increased.

Long-term studies of the dynamics of forest ecosystems in different landscape-geomorphological conditions have shown their spatial heterogeneity, the dominance of forests at different stages of restoration. A close relationship with soil formation in the restoration cycles of the forest ecosystem is noted: soil degradation in the phase of climax coniferous forest and restoration in the phase of derivative deciduous forests. It was found that the duration of the succession is the main factor in the sustainability of forest ecosystems. The recovery time is determined by the conditions of the edaphotop, the biological characteristics of the forest-forming species and varies from 150-600 years, which exceeds the duration of regional (secular and intra-secular) climatic cycles. At the same time, the complex structure of the humus profile of soils indicates a change in landscape conditions associated with global climate changes in millennial cycles. Anthropogenic transformations shift the ecosystem out of balance, which significantly delays its restoration or makes it unattainable.

Long-term variations of stable carbon isotope rations in tree ring cellulose for two forest sites of the Ob-Tom interfluve territory are analyzed. At the first site, the expected decrease in δ¹³С values was found, but its rate was higher than the global one by 0.16-0.2 ‰/10 years. At the second site, located 20 m from the peatland, the δ¹³С value was increased until 1978 and then decreased at the same rate as in the first site - 0.2 ‰/10 years. We assume that the δ¹³С values variations in tree ring cellulose at the second site reflect changes in δ¹³С value of СО₂ emitted from the peatland. The reason for the changes in dynamics after 1978 is probably the influence of the Tomsk underground water intake, which led to the drying up of the peatland and, accordingly, a decrease in the δ¹³С value in СО₂.

The structure of reproductive function in 4 species and many geographic ecotypes of stone pines was studied on natural and experimental (clone archive and test progenies) objects. In Siberian stone pine in the south of the forest zone in Western Siberia, the dynamics of cone production is determined by weather conditions in the year of pollination. Seed productivity is declining due to late spring frosts and higher temperatures in September. Over the past 30 years, the directional change of these factors has determined a significant decline in cone production. The productivity and stability of the species and geographic ecotypes of stone pines is determined by the correspondence of their need for warmth to the climate of the test site. Under the conditions of climate change, the local ecotype in terms of growth and cone production is often inferior to more thermophilic species and ecotypes.

In the region of Polygraphus proximus invasion, we studied the patterns of stem dendrophages consortia (simple structural systems in biocenosis that combine autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms based on topical and trophic relations), the core of which is host tree - Abies sibirica Ledeb. The analysis was carried out on 4835 trees from 46 plots in the dark coniferous fir forests of the Tomsk region according to the following indicators: the vital state of trees and stands; taxonomic composition of insects, their occurrence, abundance and ecological characteristics; participation in the formation of xylophages communities at different host tree weakening stages. On the fir trees together with P. proximus , 21 species of stem dendrophages were identified. In all studied stands, the four eyed fir bark beetle was absolutely dominant. Monochamus urussovi Fisch was a permanent inhabitant of the stands damaged by the alien bark beetle. A direct dependence of the species coincidence degree with the disturbance of forest stands and their taxation indicators was revealed ( r _s = 0.61). The species richness of the population consortia of fir is in an average dependence on the forest density and capacity ( r _s = 0.4). For the first time, the ability of mass species of stem dendrophages to selectively colonize fir trees at different stage of resistance decline and to reveal the features of pre- and post-invasive consortia was determined. In a multispecies group, P. proximus acts as an initiator of the succession of stem inhabitants, determining the composition of individual consortia, the sequence of colonization of the plant by species of dendrophages in accordance with the degree of weakening of the host tree and the ability of insects to use the forage substrate. It was found that the number of the main aboriginal physiological pests of fir is at a low level, and they populate weakened trees following the attacks of an alien bark beetle or drying out for other reasons. The transformation of the indigenous stem dendrophages complex as a result of the invasion of four eyed fir bark beetle is an example of a rapid consortiogenesis leading to ecological and evolutionary changes in ecosystems.

Generally accepted that F. moschata is a common element of the nemoral flora. Its area occupies the territory from western bourders of Europe and reaches the Ural Mountains on the East. From the last part of the XX century, data of detections of musk strawberries in plant communities in Western and Eastern Siberia, including the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk region, have been appeared. Locations of such cenopopulations of musk strawberry described for small-leaved forests (mainly) and fir forests of the Yenisei Sayan Mountains. The article aims to describe the phytocenotic confinement of growth in the Yenisei Sayan Mountains of two populations of F. moschata (samples No. 17-16 and No. 18-28), verified by cytogenetic tests and PCR diagnostics. We have shown that samples No. 17-16 and No. 18-28, in hybridization with experimental samples of F. moschata of European origin, form full-fledged achenes with germination characteristics of the species. To establish the species affiliation of the samples, we used a molecular marker - the alcohol dehydrogenase ( adh 1) gene. Comparing the DNA amplification result for samples No. 17-16 and No. 18-28 with primers specific for the adh 1 gene sequence showed the lengths of amplified fragments identity set for investigated samples to the F. moschata of European origin PCR profile. Comparison of the floristic similarity of these two plant communities, where the studied samples of F. moschata grow, showed little correspondence of these communities in species composition ( K_J = 0.2). This fact indicates the ability of F. moschata to develop not only ecological niches of small-leaved forests close to its needs (sample no. 17-16) but also fir forests (sample no. 18-28) in the Yenisey Sayan Mountains. The article discussed the origin (allochthonous or autochthonous type) of F . moschata population in the natural plant communities of the Yenisey Sayan Mountains on previous herbarium collections and our samples.

The world experience of applying of medicinal plants shows the prospect for development preparations based on the plant raw materials, including wild ones. In this regard it is necessary the field study for assessment current state of medicinal plants’ populations for rational use and preservation of biological diversity. For the populations of Althaea officinalis , we evaluated the botanical features, ontogenetic spectrum and morphological indicators of plants. So, structural indicators of four populations of А . officinalis in valleys of the rivers Altolkyn, Uter, Sergek and Koneu (Kurmangazysky rayon of Atyrau region) were investigated. It was determined that species composition of communities had 54 species from 50 genera and 26 families. The leading families by number of species were Poaceae , Asteraceae и Fabaceae . The most common species (category I) included 37 taxa; category II included 10 taxa; category III included 4 species; and category IV-V included 2 species. Mesophytes, mesoxerophytes and xeromesophytes dominated among ecological groups; herbaceous perennial, annual and biennial plants dominated among life forms. The maximum morphometric indicators of А . officinalis were noted for populations in the valley of the rive Aktolkyn; the minimum - floodplain of the river Sergek. Analysis of age spectrum made possible to determine, that population in the valet of the river Altolkym was characterized as stable, medium-age; in the floodplain of the river Sergek was stable and young; in the floodplain of the river Uter was non-stable, aging; in the valley of the river Koneu was young. As the results of field investigations, it is possible to recommend implementing action for collection of medicinal raw material of А . officinalis in the populations of the valleys of the rivers Altolkyn, Koneu and Sergek. It is not possible to collect raw material in the valley of the river Uter; actions for reconstruction of its structure are needed.