Home – Home – Jornals – Avtometriya 2022 number 2

The special issue is focused on the problems of tectonics, paleogeography, geodynamic evolution, and mineral resources of the continental margins of the Russian Arctic. This topic is relevant, since the knowledge of the geologic structure of the Arctic Ocean and its formation and evolution can solve many global problems of geology and important regional problems, including the formation of oil- and gas-bearing sedimentary basins as well as prospecting for and development of diamonds and deposits of nonferrous, noble, rare-earth, and other minerals. In previous issues of Russian Geology and Geophysics, considerable attention was paid to the geology and oil and gas potential of the Arctic. In this special issue, emphasis is placed on the tectonics, stratigraphy, paleogeography, and petrology of the Arctic continental margins of Russia, the development of tectonic and geodynamic models for key structures, and diamond content and metallogeny of Arctic zones of the Siberian Platform, Chukotka, and the Kola Peninsula.

Tectonic and geodynamic models of the formation of the Amerasian Basin are discussed. The Arctic margins of the Chukchi region and Northern Alaska have much in common in their Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution: (1) Both have a Neoproterozoic basement and a complexly deformed sedimentary cover, with the stage of Elsmere deformations recorded in their tectonic history; (2) the South Anyui and Angayucham ocean basins have a common geologic history from the beginning of formation in the late Paleozoic to the closure at the end of the Early Cretaceous, which allows us to consider them branches of the single Proto-Arctic Ocean, the northern margin of which was passive and the southern margin was active; (3) the dipping of the oceanic and, then, continental lithosphere took place in subduction zones southerly; (4) the collision of the passive and active margins of both basins occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous and ended in Hauterivian-Barremian time; (5) the collision resulted in thrust-fold structures of northern vergence in the Chukchi fold belt and in the orogen of the Brooks Ridge. A subduction-convective geodynamic model of the formation of the Amerasian Basin is proposed, which is based on seismic-tomography data on the existence of a circulation of matter in the upper mantle beneath the Arctic and East Asia in a horizontally elongated convective cell with a length of several thousand kilometers. This circulation involves the subducted Pacific lithosphere, the material of which moves along the bottom of the upper mantle from the subduction zone toward the continent, forming the lower branch of the cell, and the closing upper branch of the cell forms a reverse flow of matter beneath the lithosphere toward the subduction zone, which is the driving force determining the surface kinematics of crustal blocks and the deformation of the lithosphere. The viscous dragging of the Amerasian lithosphere by the horizontal flow of the upper mantle matter toward the Pacific leads to the separation of the system of blocks of Alaska and the Chukchi region from the Canadian Arctic margin. The resulting scattered deformations can cause a different-scale thinning of the continental crust with the formation of a region of Central Arctic elevation and troughs or with a breakup of the continental crust with subsequent rifting and spreading in the Canadian Basin.

We report new paleomagnetic and geochronological data for rocks of the Franz Josef Land archipelago and generalize available information about the paleomagnetism of the Barents Sea continental margin as applied to the issues of the Mesozoic Arctic tectonics. Specifically, the obtained age estimates are indicative of a brief episode of mantle plume magmatism at the Barremian-Aptian boundary (Early Cretaceous). The paleomagnetic data show that intraplate magmatism formations in the High Arctic, including the Franz Josef Land traps, are nothing more than a trace of the Iceland plume on the migrating tectonic plates of the region. Thus, the Iceland plume was geographically stationary for at least the last 125 Myr. Our paleotectonic reconstructions suggest a direct connection of the intraplate strike-slip systems of the Eurasian continent with the configuration and subsequent evolution mode of Mesozoic marginal basins and spreading axes during the initial opening stage of the Arctic Ocean.

We present a tectonothermal model for the late Paleozoic syncollisional formation stage of the Kara orogen in northern Taimyr in the Central Arctic. The model is based on new and published structural, petrological, geochemical, and geochronological data, as well as thermophysical properties obtained for the Kara orogen. The latter hosts a significant volume of granites formed as a result of the collision between the Kara microcontinent and the Siberian craton. Based on geological, geochemical, and U-Th-Pb isotope data, the granites were differentiated into syncollisional and postcollisional intrusions that were emplaced in the intervals 315-282 Ma and 264-248 Ma, respectively. The presented tectonothermal model covers only the syncollisional formation stage of the Kara orogen, during which anatectic granites formed. The 2D models help to reconstruct the main tectonothermal processes of the syncollisional stage of formation of this structure, taking into account the local peculiarities of the thermal state of the Earth’s crust in the region. The model shows the mechanisms of increase in the lower crust temperature necessary for the formation of syncollisional anatectic granites. The estimates obtained from the model constrain the time interval between the collision/tectonic stacking and the granite formation. The modeling also showed the general regularities typical of orogens at syncollisional stages.

The geological study of the Mesozoic sections of the New Siberian Islands archipelago and Asian coastal sections of the Arctic Ocean plays a key role in tying the results of comprehensive studies with seismic data on the Laptev Sea shelf and the western part of the East Siberian Sea. Therefore, it is extremely important to improve the subdivision of the Triassic system of the New Siberian archipelago and to define the position of the system in the structure of the Laptev Sea shelf sedimentary basin. The results of our study were used to improve and refine the lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Triassic in the study area and to recognize a distinct interregional stratigraphic marker, i. e., the Czekanowski Formation (lower Olenekian). In terms of genetic, structural, and sedimentological features, the Triassic strata were grouped into two groups: the Reshetnikov Group (Induan-upper Ladinian) and the Svetlaya Group (Ladinian-Rhaetian), reflecting major stages of sedimentation. For the Triassic of the eastern Laptev Sea shelf and adjacent onshore areas, the facies zonation scheme has been developed and refined on a unified basis. Based on their structure, the Phanerozoic sections of the study area can be considered as a part of the intermediate structural stage of the Laptev Sea plate at the margins of the Siberian craton.

The study of Triassic paleontology and stratigraphy of various regions of northeastern Russia and adjacent Arctic shelf is essential not only for improving and refining zonal biostratigraphic schemes, interregional and global correlation of Triassic deposits, and resolving problems of stratigraphic boundaries but also for developing and substantiating a new generation of Triassic stratigraphic schemes, which could serve as the stratigraphic basis for different regional and detailed geological investigations of the Arctic. The results of the study were used to improve existing zonal scales based on various groups of fauna and palynomorphs, develop a more detailed biostratigraphic subdivision of the Triassic, and characterize individual horizons using both terrestrial and marine palynomorphs. The zonal scales are calibrated to each other and to the regional zonal scale of the Triassic of Siberia and northeastern Russia, which provides the subsequent correlation with the International Chronostratigraphic Chart of the Triassic System. The set of coeval zonal scales for the Triassic of Kotelny Island sections based on ammonoids, nautiloids, coleoids, bivalves, brachiopods, and foraminifers and the analysis of microphytoplankton and terrestrial palynomorph assemblages are a useful tool for detailed subdivision and correlation of the eastern part of the Laptev Sea shelf and adjacent regions of northeastern Russia.

The paper focuses on presumable sources of coarse carbonate material transported into the Visean Northern Kharaulakh basin. The sand to pebble components of the Krestyakh conglomerate unit originated by medium and distant transport by debris flows (turbidity currents) along submarine canyons from the place of their initial littoral deposition to relatively deep accommodation basins. The carbonate material was most likely derived from Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian sediments, which are currently represented by their analogs in Kotelny Island. The sediments of the Northern Kharaulakh basin store a record of two geological events: (1) middle Visean collision of Siberia with the Laurussian supercontinent and rifting of some terranes off the Siberian сraton and (2) late Visean collision of the Kara terrane with the northern margin of Siberia.

Numerous epithermal Au-Ag deposits and ore occurrences of the Chukchi Peninsula are localized in the Cretaceous Okhotsk-Chukotka (OCVB) continent-marginal and Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Oloi (OVB) island arc volcanic belts and in Early Cretaceous postcollisional volcanic troughs. Volcanotectonic depressions, calderas, and volcanic domes control the location of the deposits. The orebodies of the deposits are quartz-adularia veins, sometimes en-echelon ones forming extending vein zones, as well as isometric and linear stockworks. The auriferous veins of most deposits display complex breccia-crustification structures. The vein ores have rhythmically and colloform-banded structures, with a predominantly fine distribution of ore mineral grains, often with banded clusters of ore minerals (ginguro). Native gold is of low fineness; the dispersion of this index varies from low to high. Acanthite is widespread in the ores. Its highest contents are specific to deposits with the repeated redistribution of substance (Kupol, Corrida, and Valunistoe). Based on the results of mineralogical studies, most of the epithermal Au-Ag deposits of the Chukchi Peninsula can be assigned to the Se type. The ores of some deposits (Valunistoe, Dvoinoe, etc.) contain both Se and Te minerals. The telluride-richest sites of the Sentyabr’skoe and Televeem deposits are far from the main orebodies. Most of the Chukchi epithermal Au-Ag deposits have many common characteristics (low and moderate temperatures of fluids, low fluid salinity, domination of carbon dioxide over methane, etc.) typical of low-sulfidation deposits. The maximum temperatures and salinity are specific to fluids in the Central Chukchi sector of the OCVB and in the Baimka zone of the OVB, and the minimum ones are typical of fluids in the East Chukchi flank zone and inner zone of the OCVB. The average salinity of mineral-forming fluids in the inner zone of the OCVB is half as high as the salinity of fluids in the East Chukchi flank zone of this belt, although the sulfate content is higher. At the same time, the fluids in the inner zone of the OCVB are richer in carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion than the fluids in the East Chukchi flank zone of this belt. The fluid inclusion data permit the Vesennee deposit (Baimka zone) to be regarded as an intermediate-sulfidation one and suggest the presence of epithermal high-sulfidation deposits in the inner zone of the OCVB.

In the Arctic zone of Siberia, large diamond occurrences have been discovered in volcaniclastic, sedimentary-volcaniclastic, volcanosedimentary, and sedimentary rocks of the upper Ladinian strata and the base of the Carnian (Triassic) strata. They are confined to the Primorye mineragenic zone, which is traced along the Laptev Sea water area from the western Verkhoyansk area to eastern Taimyr. We have first identified a specific range of diamonds in these deposits. Among the rounded crystals of varieties I, II, V, and VII, there are grains with a light carbon isotope composition and high nitrogen contents. They have no analogues in typomorphic features in the known primary deposits of Yakutia but are completely similar to diamonds in the Rhaetian, Early Jurassic, Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, Neogene, and Quaternary commercial placers and placer occurrences, which suggests their formation as a result of the erosion of Triassic sources.

We report results of geological, mineralogical-petrographic, geochemical, isotope-geochemical (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr), and geochronological (U-Pb, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar) studies of acid and intermediate intrusive rocks (granodiorites, leucocratic granites, subalkaline granites, and subalkaline leucocratic granites, diorites, and quartz diorites) of the Bukeschen and Samyr small plutons in the western part of the Yana-Kolyma gold belt (northeast Asia). These rocks are combined with Late Jurassic (151-145 Ma) dikes of basic, intermediate, and acid compositions into a single complex of small intrusions. They intrude the Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic terrigenous deposits of continental margin blocks in the eastern part of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma folded area. Our new U-Pb data for zircon (SHRIMP-II) indicate that the Bukeschen and Samyr pluton granitoids formed in the Berriasian and at 144.5 and 143 Ma, respectively. The small-intrusion granitoids have geochemical and isotope (Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr) characteristics similar to those of Late Jurassic dikes of varying composition. Therefore, they can be united into a single complex of small intrusions generated from a mixed source with the participation of mantle (OIB- and E-MORB type), lower crust, and subduction components and with Paleoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic Sm-Nd model age estimates for the magma sources. Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatic and postmagmatic events and cooling of the intrusions played an important role in the processes of gold localization in the western part of the Yana-Kolyma gold belt. This is reflected in two tectonothermal stages (accounting for closing temperatures of the U-Pb, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, and Re-Os isotope systems for different minerals) estimated at 151-141 and 138-137 Ma. These results for the small-intrusion complex agree with the tectonic model of the evolution of an active continental margin (northeastern Siberia) in the Mesozoic era, whose final development stage in the Berriasian age saw the formation of mostly small granitoid plutons.

We study the P - T conditions and age of metamorphic evolution of the rocks that make up the Korvatundra structure in the northeast of the Fennoscandian Shield. The rocks underwent progressive metamorphism of the amphibolite facies at 625-660 ºC and 8.7-8.8 kbar 1945 ± 34 Ma (Sm-Nd data). The pegmatite cutting the metamorphic paragenesis that formed at this stage has an age of 1917 ± 6 Ma (zircon U-Pb data). Metamorphic transformations after 1917 Ma are manifested locally as discrete zones of blastomylonites in the rocks of the northern part and some inner sites of the Korvatundra structure. Both local increases and decreases in temperature and pressure are possible in these zones. The formation of light titanite with an age of 1863 ± 44 Ma marks the next stage of shear strain. Low-temperature alterations (chloritization and silicification) took place in the zones of final deformations 1722 ± 5 Ma (Rb-Sr data). Beginning from 1.94 Ga, the general deformational and metamorphic history of the Korvatundra structure, Lapland Granulite Belt, and Tana Belt confirms the assumption of the formation of a single inverted metamorphic zoning within the Korvatundra structure and the overlying Lapland-Kolvitsa Collision Belt in the Paleoproterozoic. The obtained data supplement the idea of the Paleoproterozoic geodynamic evolution of the Lapland-Kola orogen.

During the recent exploration of the Monchegorsk ore district (MOD) in the Arctic western sector, the platinum potential of known Cu-Ni deposits (Nittis-Kumuzhya-Travyanaya (NKT), Nyud, Ore Horizon 330 (OH330), and Terrasa) has been assessed, and new sulfide PGE-Cu-Ni deposits (Western Nittis) and manifestations (Moroshkovoe Ozero, Poaz, and Arvarench), and low-sulfide Pt-Pd deposits (Loipishnyun, Southern Sopcha, and Vuruchuaivench) have been discovered. All of them are confined to Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.5 Ga) layered intrusions (the Monchegorsk pluton (Monchepluton) and the Monchetundra massif) and are divided into two types according to their structural position: basal, located in the marginal parts of intrusions, and reef-type (stratiform). All types of ores show Pd specialization. Platinum group minerals (PGM) have a limited composition in sulfide PGE-Cu-Ni ores and are represented by predominant Pt and Pd compounds with Bi and Te and subordinate PGE arsenides and sulfides. Low-sulfide Pt-Pd ores are characterized by a significant variety of PGM, with a predominance of PGE sulfides, bismuthotellurides, and arsenides. Sulfide PGE-Cu-Ni deposits and manifestations (Western Nittis, NKT, Nyud, Moroshkovoe Ozero, Poaz, and Arvarench) formed through the accumulation of base metal sulfides and PGE in immiscible sulfides and their subsequent segregation in commercial contents. The reef-type OH330 deposit and Terrasa manifestation resulted from the injection of additional portions of sulfur-saturated magma. The basal-type low-sulfide Pt-Pd deposits (Loipishnyun and Southern Sopcha) formed from residual melts enriched in ore components and fluids separated and crystallized during long-term ore-forming processes. The reef-type Vuruchuaivench deposit is the result of deep fractionation of the parental magma with the formation of a sulfide liquid enriched in Cu and PGE. Significant reserves and large predicted resources of sulfide PGE-Cu-Ni and low-sulfide Pt-Pd ores are a reliable mineral resource base for the development of the mining industry in the Kola region of the Arctic western sector.

This paper proposes a new method for investigating the elastic properties of bio-relevant films, based on the study of object deformation under the action of a steel ball, used as an intendor, placed in a magnetic field. Varying the distance between the magnet and the steel ball allows varying the amount of the applied force in a wide range, which opens up a great potential of the proposed method for studying a large class of biologically relevant objects. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated by an example of determining Young's modulus of hydrogel films of different stiffness, made on the basis of gelatin.

In a new Russian kilogram mass standard based on the Watt balance, it is proposed to use an interferometer for measuring the displacements and velocities of the electromagnetic coil and the proofmass in the vertical direction. Based on the formalism of Jones matrices, the paper describes the optical scheme of a three-channel homodyne displacement interferometer with a quadrature principle of phase detection. The results of modeling an algorithm for compensating for nonlinear effects arising from quadratic detection of interference signals are considered. The results of experimental studies of the layout of a homodyne quadrature displacement interferometer are presented, and it is shown that the displacement measurement error according to the PV criterion does not exceed 0.2 nm.

Functioning of the system for automatic focusing of technological lasers on optical 3D surfaces, implemented in the optical recording head of the LGI-2 model laser image generator, is analyzed. The reasons for serious restrictions on the allowable inclination of the recording surface are discussed. An alternative solution is proposed that makes it possible to significantly increase the permissible angle of inclination of axisymmetric surfaces on which the topology of microstructures should be recorded.

For quantitative assessment of the spectral sensitivity of matrix photodetectors, the authors propose a method based on Fourier transforms for a more detailed analysis of characteristics in the frequency and time domains by the value of the broadband index, the shape of the pulse (time) characteristic curve, the degree of vibration, the value of the damping coefficient, and the energy losses. A strong influence of the electron-phonon interaction in a semiconductor on the formation of noise in matrix photodetectors relative to the human eye is found.

Various issues of localization of magnetic field sources in magnetocardiography using the 1-D multidipole model are considered. In real conditions, the experimenter deals with an underdetermined ill-conditioned system. Regularizing procedures are used to obtain a stable solution. The issues under investigation are the resolution of the method and the quality of recovery (determination of the spatial parameters of the multidipole: the depth of occurrence and the amplitude of the dipole moment), as well as the issues of solution stability. In computer modeling, the following methods are used: the method of matrix decomposition by singular numbers and Tikhonov regularization.

Refractive index changes induced in a Cu-doped surface layer of a lithium niobate crystal are experimentally studied. The refractive index changes are induced via point-by-point exposure of the experimental sample by the a focused laser beam at a wavelength of λ = 532 nm.

Effect of laser shock hardening on the fatigue life of an OT4-0 titanium alloy is studied. Laser hardening is carried out using a fractionally modulated Nd:YAG laser operating at a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz. It is suggested by the analysis of the effect of various laser treatment parameters on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses over the sample thickness that an optimal type of laser shock treatment makes it possible to create a compressive residual stress region whose depth reaches up to 1 mm and whose maximum value is 600 MPa. It is shown by the results of studying the fracture surface structure that the fatigue fracture mechanism changes, while the service life of specimens significantly increases during both low- and high-cycle fatigue after laser shock hardening.

This paper describes an investigation of plastic instability of an internally impulsively loaded thin-walled spherical pressure vessel with plastic orthotropy. In the framework of finite deformation and Hill's orthogonal anisotropic yield criterion, the vessel instability strain is derived, which includes the effects of the plastic orthotropy and strain rate.

A method for determining the empirical dependence of the rheological properties of rocks on stresses has been developed and tested in the laboratory. The results of tests of cylindrical samples of rock salt and bischofite of the Nizhnevolzhsky deposit were used to obtain strain curves under stepwise loading and develop and verified a viscoelastic model describing the change in strains over time. It has been shown that the parameters characterizing the elasticity and the viscosity of the studied rocks decrease with increasing stress. This corresponds to the successive transition from the stage of elastic deformation to the stage of decaying, steady-state, and progressive creep. It has been established that creep of bischofite manifests itself at stresses above 0.5 MPa, and the creep of rock salt at stresses above 5 MPa. In relation to the uniaxial compressive strength and maximum strains, the creep of bischofite manifests itself at a relative strain above 0.0013 and at a relative stress of 0.19, and for rock salt, these values exceed 0.11 and 0.43, respectively.

The finite element method is used to obtain solutions to problems of strength and stability of reinforced cylindrical shells made of composite material with account for the momentum and nonlinearity of their subcritical stress-strain state. The stability of a reinforced aircraft fuselage compartment made of composite material is studied under pure bending and internal pressure loading. The effect of deformation nonlinearity, stringer stiffness, and shell thickness on critical loads at which shell buckling occurs is studied.

Exact and approximate analytical solutions are compared with experimental data on the geometrically nonlinear bending of a thin elastic cantilever beam under the action of a transverse concentrated load at its free end.

Area of study - external reflexively active environment with covering of information «cloudiness of turbulent mixing» of elements-data. Subject of study - methods of arrangement of information chaos, included in the processes of generation and reception of information. The aim consists both in the development of theoretical concepts of external reflexively active environment, formed by information media, and in the elaboration of maximally plausible model of reflection of the environmental «reality» in mental «vision» of decision makers. Tasks. Generalization of the fundamental scientific presuppositions of the «knowledge» category, falling into the conceptual framework of the theory of robust stability and explaining high sensitivity of the system to changes in initial data. Structuring of information chaoscovering of the environment under study, through examination of the generation process: selection of sources of information generation; arrangement of the concepts of area of study - «reproduction of new». Determination of the nature of «information cloudiness» in accordance with offered hierarchy of information structures, revelation of their covering via the use of the apparatus, describing entity characteristics of the behavior of reception process. Formation of the matrix of connectedness of types of structural formations of «information cloudiness» and cognitive tools of reception. Methodology. Logic of the study is built on dichotomy of the «appearance» and «reality» categories. The retrospective analysis considers the development of the approaches to structuring of external environment as an early stage of reproduction of the knowledge concerning object. The existing knowledge concerning external environment is supplemented, on the one hand, by the detailed decomposition of its structural model, on the other hand, by the development of the concepts of the methods of recognition of data entered into certain «information cloudiness». The objectness of information reception is reflected by formalized structures, composing cognitive tools of the transformer of information into knowledge. Results. Information sensitivity of robust control is justified, and a hierarchical model of information structures of external reflexively active environment is built. The types of «information cloudiness», making it possible to realize typological grouping of data, are defined for each structural formation. The matrix of connectedness of structural formations is built on the grounds of: types of «information cloudiness»; cognitive tools of reception. Scientific novelty lies in formation of the methodological approach revealing logic of the study. The application of the approach makes it possible to create the reflection, maximally close to «reality», of entity characteristics of chaotic external reflexively active environment filled with uncertainty and turbulent information flows; in building a mental model of decision maker, - their «vision» through transformation of reality via processes of generation of information structures and reception of «information cloudiness», covering of structural formations, by clustering of data and formalization of structures concerning transformation of information into knowledge. Currently important line of research is aimed at reaching maximum reflection of real state of information space of external environment in the mental model of decision maker, caused by the increasing requirements applicable to quality of information and its significant influence, exercised on the effectiveness of

The economy of our country and the enterprises that make up its basis are characterized by low indicators of labor productivity. One of the ways to eliminate this problem is the widespread digitalization of processes, which allows for total fixation of all operations, optimization of processes through deep analytics, automation of basic operations, operational restructuring of the strategy for changes predicted by big data analysis systems. For a number of reasons, the processes of digitalization of production, labor relations, financial and other operations are constrained, which does not allow obtaining the necessary effect from the implementation of expensive digital transformation projects. The world of work is one of the areas of promising changes, it is in it, according to experts, that the maximum effect from the digitalization of processes and functions can be manifested, for example: personnel assessment and development, remuneration, fixation of all labor transactions. Through the analysis of constraining factors, as well as an assessment of lost profits, recommendations were formed in the work for the development of directions for the digitalization of production processes at Russian industrial enterprises

The article considers the domestic and foreign experience of interpretation of the concept of «rural territories», associated with the ambiguity of its design. The approaches to the division of settlements into urban and rural are indicated. The approach to the types of settlements used in Russia is systematized. The basic criteria used for the typification of non-urbanized territories in the Russian Federation and in the OECD methodology are highlighted. The main demographic trends of the Novosibirsk region are analyzed. The typification of rural areas of the region according to a number of indicators used by domestic and foreign researchers was carried out.

The importance of agriculture to the modern economy actualizes investigation of the related investment processes. The example of the regions of the Southern Federal District is used to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of industry-based unit investments (taking into account agricultural area, number of employees and production cost equivalent). Series of special cartographical models are used for interpretation. The results revealed significant dynamism of investments during five years. It has become possible to trace geographical regularities of their changes and describe them by image models («wave», «spreading drop» and «waves from scattered drops»). Generally, the studied spatio-temporal dynamics of investments demonstrates oscillatory

The article is based on the results of an empirical study of management efficiency at agricultural enterprises in the Sevastopol region. The experience of the formation and functioning of the system of strategic management of the land and property complex in the organizations of the agrarian sector of the Russian Federation demonstrates a number of significant limitations and complications, including the dynamism of changes in the external environment, the lack of strategic vision of business development, unpreparedness of personnel, poor knowledge of strategic management tools etc., reducing its effectiveness, which requires a comprehensive study and approach to a solution. As a result of the study, a balanced approach to determination of the required number of BSC indicators was justified, supplementing the traditional BSC model with an investment component and justifying its use. The introduction of the BSC, as a method of strategic management adapted to the peculiarities of the agricultural business, makes it possible to solve the economic problems of each agricultural enterprise, as well as to form and implement an optimal management strategy in accordance with the available strategic opportunities.

Achieving a real breakthrough in the development of the economy of the country, of a particular region implies the introduction of innovative technologies into the regional education system of the constituent entities of the Federation. In the context of the coronavirus pandemic, it is necessary to apply mixed teaching methods, adjust curricula and ensure the preservation of the health of students and teachers. The analysis of the implementation of the indicators of the state program and subprograms of education development for 2020 is carried out. The structure of budget expenditures for 2019-2020 is considered.

The article considers the main factors that have a positive effect on the quantity demanded for cryptocurrency, and information is the primary one. The authors separately consider the use of Bitcoin throughout 2020 as the leading cryptocurrency on the market. The position of the direct dependence of the value of other cryptocurrencies on the behavior of Bitcoin is given. The study shows that in the modern world, cryptocurrency is not only an investment tool but also a payment instrument which gathers momentum. This is evidenced by the annual expansion of the use of cryptocurrency in the market for goods, works and services. Despite the increasing demand for cryptocurrencies, the problem of infrastructure formation remains open. In modern times, cryptocurrency exchanges appear to be a key element of the infrastructure of the cryptocurrency market, their functioning cannot be stabilized in individual states, which leads to the formation of a shadow cryptocurrency market. A significant aspect of the functioning of cryptocurrencies is the difference in the key factors affecting the cryptocurrency market and the securities market. For the first market such a factor is information, for the second - financial position of the issuer of the securities. It shows investors the difference between these segments of the financial market. In the future, with the participation of all elements of the cryptocurrency market, it is possible to form a balanced system that will function steadily under the influence of external factors.

The article presents the state and changes in the quantitative characteristics of small business entities in Russia. The advantages of special tax regimes as one of the priority directions of the state economic policy are reflected. The role of tax incentives as one of the support methods is defined. The authors noted the support of small business in the Novosibirsk region in the light of federal initiatives for the development of business incentives. The final conclusion lies in the need for creation of favorable conditions for the activities of small business, recognizing its importance at the present stage of economic development of the domestic economy.

The article considers the evolution of the accounting system in the context of the development of the digital economy. The reasons for the decline in the functionality of accounting in modern conditions and the factors determining its further development are marked out. The content of the main directions of transformation of accounting is revealed, they include the following: the emergence of new types of accounting and a change in their significance for the purposes of managing an organization; changes in accounting methodology; reorganization of the organization and improvement of individual accounting processes; the emergence of new accounting objects; changes in the requirements for the competencies of accounting personnel.

The formation and development of the digital services market is a key area of the digital transformation of the national economy. The purpose of the given research is to assess the maturity of the digital services market and to propose measures for its further development. A retrospective analysis through the assessment based on the totality of economic indicators of the digital services market and on the innovative level of a federal district in the context of national indicators makes it possible to identify the level of the regional digital services market development and to outline the priority directions for its further development.

The relevance of the study is due to significant differences in performance assessments based on non-parametric (DEA) and parametric (SFA) approaches. This problem leads to the inadequacy of the interpretation of the efficiency estimates and the incorrectness of the generated management decisions. The article calculates the DEA and SFA indicators of the efficiency for enterprises in six significant sectors of the Russian economy. A comparative analysis of the DEA and SFA estimates of efficiency in the context of industries and size of enterprises is carried out. We show the possibility of their joint use for making management decisions.

The article presents an informational overview of modern mortgage lending models used in the USA, Russia and a number of the EU countries. The categories of the labor market and the dynamics of income of the population in Russia are evaluated in the context of mortgage availability and taking into account the territorial factor. The analysis of the state of housing mortgage lending in Russia and a number of the EU countries in a comparative assessment is carried out, taking into account both the realities of social development against the background of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and its consequences, and the pricing process in this segment.

Based on the use of the methods of mathematical statistics, in combination with the use of evolutionary-genetic and systemic-cyclical approaches to the study of the dynamics of the average annual growth rates of indicators of innovation activity in the mega-regions of the United States in the space-time continuum, tendencies of mega-regionalization at all stages of the innovation cycle and implementation are revealed. innovative product. The quantitative accumulation of results characterizing the innovation process during periods of qualitative change in the structural phases of the American accumulation cycle and technological orders in 1961-2020, correlated with each other, contributes to the understanding of the evolution of the US mega-regions as self-sufficient entities that determine civilizationally necessary social phenomena - innovation and the knowledge economy.

The article presents a new method for constructing confidence intervals. A formula obtained on the basis of Chebyshev's inequality is used, it is applied in the recurrent method in the case of unknown variance. A new method for describing the direct and inverse Laplace functions is proposed. The developed methods can be used not only for normal distribution, but also for any other, as well as in the case when the type of distribution law of a random variable is unknown. The practical implementation is shown by a concrete example of calculating the confidence interval for the student's score obtained from the test results.

The article deals with the key theoretical aspects of concession agreements, domestic and foreign experience in the implementation of concessions. It presents the classification of countries by degree and number of concession agreements, as well as by type of contracts. The dynamics of concession agreements in Russia from 2016 to 2020 and the distribution of concluded contracts by socially important sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation from 2009 to 2019 are considered. Forecasts are given for the development of the concession market and possible ways of attracting private investment during the post-pandemic crisis caused by coronavirus (COVID-19).

The article considers the preferences received by all participants of financial transactions in the course of implementation of digital technologies. It identifies the opportunity to modify the general marketing banks strategy based on digitalization and, as a result, to change the entire bank system configuration towards the strengthening of corporate banking structures through the creation of digital ecosystems. It was proved that corporate reliability of digital ecosystem in the market of banking services was ensured by absolute minimization of credit and other financial risks, total elimination of bank fraud. The formation of digital ecosystem in DPR based on the institution of Central Republican Bank (CRB) was suggested. It is substantiated that creation of the CRB DPR ecosystem will secure working capital for enterprises and other business entities of this old industrial region and will increase the efficiency of local authorities in provision of social and other essential services to the public.

Small-serial and individual machine building enterprises, due to their specific features, often experience difficulties in implementing classical principles and the methods of management described in economic science, including the field of product sales management. Meanwhile, planning and organizing products sales are key functions of sales management to achieve primary goals of business. The article presents a methodology for the improvement of planning and organization of product sales through a detailed analysis of its indicators, according to data of the operating machine building enterprise.