O. A. Prituzhalova1, M. V. Gorshkova2 1University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russian Federation 2Sveza-Les Ltd., Tyumen plywood factory, Tyumen, Russian Federation
Keywords: forest protection, forest legislation, National Forest Stewardship Standard for Russian Federation
Nowadays, internationally recognized voluntary forest certification schemes are widely used in Russia: more than a third of all forests leased to loggers are certified according to international standards. At the same time, the State Duma of the Russian Federation has made a proposal to develop a domestic forest certification system to protect national interests. The purpose of this article is to identify the similarities and differences between the requirements that are stated in Russian forest legislation and international forest certification standards in the example of The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) National Forest Stewardship Standard of Russian Federation. This, in turn, will explain on what basis it is advisable to form a set of rules for the Russian national forest certification system. As a result of the research, we found that at the conceptual level, Russian legal acts in the field of forest management and related areas mostly coincide with the requirements of the FSC and can form the basis of the Russian national forest certification system. Both of the systems aim to protect forests from pollution and to preserve the every kind of forest resource; however, FSC requirements are more stringent in terms of how the aforementioned procedures are to be managed - according to these requirements, loggers must develop guidelines containing ecological rules for forest use and educate their workers about these rules. FSC regulations that are connected with pest control are stricter in comparison with the regulations of Russian legal documents (the former emphasises the use of mostly non-chemical methods); the same is true for FSC regulations connected with biodiversity and the maintenance of high conservation value forests, including intact forest landscapes. It is in the preservation of intact forest landscapes that the FSC scheme differs from the requirements of the Russian legislation the most. The FSC scheme sets the percentage of forested areas in which felling is permitted. With respect to social aspects, both systems set a high bar in the area of the rights of workers and work conditions, but FSC regulations are more stringent in terms of considering the interests of the local communities and, in particular, indigenous populations. During the formation of the Russian forest certification system, it is reasonable to consider mechanisms that take into account ecosystem services of forested areas.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:117:"L. V. Afanas’eva1, O. V. Kalugina2, M. V. Oskorbina2, T. M. Kharpukhaeva1";} 1Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation 2Siberian Instititue of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: needles, elemental chemical composition, chlorophylls, carotenoids, chlorophyll fluorescence, technogenic emissions
The paper presents data on the content of 32 chemical elements in the needles of the Siberian larch Larix sibirica Ledeb. trees growing at different distances from the Irkutsk aluminum smelter (IrkAS), as well as in the background areas. It is shown that a pronounced imbalance in the content of elements is observed near the plant in the needles of larch, as evidenced by an increase in the concentration of F by 2.1 times, S by 1.9 times, light metals (Al, Li, Ti, Sc) by 2.4-5.3 times compared to background values. In the group of heavy metals and metalloids, the concentrations of Be, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Fe, La, Pb, V, Zn, Y - changed to a greater extent-their increased level in the needles was noted at a distance of up to 40 km from the smelter. The concentrations of Ba, Si, As, Ni increased significantly in the industrial zone, while in the rest of the territory they were within the background values. The amount of biogenic macroelements (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, Na) in the contaminated needles increased by 17-23 %. The imbalance in the elemental composition of needles is evidenced by the indices of biogeochemical transformation, the high values of which were found in the industrial zone, the average values - at a distance of up to 5 km from the smelter, in the rest of the territory changes in the elemental composition of needles are less pronounced, and the transformation index corresponds to the minimum level. Disturbances in the work of the photosynthetic apparatus of the needles of contaminated trees are manifested in a decrease in the content of chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids, F v /F m , while the background fluorescence of chlorophyll F0, increases compared to background values. Revealed inverse correlations between the content of S, F, as well as a number of heavy metals in needles and the level of pigments in it ( R = -0.59-0.87) indicate a significant effect of emissions on the pigment complex of trees, especially in the industrial zone of the smelter and at a distance of up to 5 km from it.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:138:"S. A. Shavnin1, D. Yu. Golikov1, A. A. Montile1, A. V. Kapralov2, A. V. Grigor’eva2";} 1Institute Botanic Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation 2Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Keywords: tree stem twisting, twisted layer, root system asymmetry
The main objectives of the work are: to determine the presence and to assess the nature of relationship between the asymmetry of root system structure and the twisting of tree trunk; to study the nature of relationship between the morphological characteristics of the first order lateral roots, of the trunk and of the layer of sapwood for Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing under the extreme hydrothermal conditions in the upper bog (Middle Urals, Russia). In two groups of trees (twisted and non-twisted) of the VI class of age (32 and 38 trees in each respectively), there were measured: trunk diameters without of bark at the root collar layer and at the distance of 1.3 m from it; the heights; the angles of inclination of wood fibers; the length of the twisted part of trunk and the height at which it begins; the number of lateral roots of the first order and the perimeters and the angles between them. In the analysis of the structure of root system there were used the indices of its asymmetry in terms of the location in space and of the radial growth. Values of indices were calculated for each tree as the average proportions of the difference between either the angles among individual roots or perimeters of roots from the average value. It was found that the variability of morphological characteristics of roots and the nature of their relationships differ in twisted and non-twisted trees. The evaluation of relationships between individual characteristics made it possible to identify 5 differences between two studied groups in the presence of statistically significant correlations ( R = 0.34-0.52). The twisting of the trunk arises during the growth of tree and is not directly dependent from the structure of the root system. The appearance of the twisted layer is facilitated by a relatively small number of lateral roots and low spatial asymmetry of the root system. There are positive correlations between trunk twisted layer length and root growth characteristics, including maximum root thickness and asymmetry in root perimeters.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:46:"S. V. Gorbunova, A. O. Sen’kov, D. H. Fayzulin";}
Northern Research Institute of Forestry, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: planting material with closed root system, humates, stimulant, seedlings, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
The use of environmentally-friendly stimulants (humates) is one way to realization of the principle that the annual area of reforestation is equal to the area of fellings carried out, as well as the timely supply of quality planting stock to forest users at an acceptable cost. The purpose of the research is to study the extent to which the humic specimen stimulates growth and development of softwood ball-rooted seedlings. The influence of solutions of various concentrations of humic preparation «Ecorost» as a plant food on growth of pine ( Pinus L.) and spruce ( Picea L.) seedlings in containers in the forest nursery of the Arkhangelsk Oblast for 2 years was analyzed. In addition, the Norway spruce seed preparation product was considered. The results of the work confirmed the possibility and prospects of using humic preparations in the production of softwood planting stock. The yield of standard plants for the Dvinsko-Vychegodskiy forest district increased by 36.9 and 34.6 % respectively for pine and spruce with a 10 ml by 10 l water solution for watering. The weight of seedlings increased on experimental versions as compared to control, and the substrate became more resistant. The germinating energy increased by 10.0-13.0 % by virtue of pre-plant soaking of spruce seeds compared to control, the germinability increased by 9.3-12.3 %, seed germination reduced from 8 to 6 days. Further research on the use of such stimulants in forest production is recommended, considering the positive effect of humic specimen on pine and spruce seedlings.
S. S. Makarov1, I. B. Kuznetsova2, S. A. Rodin3, S. Yu. Tsaregradskaya3, A. I. Belan4 1Central European Forest Experimental Station, Kostroma, Russian Federation 2Kostroma State Agricultural Academy, Karavaevo, Russian Federation 3All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Pushkino, Russian Federation 4Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: clonal micropropagation, cultivar, root formation, survival rate, peat, yield
The results of studies on rooting in vitro of European cranberry Oxycoccus palustris Pers. plants of Dar of Kostroma cultivar and hybrid form 1-15-635 during clonal micropropagation on a WPM 1/4 nutrient medium and its adaptation to non-sterile conditions. With an increase in the concentration of IAA from 0.5 to 1.0 ml/l and with the addition of Ecogel at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l the number of roots of European cranberry plants of the Dar of Kostroma cultivar increased by 36.7 %, of the hybrid form 1-15-635 - by 7.4 % at the stage of rooting in vitro. Substrates from high-moor peat are used with the addition of mycorrhizal-type ecological preparations (Mycorrhiza, Biomikoriza, Mycogel) at the stage of adaptation of European cranberry to non-sterile conditions ex vitro . The maximum survival (98-100 %) of cranberry are observed when using a peat substrate with the addition of Mycorrhiza. The timing of transplantation had a significant impact on the survival rate of cranberry plants. The best survival rates (84-86 %) are observed in plants of both cultivars transplanted in May. The survival rate of plants is high (92-96 %) in the first year of cultivation after transplanting European cranberry to a high-moor peat plot under natural conditions. Yield data has a high values.
O. A. Zyryanova
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation zyryanova-oa@ksc.krasn.ru
Keywords: Akira Osawa, short biography, forest ecology, forestry, even-aged larch stands, reconstructing structural development of tree stands
The article includes a biographical essay of Professor Akira Osawa (Japan) and a brief analysis of his scientific legacy. A. Osawa was born and raised in the post-war period, which became the period of the formation of a sovereign Japanese state and its tremendous economic growth (Japanese economic miracle). He was educated and received a Doctor of Philosophy Degree at the prestigious Yale University (USA), where he gained the first experience of an international scientific cooperation. Knowledge in the fields of general and forest ecology, forestry and environmental protection A. Osawa successfully applied carrying out research projects, preparing his articles and books, reviewing manuscripts of the other authors as well as teaching university and postgraduate students and conducting international environmental assessments of the Japanese Government. His scientific research was focused on self-thinning phenomenon, stand growth and development, natural catastrophic disturbances and their consequences, and ecosystem carbon dynamics. Boreal forests in North America, Siberia and Scandinavia have been the major subjects of his studies. The main achievement of A. Osawa’s investigations was the new method proposed for quantitatively (stand density and stem parameters) reconstructing structural development over time of even-aged monospecific forests and applied to a larch ( Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) stand in the permafrost zone of Siberia. It relies on samples obtained from one-time observation that is of great importance for vast Siberian territories. Akira Osawa was the author and co-author of many scientific articles and chapters of monographs published in leading world journals and publishing houses, an active member of professional scientific communities and organizations. A. Osawa’s biographical data were listed in Marquis Who’s Who in the World (1995). The article contains a list of his main scientific publications, which gives an idea of the research topics, their geography and significance.
In the article is resulted a list of 209 species of basidiomycete macromycetes, discovered in various forest-steppe communities
on the territory of the forest-steppe zone of the eastern part of the South Minusinsk hollow (Minusinsk area,
Krasnoyarsk region), with the information on their occurrence in various vegetative communities and on their vegetation
periods.
Th e data on three nemoral species newly revealed in the mycobiota of Siberia are presented. Th e article discusses the
morphology, ecology and distribution of Melanophyllum eyrei (Massee) Singer, Cystolepiota bucknallii (Berk. et
Broome) Singer et Clemencon, Lepiota grangei (Eyre) J.E. Lange in Siberia, Russia, in the world. Th e information
about new locations and distribution of Agaricus xanthodermus Genev. are presented.
Th e taxonomic structures of groupings of soil photoautotrophs (algae) primary substrate formed in the various
geographical area is investigated. Th e general tendencies of taxonomic structure of algal groupings dry high-water
bed of Tuva, alluvial sand in career on the bank of the river Ob and hard rock of the Tien Shan are revealed.
I.A. Kreshchenok1, S.V. Nesterova2 11Amur Branch of Botanical Garden-Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 675000, Blagoveshchensk, 2 km of Ignatevskaya Line garden@ascnet.ru, ikreshhenok@yandex.ru 2Botanical Garden-Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690024, Vladivostok, Makovskogo str., 142 offi ce@bgi.dvo.ru, svnesterova@rambler.ru
Keywords: cryopreservation, spores, ferns, liquid nitrogen, Russian Far East
Th e results of research of cryopreservation of spores 12 species of ferns are presented. Th e cryopreservation is a
perspective method of long-term storage of spores of studied species ferns.
Th e ontogeny of Gueldenstaedtia verna (the rare species of Eastern Asia fl oristic region) was studied and the life-form
of this species was described. Th e ontogeny duration is more than 35 years. Four periods and nine ontogenic stages
are distinguished.
Morphology, areas, composition and content of the fl avonoid aglycons have been studied in A. adsurgens Pallas,
A. austrosibiricus Schischkin, A. inopinatus Boriss. and A. onobrychis L. of the section Onobrychium Bunge of the
genus Astragalus L. Quercetin and kaempferol were found in composition of the aglycons in A. adsurgens; quercetin,
kaempferol, isorhamnetin and rhamnocitrin − in the other species of the section. Th e ratio quercetin/kaempferol in
A. adsurgens correlates with diagnostic characters - short bracts and teeth of the calyx. In A. austrosibiricus and
A. inopinatus correlation between of their diagnostic characters is weak, there are no in the composition of the fl avonoid
aglycons and quantitative relationship. A. onobrychis has an aglycon ratio distinct from other species and clearcut
morphological characters.
The results of detailed SEM study of mericarp morphology and surface of Galium verum, G. wirtgenii, G. ruthenicum, G. densifl orum species of the typical section оf the genus Galium (Rubiaceae) are presented. Species G. verum and
G. wirtgenii have glabrate surface of mericarp, G. ruthenicum, G. densifl orum have bristly surface of mericarp. Identical netted pericarp sculpture for all species shows their relationship.
Morphology features and seed surface of coat structure of the genus Iris L. were examined using the scaning electron
microscope. In seeds of I. humilis present well expressed aril, in seeds of I. tigridia and I. potaninii it is poorly formed
but for seeds of I. glaucescens it was absent. Treatment of steam I. glaucescens seeds having of thik cuticle led to the
elimination of cuticle.
It is reported on the distribution of new for the Altai Republic species: Vicia hirsuta, Sinapis alba, Senecio vulgaris,
Solidago canadensis, Xanthium albinum, as well as the rare for Altai species: Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus,
Thladiantha dubia, Centaurea pseudomaculosa, Lapsana communis. It is noted that active distribution and
naturalization of Sisymbrium offi cinale and Lactuca serriola take place in the northern parts of the Altai Republic.
K.Sh. Tozhibaev, F.I. Karimov
Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Scientifi c Centre of Plant Production Botanika, Republic of Uzbekistan, 700125, Tashkent, F. Khodjaev str., 32 botany@uzsci.net
Keywords: Fergana valley, endemic, geophytes, monocotyledonous, province, district, vegetation
In this article the data on 45 endemic and subendemic geophytes of Ferghana valley fl ora is given. Type, habitat and
distribution for any of them are given.
A list of protected and endemic species qualifying the Important Plant Areas (IPA) of the Tuva Republic was compiled.
A database of herbarium specimens and coordinates of their locations for these species was developed. By means of
the database supplemented lists of protected and endemic species for the previously singled out Tuvinian IPA are
compiled, representativeness of the IPA in respect of the given species was estimated, new IPA were proposed.
In this study we determined the concentration of fl avonoids and tannins in Salix alba, S. alba var. vitellina, and
S. alba S. blanda. Th e highest concentrations of these compounds were observed in leaves. In infl orescences, the
concentration of fl avonoids and tannins is at maximum during the full bloom; in leaves, during the phase of active
growth and in the end of the vegetation period before defoliation.
Th e concentration of 59 macro- and microelements in herbs of 55 species, 34 genera, 13 tribes and 3 subfamilies of
family Boraginaceae from diff erent habitats had been determined. Th e eff ectiveness of clade analysis using for study
of elements content in plants of Boraginaceae for the purpose of chemosystematics was established. Th e dependence
of content of biogenous and abiogenous elements from taxonomical position of species was established. Evolutionary
age and phylogenetic connections render the biggest infl uence for microelements spectrum as had been showed. Th e
hypothesis about existence of genetically determining of plant elements homeostasis has been spoken out.
Th e phenological feature of the myxomycetes in the pine forests on the right-bank part of the upper Ob' River was
revealed. Th e analysis included 908 samples of the myxomycetes belonging to 115 species. Th e maturing peak lot of
the majority species has in the research area on the beginning of summer and on the middle of autumn.
10 species of genus Polyporus P. Micheli ex Adans. were found in the forests-steppe zone of the Western Siberia. Data
of the distribution and original key of the genus Polyporus present in the this article.
Th e ultrasculpture of surface of the Chara altaica oospores by scanning electron microscopy was described from
specimens collected in south of Western Siberia. Th e fossa surface is very irregularly sparsely granulated, the granules
are irregular by shape, its dimensions and density are highly variable, and the small ones are prevailed. Th e wall surface
between granules is smooth. Th e oospore ribs are irregularly sparsely granulated of nearly smooth.
P.A. Remigailo
Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SB RAS, 677980, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Lenin ave., 41 p.a.remigailo@ibpc.ysn.ru
Keywords: taxonomic structure, phytoplankton, rivers of Central Yakutia
Analysis of taxonomic structure and peculiarities of phytoplankton development in middle course of Lena River and
her tributaries - Viluy, Aldan, Amga has been presented in the paper. Wide species diversity and reach algofl ora (738
taxons) has been revealed in studied northern basins
Th e results of the study of algal fl ora saltish Lake Listvenki are presented. Th ere are 104 species, varieties of the species
and forms from 6 devisions (Cyanophyta - 13, Bacillariophyta - 75, Dinophyta - 1, Euglenophyta - 4, Chlorophyta -
10, Charophyta - 1). Th e fl ora revealed is analysis ecological and geographical.
On the basis of long-term investigations the data on productivity and variability of bracken Pteridium pinetorum
populations are represented in the paper. Th e forest communities and habitats optimal for bracken growing are
revealed.
A revision of taxonomical structure of the section Crystallophlomis in the genus Primula on the basis of studying the
herbarium collections, supervision over the plants in natural conditions and in the conditions in introduction, with
using of the seed surface sculpture characters and defi nitions of nucleotide sequences of ITS-region of nuclear rDNA
was carried out. Th e conspectus of species of section Crystallophlomis of the genus Primula for fl ora of Russia
including 2 subsections, 4 species and 3 subspecies was made. Th e new subsection Tschuktschorum Kovt. is described,
the new combination is off ered and lectotypus for 1 species was chosen.
In 15.2 % (88 species and subspecies) flower plants of subclass Lamiidae in Siberia have 4 forms of sexual
differentiation: monoecy, andromonoecy, gynomonoecy and gynodioecy. The most frequent form of a sexual
expression is gynodioecy (57 species, 9.8 %). From 19 families are richest with species with sexual diff erentiation
Callitrichaceae, Hippuridaceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae.
The ontogeny, biological characters, ontogenetic structure of coenopopulations of rare species Rhinactinidia
eremophila (Bunge) Novopokr. ex Botsch. (Asteraceae) was studied in Chuyskaya depression in Kosch-Agachskii
region Republic of Altai.
Relationships of crossability among biotypes E. caninus from diff erent points of the area, including morphologically
deviating forms, were studied. Ninety one hybrid plants F1 in 42 cross combinations have been grown up. Data about
morphological features and reproductive properties of hybrids in generations F1 and F2 are obtained. Th e estimation
of inheritance of some morphological characters, important in taxonomy, was carried out. It was shown that
E. caninus as the species is formed not only by typical individuals with the limited range of morphological variation,
but also by the big number of the morphotypes mismatching the standard diagnosis of the species. Some deviating
morphotypes are expedient to classify as varieties of E. caninus s. l.
Additions and changings in the fl ora of Novosibirskaya oblast during last 40 years are observed. New adventive
species and disappearing ones are analysed.
Th e relief of steppe belt of Iyus-Shira depression (400-600 m a.s.l.) is the alternation of plain areas, cuestas and little
ridges. Th e main vegetation of plain areas is polydominant bunchgrass steppe. Th e vegetation of little ridges and
cuestas depends on steepness and exposition of their slopes. On steep sun-exposed slopes short grass petrophytic
steppes are located. On gentle shadowed slopes the herb bunchgrass steppes predominate.
Th e basic types of vegetation communities on Taradanovsky, Azhendarovsky and Saltymakovsky mountain ridges are
described. Th ey belong to 5 associations and 1 community from 4 classes of Braun-Blanquet classifi cation. Th e spatial
structure of every mountain ridge is characterized.
Th e histochemical analysis of the mature ovule was performed in the species of Trollius asiaticus L. and T. ledebourii
Reichenb. Distribution of carbohydrates and RNA/DNA ratio were studied. It was found that halazal nucellus area
had a complex organization, and formed an atypical podium consisting of morphologically different cells.
Histochemical diff erences in them are minimal.
X-ray fl uorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation (SR XRF) was applied to determine element composition in
the aboveground part of Pentaphylloides fruticosa (bush cinquefoil) and Lonicera caerulea subsp. altaica (Pall.) Gladkova
(blue honeysuckle), growing in a highly seismic zone. Th e total content of microelements in P. fruticosa is
higher than the control one, and in L. сaerulea it is lower. It has been revealed that the ratio between separate elements
undergo considerable changes. Th e Fe/Mn, Ca/Sr, Cu/Zn, and K/Rb ratios were observed to be violated for the
plants of the anormalous zones. It is noticed that two kinds of a bush react to changes of geochemical and geophysical
characteristics of environment diff erently.
Results of biochemical research of two Siberian species of genus Nitraria L. - N. schoberi L. and N. sibirica Pall. are
presented. It is established that leaves and fruits of plants contain a rich complex of biologically active substances:
fl avonols, tannins, catechins, anthocyans, pectin substances, sugars and possess antioxidative activity. Almost on all
biochemical indices leaves and fruits N. sibirica surpass in N. schoberi. Both species represent defi nite interest for
medical and food industry. Researches of biologically active substances N. schoberi and N. sibirica growing in Siberia
are spent for the fi rst time.
An individual-group composition of biologically active phenolic compounds of blue honeysuckle leaves was studied
in the geoactive zone of the Altai Mountains. In Lonicera caerulea L. s. l. micropopulation in the zone of an active
tectonic fault a more intensive accumulation of the basic individual ingredients of biofl avonoids in leaves was
observed along with increase in a dispersion of stable signs of a honeysuckle.
A comparative analysis of the main groups of biologically active compounds in the leaves and infl orescences of plants
of nine species of the Spiraea L. genus from Russian Far East natural and introduction populations is carried out.
Widespread species of the genus Spiraea characterized by the high content of active substances. Th e content of
catechins, anthocyanins, saponins and sugars in infl orescences more than the leaves, tannins accumulated more in
leaves. Diff erences of species of the correlation glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol are revealed. Plants S. pubescens
diff erent by the high content of quercetin glycosides (1.61 %) and S. ussuriensis- kaempferol glycosides (1.77 %).
