Home – Home – Jornals – Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 2022 number 1

Gas analyzers based on Raman spectroscopy designed at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS are described. Their capabilities and advantages are shown in measurements of the composition of fuel gases (natural, bio-, and synthesis gas) and atmospheric and exhaled air. The features of the analyzer operation and the techniques for increasing the measurement accuracy are discussed.

Information is presented on the organization and history of the development of meteorological observations at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMCES), from the 2nd category weather station of the DTI SM “Optics” (1994) to the present observations carried out at the Geophysical Observatory (GO) of IMCES, which is a stationary environmental monitoring point. A retrospective of the development of meteorological instrumentation at IMCES is described beginning from the creation of experimental samples of automated systems for operational measurement of optical and meteorological characteristics of the atmosphere (70-80s of the XX century) during testing of different laser systems to the development and creation of meteorological instruments, including automatic ultrasonic weather stations of different purpose and geographically distributed information and measuring systems based on them. A number of the weather stations are included in the State Register of Measuring Instruments.

The history of development and the current state of the created distributed tool for the analysis of large arrays of climate data are briefly described. The potential of the Climate platform is illustrated by its applications in monitoring of current and prediction of possible future climate changes in Siberia, determining regional responses to them, and preparing a quantitative basis for developing adaptation measures. Possible options for creating a virtual research environment and thematic digital twins are discussed, providing specialists in climatology and related areas with opportunities to use modern information and computing technologies and resources in solution of fundamental and applied problems posed by ongoing and projected climate changes.

The spatiotemporal variability of extreme climatic values and dangerous meteorological phenomena in Siberia in 1979-2020 and their trends by the end of the 21st century against the background of global climate change are studied based on ERA5 reanalysis data and observational data at meteorological stations. The combined analysis of the derived estimates of characteristics of these spatiotemporal variations makes it possible to identify the centers of "risk" in the region and to determine the tendencies in their development. The air temperature is found to be increased throughout the territory, while precipitation and wind speed, mainly in northern Western Siberia over 2011-2020. Extreme precipitation increases in summer throughout the region, with the exception of mountainous areas in its southeastern part. In addition, regions affected by heavy rainfall are becoming smaller in area and are located mainly in the south of the region and along its western border. The results of the INM-CM5.0 model calculations revealed the response of the regional climate system to the ongoing global changes: the tendencies towards an expansion in the number of extreme events in the region will persist until 2100.

An original method for objective climate classification is being developed based on the idea of the universality of the principle of consistency of natural and climatic processes. The method makes it possible to study the response of the climate system structure to different external factors taking into account regional characteristics. A unique interactive software package created for this task allows one to select, study, and simulate climatic clusters based on the climatic characteristics of any nature on any spatial and temporal scales. Examples of the method implementation are given.

As a result of large eruptions of tropical volcanoes, a large amount of volcanic aerosol is emitted into the stratosphere and contributes to the formation of positive temperature and negative ozone anomalies in the lower tropical stratosphere. Large eruptions with VEI ³ 5 can cause global ozone loss. A volcanic increase in the temperature of the lower tropical stratosphere leads to an increase in the stratospheric meridional temperature gradient and the subsequent strengthening of the polar vortex. Polar ozone depletion occurs under the conditions of the winter-spring strengthening of the vortex. Stratospheric ozone anomalies due to increased UV-B radiation can manifest themselves in the degradation of coniferous forests, which serve a biosphere indicator of climate change. Massive focal drying of dark coniferous forests has been observed in the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia since the mid-1990s under conditions of an increase in surface UV-B radiation as a result of ozone depletion after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.

Using ground-based observation and satellite remote sensing data from 2006 to 2020 the smoke effect from distant wildfires in Siberia on the electrical state of the surface air layer has been studied. The cases were considered where smoke covered the troposphere down to the surface layer and where smoke was observed only in the middle and upper troposphere. It is found that smoke from wildfires in these cases has a strong but different effect on the electrical state of the surface air layer.

The data on the seasonal variability of CH₄ fluxes from an oligotrophic anthropogenically disturbed bog in Western Siberia (south of the Tomsk region) are analyzed. Methane fluxes were measured using the close static chamber method. The results show a strong variation in CH₄ (from -0.07 to 4.40 mg × m² h). The total CH₄ flux from the bog surface varied from 0.99 to 2.94 g × m^-2 depending on the growing season. The seasonal dynamics of CH₄ fluxes are characterized by a summer maximum and are closely related to the peat temperature. The use of an exponential function of the peat temperature at different depths explains 81-95% of the variability of the CH4 flux. In general, our data show the importance of studying the CH₄ emission from the surface of bog ecosystems under the anthropogenic load. Comprehensive monitoring will make it possible to clarify the contribution of Western Siberian bogs of this type to the global climate change.

The trends in the development and applications of isotope mass spectrometry in the environmental studies carried out at Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, are briefly reviewed. The use of stable isotopes is shown to be promising in assessment of regional climate changes, simulation of predictive estimates of atmospheric precipitation and sources of their input, paleoclimatic studies, ecological monitoring of atmospheric air, and estimation of the ecological state of bee foraging areas and quality control of honey products.

Two schemes of shock tunnels and results of experimental investigations of cumulation of liquid cylindrical shells in a rotating system are presented. The first scheme is used to study one-dimensional compression (classical cumulation) of a rotating cylindrical shell under explosive loading by an annular piston. Experimental results are estimated with the use of the model of dynamics of one-dimensional cylindrical cumulation in a quiescent unbounded liquid. In the second scheme, a bore jump is found on the inner surface of the rotating gas cavity; this structure is formed by the piston in the case of shock loading of the gas cavity and its downstream propagation along the axis of symmetry.

The processes of interaction of an expansion wave with the flow in a laminar boundary layer are studied with the use of the theory of free interaction. Numerical solutions of a nonlinear problem are found for various values of the dimensionless velocity of wave motion. Distributions of pressure-induced friction stress on the surface are obtained.

The effects of the water-jet velocity and its angle on the laser-water-jet processing results are studied. It is found that the depth of laser-water-jet processing gradually increases with an increase in the water-jet angle; however, this increasing trend becomes less pronounced as the water-jet angle increases from 60 to 75^°C. As the water-jet velocity increases, the depth of laser-water-jet processing gradually increases.

The problem of generation of two-dimensional unsteady motion in a viscous incompressible fluid of finite depth is investigated here. The motion is generated due to initial disturbances in the form of prescribed surface pressure or displacement at the free surface. The Fourier transform with respect to space and the Laplace transform with respect to time are used to obtain the form of the free surface in terms of multiple integrals. Finally, an asymptotic form of the free surface is obtained using the method of steepest descent.

The problem of the flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a flat channel with permeable walls and a constant flow through the walls is considered. The problem is formulated using the equations of the modified Vinogradov - Pokrovskii mesoscopic model. For the case of the presence of a flow through the walls, a method for setting the boundary conditions is proposed, which ensures that the resulting solution is consistent with the solutions obtained with no account for the flow. A computational algorithm for finding solutions is considered both in the presence of flow through the walls and in its absence.

This paper describes a problem of unsteady flow of an aqueous polymer solution in a strip with a free boundary, the condition on which includes the time derivative of the desired function. A solution to this problem is constructed for a layered flow in a strip of constant width. The dependence of variation of the strip width with time on a parameter proportional to relaxation viscosity is studied.

The paper describes the design of an electron extraction device using differential pumping. An assessment of the vacuum conditions for the transition from the viscous to the molecular regime is considered, which makes it possible to confirm the correctness of the choice of the parameters of the differential pumping system, which makes it possible to confirm the correctness of the choice of the parameters of the differential pumping system. The problem of heat removal from differential pumping diaphragms in a compact all-metal body of the extraction device.

The influence of mechanical processing of CuAl₁₀Fe₃Mn₂ bronze particles with different energy input intensities on the process of deposition of coatings by the method of cold gas-dynamic spraying and the properties of these coatings is studied. It is shown that the deposition efficiency varies depending on the microhardness and porosity of deposited particles. The increase in the porosity (from 2 to 8%) of the resultant coatings for different regimes and intensities of mechanical processing of deposited particles is explained. It is found that the size of the coherent scattering region, material microhardness, and roughness of coatings obtained from the mechanically treated powder have similar values regardless of the intensity of energy input by milling bodies to the processed material.

The vibration levels of a metal plate are measured in the absence and presence of either one reinforced coating on its surface or one reinforce coating (or two of them) with the same or different thickness placed on it. The effectiveness of various schemes for lining the plate with coatings is determined and compared.

An effective method and fast modeling in vibration and flutter analyses of low-aspect-ratio composite wings and wings with a control surface in a subsonic flow are proposed. An equivalent plate method is used for structural modeling. The doublet point and the U - g methods are applied to calculate unsteady aerodynamic loads and flutter analysis, respectively. The obtained results are in good agreement with the literature data.

This paper considers the problem of purified turbulent flow over an erodible bed. A mathematical model of the problem is proposed which includes the Reynolds equations and transport equations for turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation. The bed surface evolution is described using the bed deformation equation and the original analytical model of bed-load sediment transport. An algorithm based on the control volume method is proposed for solving the problem. Numerical solution of the problem shows that when the bed is eroded by a purified flow, a wave packet of low-steepness bed waves is formed. It is also shown that the velocity of bed waves obtained by the numerical solution is in good agreement with the velocity of bed waves calculated by asymptotic analytical formula.

An experimental stand has been developed to study oil recovery using supercritical fluid systems of bulk and composite homogeneous porous materials in the mode of miscible and microbubble filtration of a mixture of oil and supercritical carbon dioxide. A device for visualizing the emergence of supercritical CO₂ microbubbles from the experimental cell with a porous medium has been designed. The oil recovery by supercritical CO₂ and rims of supercritical CO₂ and water from a homogeneous bulk porous medium has been experimentally studied. It has been shown that the miscible mode of viscous oil recovery by supercritical CO₂ is most efficient and the efficiency of viscous oil recovery in the microbubble mode can be increased using rims of supercritical CO₂ and water. The mechanism of oil recovery enhancement in the region of microbubble recovery of viscous oil by supercritical CO₂ is described.

We study the problem of three-dimensional stationary creeping flow of two immiscible liquids in a channel with solid parallel walls, one of which a given temperature distribution is maintained and the other is hear-insulated. Thermocapillary forces act on the flat interface. Temperature in the liquids depends quadratically on the horizontal coordinates, and the velocity field has a special form. The resulting conjugate problem for the Oberbeck- Boussinesq model is inverse and reduces to the system of ten integro-differential equations. The total energy condition is taken into account on the interface. The problem has up to two solutions and if the heat fluxes are equal, then it has one solution. Characteristic flow structures are constructed for each of the solutions. The influence of dimensionless physical and geometric parameters on the flows is investigated

A mathematical model of stepwise natural gas pressure reduction in a multistage turboexpander has been developed using a thermodynamic approach taking into account the real gas properties. It has been shown that the maximum use of natural gas overpressure energy is provided when the outlet-to-inlet pressure ratio is above the critical value at each stage. The change in the temperature of the natural gas and its technical work at each stage of the turboexpander have been numerically determined. It has been found that the rate of temperature drop and the increment in the technical work of natural gas increase from stages to stage of the turboexpander. Comparison of the calculated and experimental values of the performance parameters of the gas turboexpanders showsthat they are in good agreement.

A dual variational form of a mathematical model of the steady process of heat conduction in a rotating disk of a unipolar direct-current generator is constructed. The model contains two alternative functionals that have coinciding stationary points at which these functionals reach the same extreme values (minimum and maximum if the desired temperature distribution in the disk is unique). This property of the functionals makes it possible to estimate the error of the approximate solution of the considered nonlinear heat conduction problem and control its convergence. The features of the radial temperature distribution in the disk are revealed, and the influence of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of the disk material (both dependent on temperature) on this distribution is established. The limiting value of the temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity is determined, at which a steady temperature distribution in a disk of a hyperbolic profile is impossible.

A coupled fracture model is proposed and implemented to investigate the deformation and fracture of elastoplastic materials. The fracture model parameters are determined by constructing true fracture strain diagrams and determining the limiting characteristics of 12Kh18N10T and 10KhSND steel. Numerical simulation results for the fracture of cylindrical rods under tension are presented. It is revealed that the type and nature of tensile fracture of cylindrical samples determined in the calculations are in good agreement with the experimental data.

A problem of penetration of a rigid impactor into a semi-infinite target is solved analytically to determine the dependence of the angle of expansion of ejection particles (ejection angle) on the penetration depth of the impactor. The problem is considered under the assumption of a plane deformed state of the target material. The mechanical properties of the target material are described using the hypothesis that the target material is incompressible and ideally plastic. An equation of motion (penetration) of the impactor on the basis of energy balance is obtained. The angles of ejection are determined from the condition of minimum power of internal forces. It is established that, in the case of impactor penetration to an infinite depth, the limiting value of the ejection angle (elevation angle) is approximately 84 ^°C.

The effect of external dry friction on the stress-strain state of a semi-infinite elastoplastic rod under sudden loading is under study. It is assumed that the behavior of the rod is described by the Prandtl model, and friction with the environment moving at a constant velocity occurs according to the Coulomb law with different values of the friction coefficient in the perturbed and unperturbed regions of the rod. Analytical solutions are obtained. The conditions under which the rod is an elastic body in a region (part of it) between the fronts of plastic and elastic waves are determined.

A review of systematic studies of unbranched radical-chain reactions by the example of pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and dichloroethane with the participation of heterogeneous catalysts is presented. It is shown that the determining role in catalytic pyrolysis is played not by the concentration of surface or gas-phase active centres but by the total concentration of free radicals per unit reaction volume, which determines the heterogeneous-homogeneous nature of the process. Four types of surface impact on the process have been identified: inhibitory, neutral, accelerating the heterogeneous or homogeneous components of the process. A phenomenological model of these reactions and experimental evidence of its validity are proposed. For catalysts that accelerate the homogeneous component, the effect of “ignition” of the catalyst activity is detected, and its nature is explained. The concept of catalysis spheres is introduced - the areas above the catalyst with an increased concentration of radicals. Its dimensions and conditions of existence are determined. Experimental criteria for the emergence of the sphere are determined. Techniques of purposeful selection and synthesis of catalysts, selection of methods of technological arrangement of radical-chain heterogeneous-homogeneous processes are shown.

The analytical survey over the literature data and results of the studies carried out by the authors into the physicochemical characteristics and catalytic properties of highly dispersed massive polymetallic Ni-Mo-W and Ni-Mo catalysts, and carbide-containing Mo₂C/C catalysts of the core - shell type is presented. Catalytic carbon systems in which the active centres are functional oxygen-containing surface groups are also considered. It is shown that all the catalytic objects under consideration may be successfully synthesized by means of mechanochemical activation.

Generalizing analysis of the ecological aspects of the development and application of materials and chemical technologies promising for management of the Arctic zone and cold regions is carried out. The requirements to the Arctic materials and technologies both in their functionality and in relation to minimization of environmental impact are discussed. The problems related to the arrangement of Arctic raw material processing at mining sites are discussed.

Some questions related to applying liquid para-hydrogen in hydrogen energy are considered. The necessity to organize a business consortium for accelerated development of the technological basis for manufacture, storage and transportation of liquid para-hydrogen is discussed; the achievements of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis in the field of catalyst development and investigation of the process of ortho-para conversion of hydrogen are presented. According to low-waste technologies involving modern domestic materials, newly updated catalysts based on bulk iron oxide (BIC-5-1M) and on nickel oxide supported on the novel alumina support (BIC-5-4M) for ortho-para conversion of hydrogen were developed. Their catalytic activity was demonstrated to be comparable with the catalysts developed previously under the leadership of R. A. Buyanov, BIC-5-1 and BIC-5-4, which were applied in the industrial process of liquid para-hydrogen production. A technology of BIC-5-1M catalyst manufacturing was developed, and a pilot catalyst batch of 1 t was prepared for experimental-industrial trials.

The development of scientific directions initiated by R. A. Buyanov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, laid the foundations of the methods to synthesize catalytic nanocarbon materials. As a continuation of his ideas, the studies in the area of thermocatalytic synthesis of carbon-mineral supports were carried out at the Institute of Combustion Problems (Almaty, Kazakhstan). A review of the recent works on the formation of carbon nanotubes and nanocarbon sorbents is presented, the areas of their practical application are described. Results of the studies of the synthesis of carbon nanotubes on the catalysts obtained by means of solution combustion on glass cloth and the development of flexible heating elements on this basis are considered.

The major directions of applying polymer nanocomposite materials for the protection of the environment and humans are considered in the review. The potential of using highly porous materials and cross-linked hydrogels with incorporated nanoparticles for the purification of waste and natural waters from heavy metals, dyes, and antibiotics is demonstrated. Highly porous polymer materials with magnetic nanoparticles can be used as efficient sorbents for oil-spill cleanup from the surface of water bodies. Incorporation of anisotropic carbon and metal nanoparticles into highly porous polymer materials is a promising strategy for creating nanocomposite materials for electromagnetic radiation shielding.

This review considers the history of the development and implementation of the method of gibbsite thermal activation in Russia, the physicochemical foundations of the method, and the outlooks for its use for the preparation of supports and catalysts based on aluminium oxide. The contribution of R. A. Buyanov and his collaborators to the development of scientific foundations and the practical application of the thermal activation method is considered.

The studies carried out by us during the recent years aimed at the use of three new families of porous metal-organic frameworks NIIC-10, NIIC-20 and NIIC-30 (NIIC - Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry) for the separation of industrially significant mixtures of hydrocarbons, in particular ethane and ethylene, benzene and cyclohexane, as well as the isomers of xylene, are evaluated.

A technology for producing hydrogen and carbon nanotubes from natural gas has been developed. The design of a pilot installation was developed and tested in the decomposition of natural gas using a series of CoO-MoO₃-Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃ catalysts_. The optimal catalyst composition 30 % CoO-7 % MoO₃-25 % Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃ was identified. This catalyst makes it possible to obtain 30 L of hydrogen and 12 g of carbon nanotubes from natural gas with 1 g of the catalyst at moderate temperatures (700-750 °C). It was demonstrated that the installation for natural gas processing could operate in a continuous mode with an additional catalyst supply. The concentration of hydrogen in the methane-hydrogen mixture at the reactor outlet reaches 80 vol. %.

The literature data and experimental results of the authors on the state of bismuth in the solutions of chloric and nitric acids, as well as on the synthesis of various bismuth compounds with the participation of polynuclear complexes, are systematized and summarized. It is shown that hydrolytic processing of bismuth-containing nitric solutions through bismuth precipitation at the process temperature of 65±5 °C and рН 0.7-1.0 in the form of compound [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6 • H2O, followed by its transformation by means of washing with water into the compound [Bi6O5(OH)3](NO3)5 • 3H2O allows efficient separation of bismuth from impurity metals, which leads to a high-purity product with lead, silver and copper content less than 1 • 10-5 %. It is established that these compounds may be used as precursors to obtain high-purity compounds: basic bismuth carbonate, gallate, succinate, as well as medium bismuth nitrate, citrate, ditartrate trihydrate. It is stated that the complex [Bi6O4(OH)4]6+ is the initial cationic form for hydrolytic precipitation of bismuth from solutions; only the ratio of bridging oxo and hydroxo groups changes during hydrolysis, with the conservation of the Bi6O82+ core, which serves as the central structural unit. It is shown that the addition of sodium tribromophenolate to the bismuth-containing nitric solution results in the formation of bismuth oxohydroxotribromophenolate [Bi6O6(OH)2](C6H2Br3O)4. It is determined that bismuth precipitates from chloric and nitric solutions after the addition of even oxohydroxocarboxylates in the form of the compounds with the composition Bi6O4(OH)4(СnH2n + 1COOO)6 (n = 2-22), where (СnH2n + 1COOO)- is the carboxylic acid anion. Bismuth precipitation from nitric solutions in the form of laurate and stearate allows efficient purification of bismuth from impurity metals. A comparison of bismuth extraction with di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid from nitric solutions in the form of solvated complex Bi(C16H34O2POO)3 • 2C16H34O2POOH and oxohydroxodialkylphosphate Bi6O4(OH)4(C16H34O2POO)6 is carried out. In the latter case, extracts concentrated with respect to bismuth can be obtained, which provides substantial broadening of the possibilities to use extraction-based processes in the technology of obtaining bismuth compounds.

The synthesis of amide complexes of O,O-di(alkyl)aryldithio phosphates of metals (Co, Cu, Zn) with acetamide, benzamide and salicylamide was carried out. It was found that one of the advantages of these amido complexes is the absence of odour amines and the possibility of their use in neutral, acidic and hydrocarbon media. The composition and structure of the obtained amido complexes were confirmed by analytical procedures and IR spectroscopy. The anticorrosion properties of preservation liquids based on the synthesized amido complexes with the spent turbine oil T-30 were studied on steel plates in three media: in a G-4 hydrochamber (temperature 40±2 °C, humidity 95±3 %); in seawater; in the 0.001 % solution of sulphuric acid. Their high efficiency against corrosion was revealed.

Dimethyl-, diethyl[1-allyl(3-α-naphthylprop-2-ynyl)]ammonium and -piperidinium bromides were synthesized by alkylation of dimethyl-, diethyl[1-allyl(3-α-naphthylprop-2-ynyl)]amines and -piperidine, obtained by Stevens rearrangement of dimethyl-, diethylallyl(3-α-naphthylprop-2-ynyl)]ammonium and -piperidinium bromides, with allyl or propargyl bromides. 2,2-Dimethyl-, 1-allyl-3 a ,4-dihydronaphtho[ f ]piperidinium bromides were obtained through base-catalyzed cyclization of dimethylallyl[1-allyl(3-α-naphthylprop-2-ynyl)]ammonium and -piperidinium bromides in the yields of 90 and 88 %, respectively. It is shown that the interaction of propargyl analogs with a catalytic amount of the base leads to the formation of compounds of unknown structure.

Predictive analysis of the state and course of works aimed at the construction of nanosized robots of different types and purposes is presented on the basis of literature and own sources of information. Two principally different methods of their construction are distinguished:
1. Molecular assembly or another manual version. The human factor is decisive here.
2. Alternative method. Nature itself creates the functional structures to govern nanotechnologies. The problem is in finding them and programming.
The first method turned out to be too complicated and attractive only in imagination, as in the saying: the devil is in the details.
The second method turned out to be great luck. On the basis of the available knowledge, the previously unknown natural phenomenon possessing the functional structure was found and decrypted. A physicochemical nanosized robot (PCNR) has been created, and the scientific basis of the technology to manufacture PCNR for different purposes have been established.