Home – Home – Jornals – Flora and Vegetation of Asian Russia 2016 number 4

Rhythmological features of 11 species of the genus Campanula L. of different ecologo-geographical origin have been studied. It is revealed that the natural and climatic conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia represent the zone of ecological optimum for the growth of these mesophilous species, which is appeared as stable, well adapted rhythms of seasonal development. Their phenorhythmotypes are long-growing with early or medium terms of regrowth, spring-summer or summer-flowering, inherent to the herbaceous polycarpics of aboriginal flora. The high phenodates variability is established, while the duration of the main periods of seasonal development varies less, confi rming the stable character of the rhythmological processes in the species under introduction.

Th e effi cient systems of in vitro establishment and direct shoot regeneration from floral explants of frost-resistant genotypes of Rhododendron L. genus promising for landscaping and breeding (semi-evergreen species R. sichotense Pojark. and evergreen cultivar ‘Pohjola′s Daughter’) were developed. The isolated pistil with pedicle was used as a floral explant. The effects of various thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations and TDZ combinations with 2-isopentiladenin (2-iP) and indolyl-3-butyric acid (IBA) as well as with zeatin were tested. Th e regeneration occurred directly from pedicle tissues. The study revealed the genotypic differences between morphogenic responses of ‘Pohjola′s Daughter’ and R. sichotense fl oral explants. To induce the regeneration from ‘Pohjola′s Daughter’ floral explants, the optimum medium was Andersen’s medium (AM) supplemented with 2.5 μM TDZ in combination with 73.8 μM 2-iP and 15.0 μM IBA whereas the presence of 1.0 μM TDZ was suffi cient for R. sichotense regeneration. The maximum of shoots per explant obtained when explants culturing on optimum composition of AM amounted to 26.21 ± 5.26 for ‘Pohjola′s Daughter’ and 17.40 ± 3.07 for R. sichotense . Th e developed clonal micropropagation protocols based on the direct shoot regeneration from floral explants R. sichotense and ‘Pohjola′s Daughter’ can be used for genetic resources conservation, breeding program development and commercial large-scale propagation.

Th e effective technologies of in vitro establishment and micropropagation of three cultivated strawberry genotypes ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) acclimatizated for Siberian region (‘Sunny Glade’, ‘June Smile’ and the selected hybrid of 5-90-21) have been developed using the stolon apical meristems as explants. The sterilization of explants was optimized by application of 0.2 % silver nitrate solution as a sterilizing agent. Th e effects of various 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations (0.25-2.0 mg/l) on in vitro explant regeneration potential on Murashige- Skoog (MS) and Gamborg-Eveleigh (B₅) media were studied. The best medium variant to initiate the organogenesis from ‘June Smile’ cultivar was MC supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP, whereas for 5-90-21 hybrid and ‘Sunny Glade’ cultivar it was B₅ with the same BAP concentration. Subsequent cultivation of the developed microshoots on media for micropropagation has shown the effectiveness of B₅ medium supplemented with 0.75 mg/l BAP for all genotypes: maximum number of axillary microshoots per explant was amounted to 4.90 ± 0.35 for hybrid 5-9021, 7.16 ± 0.33 - for ‘Sunny Glade’ and 5.93 ± 0.39 - for ‘June Smile’. The obtained results can be used for development of production system of a healthy planting strawberry material through biotechnological approaches.

In A.A. Achimova′s book “Plants of Altai mountains in customs and traditions of the Altains” information is collected about the plants use as a totem, in ceremonies such as wedding or funeral, in birth and upbringing of a child, in the traditional kitchen, in medicine, in hunting. It is noted that although plants are still used by Altai people their importance in all activities is reduced. Number of people with knowledge of plants consumed in everyday life, is reduced. For each referred plant local names are given along with Russian and scientifi c Latin names, ethnic groups using these plants are given. Book contains characteristics of 141 species of plants from 40 families of natural fl ora. The work is illustrated with photographs presenting some points on plant cult in Altai. Book is a monument to ethnoculture, allowing preserving information on passing traditional values.

The present paper considers a species composition of foliar pathogenic micromycetes of Salix L. introductions growing in introduction centers and landscape plantations of five Siberian cities. Nine pathogens are revealed, two of them are given to Siberia for the first time. Morphology, pattern of fungi biology and pathogenesis are described. Host plants, general distribution of phytopathogens and occurrence in the model area are indicated. Intraspecific pathogen resistance is established for certain Salix L. introductions.

New data about some genus Linum L. species in flora of Siberia are presents. In Siberia, there are 10 species of this genus, belonging to the 2 subgenera ( Linum and Cathartolinum (Rchb.) Svetlova) and 3 sections ( Stellerolinum Juz. ex Prob., Linum and Adenolinum (Rchb.) Juz.). Th e section Adenolinum comprises 7 species ( L. perenne L., 2 subspecies L. komarovii Juz., L. altaicum Ledeb. ex Juz., L. amurense Alef., L. baicalense Juz., L. violascens Bunge and L. pallescens Bunge) classifi ed into 3 subsections ( Longiunguiculata Svetlova, Amurense Svetlova and Breviun guiculata Svetlova). According to its morphological characteristics L. baicalense occupies an intermediate position between subsections Longiunguiculata and Breviunguiculata . There are several interested samples ( L. perenne var. genuinum Krylov, L. perenne var. alpinum (Jacq.) Krylov and L. perenne var. violascens (Bunge) Krylov) in the Krylov Herbarium (Tomsk, TK). It is shown, that these patterns are synonymous with L. perenne , L. altaicum and L. violascens , respectively. The taxonomic significance of some characteristics for Siberian species are discussed. The key for definition of the genus Linum species in flora of Siberia is made. The lectotype of L. stelleroides Planch. are selected. Geographical distribution of species of the genus Linum in the investigated territory is essentially added and corrected.

Independence of G. albifl orum and G. krylovii is proven, new species G. malyschevii Troschkina is described from the East Sayan mountains as the result of a comparative morphological, palynological, chorological analyses of the species. The information about the type material is given, diagnostic features, distribution maps, key for determination to species are provided for all taxa.

The short literary review teratomorphes various taxons of the higher plants is provided. Explicitly teratomorphes of dandelions are considered. The analysis of anomalies of the dandelions arising under the influence of environmentals is given.

The study of microevolution relationships between morphologically close species E. kamczadalorum (Nevski) Tzvelev, E. charkeviczii Probat., and E. kronokensis (Kom.) Tzvelev from Russian Far East was carried out by ISSR-method. The results confirmed the previously obtained data that Kamchatic endemic species E. kamczadalorum is genetically isolated from the complex E. charkeviczii s. l. The latter includes morphotypes with different degrees of expression in diagnostic characters (rachilla’s and lemma’s trichomes). It is widely distributed not only on the Kamchatka Peninsula, but also in continental areas of the Magadan region and, probably, the Republic Sakha (Yakutia). Th e species E. kronokensis which is similar in morphology to E. charkeviczii s. str., but distinctly separated from the latter on ISSR-markers.

Results of the critical revision of Kazakhstanian Boraginaceae collections from the herbaria LE, NS, NSK, TK, KUZ, ALTB (Russia), AA, KG (Kazakhstan), TASH (Uzbekistan) carried out in 1996-2016 are presented. Th e species Myosotis austrosibirica O.D. Nikif. new for the flora of Kazakhstan is recorded. New localities of 18 rare species from genera Gastrocotyle Bunge, Heterocaryum DC., Lappula Gilib., Lepechiniella Popov, Myosotis L. and endemic species Lappula rupestris (Schrenk) Guerke, Lepechiniella saurica (Bajt. et Kudabaeva) Ovczinnikova, Rochelia leiosperma Golosk., according to the botanical-geographical division of Kazakhstan are revealed. Th e reference to the publication of first description and main publications by flora of Kazakhstan are given. Text of original label of new localities with citation of region and place of storage are presented. Information about geographical distribution, diagnostic features and type specimens (if it is necessary) are given in comment.

As a result of specially conducted study seven alien plant species not noted in the Tyva Republic earlier ( Beta vul garis , Cirsium vulgare , Helianthus tuberosus , Lactuca sativa , Oenothera speciosa , Phacelia tanacetifolia , Solidago canadensis ) were revealed. Most of finds are plants escaped from plantings (ergasiophytes). In addition, new localities of eight adventive ( Atriplex hortensis , Elsholtzia ciliata , Galinsoga parvifl ora , Ipomoea purpurea , Lactuca serriola , Matricaria perforata , Saponaria officinalis , Xanthium strumarium ) and three native ( Bolboschoenus planiculmis , Dactylis glomerata , Tripolium vulgare ) species were found. Species names are given in accordance with “Synopsis of Flora of Asian Russia” (2012). Collected dried plant specimens are kept in NS.

Floristic compendium “Flora of Central Siberia” published in 1979 was the first experience of floristic grid mapping on territory of Russia. The compendium contents grid maps for 1284 species and subspecies, representing 53.8 % of the fl ora. The grid system used in compendium coincides with nomenclature and national grid system of Russian geographical maps that allowed us to determine coordinates of grids and perform geographical binding of 34 893 records of mapped species. Accuracy indication of coordinates depends on the size of grid and is ±(14-18) km for the compendium. Such accuracy is quite acceptable for small-scale mapping of distribution areas of species of such large area as Central Siberia. The created database can become the basis for organizing the comprehensive information system on localities of vascular plant species within the region. Such a system is needed for various tasks of botany, biogeography, ecological modeling and nature conservation.

The results of study of chionophilous meadows of the Altai-Sajan Mountain Area have been generalized. Th eir species composition revealed on the base of 74 geobotanical releves. Alpine and arctoalpine species form the basis for thecoenoflora. Structural organization of chionophilous meadows is considered, a dendrogram refl ecting levels of structural organization of syntaxa is built on thebase of Jaccard coeffi cient.

The best time for a propagation of Myricaria bracteata and M. longifolia hardwood cuttings in Novosibirsk is the first decade of May. Cuttings that are planted in expanded clay and sand root well. A small concentration of growth stimulator IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) doesn’t have an evident impact on the number of rooted cuttings. However, it contributes to development of a more powerful root system. High concentrations of IBA inhibit the process of root formation and at increased concentrations a basal part of a cutting dies off. Use of IBA water solution turn out to be more effi cient than after treatment with alcoholic solution or powder.

The characteristics of rare species of gasteroid basidiomycetes which recommended for inclusion in the new edition of Red Book of Russia and discussed in the framework of the Global Fungal Red List Initiative are listed. In total 6 species of gasteromycetes are described: Bovista acuminata (Bosc) Kreisee, B. paludosa Lév. , Gastrosporium simplex Mattir., Geastrum hungaricum Hollós, G. pseudolimbatum Hollós, Phellorinia herculeana (Pallas:Pers.) Kreisel. The article provides detailed information on the distribution of the listed gasteromycetes in Russia and around the world, outlines the key threats and specifies the category. Two species discussed in the Initiative ( Ge astrum pouzarii V.J. Stanék, Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.) Corda) are excluded from the analysis as fairly common for Russia. Additionally, authors presents arguments for changing of the category for two species included in Red Book of Russia. Namely, we recommending to exclude Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc) E. Fisch. from red list and category changing for Geastrum fornicatum (Huds.) Hook. с 3 до 5.

The spatial organization of the assimilative tissue in the glumes at festucoid grasses on the example of 12 species of wild-growing plants is investigated. The basic form of assimilative cells and their location in space of glumes are considered. It is shown that the assimilative cells of leaf blades differ from the corresponding cells of glumes diff er mainly in smaller sizes and complicated spatial configurations, up to formation of the forms having complex projections in two directions. The tendency to strengthening of shadow features in the structural organisation of chlorophyll-containing parenchyma is traced, that is caused by increase in a share of the cells which are carrying out a role of a spongy tissue.

Authentic morphological characteristics of plants of Onobrychis miniata Stev. have been determined. Th ey allow to the differentiation of age condition. O. miniata are characterized by the monocentric biomorph type. Compiled age spectra of populations of the species growing in different ecological and cenotic conditions of the Crimean Peninsula. Most studied coenopopulations O. miniata are polnochlennymi definitive mature or young.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the developmental, vitality and spatial structure of four coenotic populations of G. monophylla in a desert steppes north-western Mongolia. All studied species coenopopulations are not complete and definitive, normal, mature, have a bimodal developmental spectrum with peaks at g₁ (v)- and g₃-individuals. Changes in the structure of the ontogenetic spectrum (increasing the share of young plants) depend mainly on the environmental conditions and the degree of human disturbance of habitats - on the rocky slopes and with a decrease in pasture digression creates more favorable conditions for the survival of juveniles. Vitality type of the coenopopulations varies from prosperous to depressed. Spatial distribution of individuals is a contagious type. Due to the long period of generative G. monophylla in successfully renewed and there are stable for long periods in extreme conditions of desert steppes with high pasture digression.

Analysis of the labels, maps and manuscript describing of the route by K.A. Sobolevskaya suggest that the type specimens of Saussurea ceterachifolia Lipsch., on the base of which this species is included in the Red Data Book of Tyva Republic and the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, could be collected on the territory of Mongolia not far from the state border.

Ontomorphogenesis of Allium macleanii J.G. Baker individuals was studied in the mountains of Central Tajikistan. The structure of the bulbs was described in the ontogeny of the individual. Ontogenetic structure of four coenopopulations was characterized. It was found that all coenopopulations are not complete and the young. Th e sharp drop of the generative individuals number was connected with the intensive anthropogenic infl uence, namely the harvesting of bulbs of the local population.

Special review dedicated to alpine flora of Tukuringra Range was published more than forteen years ago. Presented study updates and summarizes information about alpine flora of this area. Based on original field data, collections and literature annotated check-list counted 143 species was made. Carex brunnescens , C. magellanica subsp. irrigua , Lycopodium juniperoideum , Salix divaricata subsp. kalarica founded at first time on Tukuringra Range. Classification of alpine plants habitats was compiled, floristic analysis was done.

The syntaxonomical diversity of two forest classes in Burla ribbon pine forest was described on the base of big set of original data. 6 new syntaxa are described. Pyrolo-Pinetea class is near its northern limit and presented by one association with some features intermediate with Vaccinio-Piceetea communities. Plant communities from Vac cinio-Piceetea class predominate in vegetation and are presented by five associations different by their habitats. Spatial distribution of syntaxa according to the position in relief and forest massif structure was given.

Antibiotic activity of 28 species of the plants belonging to 24 genera of 10 botanical families concerning 3 strains of the gram-positive, 5 strains of the gram-negative bacteria and strain of yeast-like fungus Candida albicans is studied. Plants with high antibiotic activity (6 species of 6 genera of 5 families) are selected. It is shown that bactericidal, baсteriostatic, fungicide and fungiostatic properties of water and water-ethanol extracts of plants concerning each of the explored pathogens depend on the taxonomical membership of species, type of extraction, phase of development and part or organ of plants.

The results of introduction of rare species of herbaceous plants in the south of the Amur region are presented. Phenological types and features of the plant biology were studied. Of the 44 species tested only 2 species ( Adlumia asiatica , Angelica anomala ) are monocarpic biennials, and the rest are perennials. The majority of tested species successfully adapted to the introduction conditions as well as passed through the entire cycle of ontogenetic development and produced mature seeds.

The taxonomic and ecological and geographical analyses of algal flora were made to include some lakes and riverlets of Ergaki mountain ridge. There were found 378 species (including interspecies taxa - 405) of algae, from 162 genera, 86 families, 45 orders, 16 classes, 10 divisions.

We present a retrospective analysis to identify the flora of Buryatia two rare relic species Oxytropis triphylla and Stipa glareosa . For S. glareosa are two previously unknown locations: from the vicinity of Unegetei village of Zaigraevskii District and vicinity of Udinsk village of Khorinskii District. For O. triphylla at the largest Russian audit herbarium collections are subject to the location of Khorinskaya steppe of Khorinskii District and vicinity of Chencha village located in the Severo-Baykal’skii District, long considered unreliable. Also to O. triphylla identified two previously unknown locations in the flora of Buryatia: from the vicinity of Unegetei village of Zaigraevskii District and vicinity of Sakhuli village of Kurumkanskii District.

The edifying synusia, which is formed by the cenopopulations of several species, is the dominant part of the herbaceous layer in the forest’s tall-herbaceous meadows in Salair Ridge. This is the species mainly from the Apiaceae , Asteraceae , Ranunculaceae families. The synusiae’s species composition varies depending on the ecological and coenotic conditions of the habitat. The formation of the labile composition of the edifying synusia can be concidered as a mechanism of stability of the forest’s meadows in Salair Ridge.

The syntaxonomic diversity of meadows from south-eastern part of Tom-Yaya watershed was studied. Five new syntaxa (subassociations and variants) were described. It was shown the intermediate character of meadow vegetation between plain and mountain types.

The pattern of naturally regenerated vegetation is main indicator of ecological state. Regenerates of vegetation occurs at a relatively high rate, with this process eventually leading to formation of forest phytoconoses. Th is article is devoted to assessing the impact of the arboreal tier on floristic composition of gold mining waste dumps in Mariinskaya taiga.

The diversity of tundras and floodplain meadows in the northern part of Anabar plateau are revealed. It is represented by 5 associations and 3 subassociations, belonging to the 3 classes of eco-fl oristic classification. All associations (except one) and subassociations are described for the first time. The largest areas are occupied by swamped tundras (ass. Dryado incisae-Tomentypnetum nitensis ) and confined to the flattened parts of mountain terraces. Convex parts of the relief are characteristic for dryas tundras. In the upper part of goltsy altitudinal zone dominates dryas-lichen tundras (subass. Rhytidio rugosi - Dryadetum punctatae caricetosum misandrae ). Dryas crenulata tundras (аss. Carici melanocarpae - Dryadetum crenulatae ) dominate in the middle and lower parts of this zone. Meadow vegetation Anabar river floodplain is represented by two associations - Zigadeno sibirici-San guisorbetum offi cinalis and Lino perennis-Veronicetum longifoliae .

The cartographical method of research of a botanical diversity of mountain territories with use of remote sensing data is carried out on the example of the West Altai. It has shown possibilities of an assessment of cenotic aspect of diversity on the basis of the coordinated taxonomical units of vegetation through structure of a vegetation cover. On a large-scale map (s. 1:50 000) of Tigireckij ridge highlands regularities of the spatial organization of vegetation of subalpine and alpine belts on the basis of homogeneous units and heterogeneous types of vegetation according to ecological and topological factors are determined. On a survey small-scale map (s. 1:2 000 000) the typological diversity of vegetation characterizing the general high-rise regularities of a vegetation cover of the West Altai and its regional specifics has found display.

The article presents a brief overview of the largest virtual herbarium collections of the world. The possibility of using the open databases for biodiversity and taxonomy study on the example of the genus Primula L. ( Primula ceae ) is discussed.

According to the anatomical features of the structure of the leaf in 10 natural populations Hedysarum gmelinii of Khakassia and Buryatia been studied. It is widespread in southern Siberia polymorphic species growing in diff e-rent conditions of moisture. Structural and quantitative analyzes of restructuring taking place in the anatomical structure of the leaf and given their ranking point.

Ontogenesis of a rare species of flora of Siberia, endemic of mountain Altai, Aconitum krylovii Steinb. is described. At the initial stages of ontogenesis the life-form of individuals are the short-rhizomatous, adult individuals are the long-rhizomatous. The long-rhizomatous life-form to species of the genus Aconitum described for the fi rst time. In natural cenosis of Altai together with A. krylovii Aconitum septentrionale morphologically very similar to A. krylovii grows. Signs on which this two species can be distinguished at different stages of ontogenesis are shown.

Constructional complexes changing in ontogenesis were described in the context of the architectural model concept of Nepeta mariae Regel individuals based on the uniaxial residue. The ontogenesis studied in Tajikistan is complicated, rarely simple. The stages of morphogenesis are: a primary shoot →a sympodial axis → a primary bush → a clone, in rare cases morphogenesis ends with the stage of a primary bush. Th e structural-functional series of shoots of the individuals of different ontogenetic states was described.

The article provides information about the environmental and reproduction characteristics of white-fl owered (anthocyanin-free) form of Impatiens glandulifera Royle, the annual species of West-Himalayan origin, which is commonly grown in culture and now referred to the number of invasive plants in Siberia. A stable population of this species with significant admixture of white-flowered form ( I. glandulifera f. albida (Hegi) B. Boivin) was found by the authors in 2013 in the outskirts of Tomsk (Tomsk Region). Description of community with domination I. glandulifera were made twice, in 2014 and in 2016 respectively. In conjunction with the dominant species, other 40 species of flowering plants were recorded both times (however, the species composition changed somewhat). Regular flowering and abundant fruiting of white-flowered form during four growing seasons (2013-2016) was observed. In the study population, all three color forms of I. glandulifera (i. e. lilac, rose, and white) are formed viable seeds, which are characterized by physiological dormancy (B₁ type). High laboratory germination rate of I. glandulifera seeds (over 90 %) was revealed. Based on the research we concluded a successful naturalization of white-flowered (anthocyanin-free) form of Impatiens glandulifera . Obviously, this phenomenon is recorded for the first time in Russia.

The critical revision of collections of the V.I. Smirnov Herbarium of Irkutsk State University (IRKU) revealed new and rare Polygonum species for regions of Baikal Siberia. New species for Irkutsk Oblast’ are - P. boreale (Lange) Small, P. borgoicum Tupitz., P. sabulosum Vorosch., P. tenuissimum A.I. Baranov et Skvortsov ex Vorosch. New species for Zabaikalskii Krai are P. calcatum Lindm., P. humifusum C. Merk et K. Koch. For P. rectum (Chrtek) Scholz we found number of new localities within the Baikal Siberia.

A synopsis of 457 vascular plant species and subspecies of the cluster "Argut" of the national park "Saylyugemskiy" is compiled. Protected, endemic and alien species of the flora are revealed.

Th e effects of different pretreatments, including stratification, chemical scarifi cation (with H₂SO₄) , application of gibberelic acid (GA₃), combination of chemical scarification with GA₃ application or embryo culture method, on in vitro seed germination were studied . The general germinating ability, energy and dynamics of germination were analyzed. The best conventional method of treatment was combination of chemical scarification and application of GA_3, while seedlings emerged after a week of incubation and the overall germination amounted to 27.54 %. Th e embryo culture method using after short of chemical scarification lead to first seedlings formation on the third day of cultivation and a multitude of seedlings was noted on the 4th or 5th days. The overall germination amounted to 39.2 % in embryo culture, which demonstrated the high efficiency of biotechnological approaches.

Phenolic compounds in closely related taxa Filipendula ulmaria , F. denudata and F. stepposa were studied by HPLC and spectrophotometry. The main flavonols of leaves are hyperoside and isoquercitrin. In F. ulmaria and F. denudata , in addition, significant quantities of ellagic acid and avicularin are present, and in leaves of F. stepposa - astragalin. No signifi cant differences were found between F. ulmaria and F. denudata on the qualitative composition and quantitative content of phenolic compounds in the leaves. In the leaves of F. stepposa glycoside avicularin which is the major component at the first two taxa was not found. The study of phenolic compounds of Filipendula confirms the data of morphological studies: there are no obvious differences between the F. ulmaria and F. denudata , but visible isolation of F. stepposa from these two taxa is observed. In the conditions of the culture in the botanical garden of UB RAS observed reduction of the amount of flavonols and tannins at infl orescences compared to natural conditions.