M.M. Katasonov, V.S. Kaprilenskaya, V.V. Kozlov, A.M. Pavlenko
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: straight wing, flow separation, laminar-turbulent transition, suction for boundary layer, 3D rightness element on a surface
A model of straight wing was used for study of the effect of distributed flow suction on the flow structure and on disturbance growth in the boundary layer past a single 3D roughness element installed on the wing surface (at Reynolds number Rec = 240 000). This kind of suction reduces the intensity of natural velocity pulsations by factor of 5. The acoustic-enhanced disturbance intensity drops by 90 times. The effect of distributed suction on the middle flow occurs due to eliminating the flow separation at the trail end of the wing. At the zone downstream the suction site, the boundary layer becomes laminar and uniform (two-dimensional) for the entire span of the wing.
A.S. Epikhin1,2, T.G. Elizarova3 1Ivannikov Institute for System Programming RAS, Moscow, Russia 2Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia 3Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: numerical simulation, underexpanded jet interaction, shock-wave structures, regularized (quasi-gas dynamic) equations, QGDFoam, OpenFOAM
The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of complex shock-wave structures arising from an underexpanded jets impingement on an inclined flat plate. The plate deflection angles equal to 45º, 60º, and 90º are investigated, which corresponds to different types of shock waves interference. The gas-dynamic characteristics are calculated using the OpenFOAM software package with the QGDFoam solver. This solver based on a system of regularized (quasi-gas dynamic) equations. The numerical simulation results of the flowfields and pressure distributions at the plate are compared against the results of the Kurganov -Tadmor scheme and with experimental data. The features of the applied numerical approach for simulation complex shock-wave structures with triplet points, contact discontinuities, and low-entropy flows are identified.
Results of numerical simulations of a supersonic flow in a channel with a rectangular cross section having a streamwise ribbed lower surface are reported. The channel contains a constricting input section, where the cowl lip generates a shock wave incident onto the lower surface, and a subsequent constant-area section. The present numerical simulations are performed for a viscous three-dimensional flow with the use of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and k-w SST turbulence model. The computations are performed for the free-stream Mach number М = 4.
This paper presents the results of experimental study for turbulent flow performed using a conductometry measurement system. Processing of experimental data produces the estimates for average tracer concentration in the cells of the conductometry sensor, the dispersion for parameter representation, as well as autocorrelation functions and the histograms of probability distribution functions for the measured signal. The experimental data was compared with the results of GEMIX benchmark, which has a similar problem statement and tailored for a study of isothermal and nonisothermal mixing processes (the outcome parameters are found using the PIV method). This comparison demonstrates matching for typical wavelengths concerning the ordered flow structures developing at the streams interface. We also observe compliance for turbulent kinetic energy profiles within the central region of experimental model. Meanwhile, the outer zones have a significant discrepancy with the GEMIX-calculated data. This can be explained by a difference in measurement methods and a higher spatial resolution of the PIV method exceeding that for the conductometry method.
The issue of applicability of unstructured computational grids in the problems of numerical modeling of the aerodynamics of buildings is considered. The analysis of the computational performance and discretization errors on unstructured grids with polyhedral and tetrahedral forms of the grid element is performed on the test problem of the flow around square-section prism. The results of numerical modeling obtained on various types of grids are compared with experimental data on velocity profiles and turbulent kinetic energy in characteristic vertical and horizontal sections in the vicinity of the prism, as well as on the characteristic sizes of separation zones on the prism cover and behind it. When using a polyhedral computational grid, the calculation time is shown to be significantly less, compared to calculations on grids based on tetrahedra, while the calculation results qualitatively and quantitatively reproducing the experimental data. Non-stationary modeling on a polyhedral computational grid is carried out in this work using a vortex-resolving turbulence model. Calculations using the vortex-resolving approach allow refining the parameters of the recirculation zone behind the prism. The calculations are performed in the Fluent 2020R1 solver.
To assess the spacer grid effect on the liquid flow disturbance, the shear stress on the surface of a vertical rod - a fuel element simulator - was measured in seven-rod models of fuel assemblies differing in spacer grid sizes, diameter of rods (fuel element simulators), and relative distance between them. Data on axial distribution of shear stress are presented. An increase in the averaged and pulsation wall shear stresses directly behind the grid due to liquid flow disturbance and extinction of this effect far from the grid is shown. The results of this research can be applied to verify the design codes used in hydrodynamic predictions of reactors.
Results of a study of the evolution of substrate temperature during nozzle movement under cold gas spraying conditions are reported. A model for calculating the substrate temperature is proposed and verified. Calculated data for typical ranges of nozzle velocity, substrate thickness, and initial substrate temperature encountered in the spraying practice, were obtained. It is shown that there exists an optimum initial substrate temperature at which the variation of temperature in the spray spot proves to be minimal.
A.A. Rodionov1,2, S.V. Starinskiy1,3, Yu.G. Shukhov1, A.V. Bulgakov1,4 1Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Novosibirsk State University 4Institute of Physics CAS, Prague, Czech
Keywords: pulsed laser deposition, thin films, non-stoichiometric silicon oxide, laser ablation in background gas
The nanosecond laser ablation technique was used to synthesize thin silicon oxide films of various stoichiometry in vacuum and in a background gas. The local oxidation degree of specimens was evaluated using three different characterization methods. It was found that, on increasing the distance to the laser-plume axis, there occurred a monotonic increase in the oxygen content of the films due to their oxidation inhomogeneity. A profound increase in ablated mass, related with an increased reverse flow of substance to the target, was found to occur when the pressure of the ambient mixture was reduced from 60 to 20 Pa. A comparison was made of the oxidation efficiencies of the films heated at the stage of their synthesis and at the stage of annealing of already formed films. It is shown that the composition of the films could be controlled by varying the inert-gas pressure at the constant pressure of the chemically active component in ambient mixture.
M.Yu. Plotnikov1, E.V. Shkarupa2 1Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Direct Simulation Monte Carlo simulation, atomic hydrogen, heterogeneous reactions
Heat transfer between the surface of a heated wire and ambient gas within the framework of the two-step mechanism of heterogeneous dissociation of hydrogen is studied by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method. This mechanism includes four heterogeneous reactions and takes into account the occupancy of activation sites on the surface. Based on the heat balance analysis performed, a dissociation rate constant is proposed, which yields the values of the power spent on gas heating and heterogeneous reactions that coincide with experimental data. The influence of the dissociation rate constant on the occupancy of surface sites and also on the probabilities of dissociation, recombination, and adsorption due to particle-surface collisions is analyzed.
H.C. Zhang1, H. Chen2, L. Xiang2, Z.G. Zuo1, S.H. Liu1 1Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 2Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Shanxi, China
Keywords: cavitation instabilities, thermodynamic effect, Venturi pipe with cavitation
It is known that thermodynamic effect of cavitation could not be ignored in liquids such as cryogenic liquids, refrigerants, and high temperature water. This effect could delay and suppress the further development of cavitation, thus improve the suction performance in cases of hydraulic machinery. However, the influence of thermodynamic effect on cavitation instabilities has not been adequately discussed. For this purpose, a series of systematically designed experiments of Venturi cavitation in a blow-down type cavitation tunnel have been carried out, using water as the working liquid at different temperatures. For the first time, the cavitation instabilities were analyzed and identified with controlled degrees of thermodynamic effect The mean cavitation length and three types of cavitation instabilities were recognized through an image post-processing method. A decrease of is observed with an in-creasing For all conditions, cavitation surge (system instability), cloud shedding, and oscillations of the attached cavitation length occur at small, middle, and large pressure recovery number ( ) conditions, respectively. The thermodynamic effect mainly influences the range of for different cavitation instabilities. Cavitation surge and transition from cloud shedding to oscillations of attached cavitation length shift to a lower with an increasing
A.Sh. Agazhanov, D.A. Samoshkin, S.V. Stankus
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: the alloy of zirconium and niobium E-110, phase transformations, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, heat capacity
A comprehensive experimental study of the thermophysical properties of the zirconium alloy E-110 (Zr-1 at. % Nb), which is used as a structural material for fuel rods of modern reactors, has been carried out. New experimental data on the thermal diffusivity a and the isobaric heat capacity cp in the temperature range of 293-1275 K have been obtained. Based on the measurement results, the thermal conductivity l for the a-phase of the alloy has been calculated. The estimated error of the obtained data is 2-4 %, 3-5 %, and 2-3 % for a , l , and cp , respectively. The comparison with the known literature data has been carried out. A table of recommended temperature dependences of all the studied properties has been developed.
R. Cao1, D. Yu2 1Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China 2Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
Keywords: reheat cycle, multi-staged fuel injection, hydrogen fueled scramjet, specific thrust, specific impulse
Multi-staged fuel injection is a good choice for hydrogen fueled scramjet engine to overcome the restriction of thermal choke and over-temperature. From a thermodynamic perspective, the multi-staged fuel injection is the practical application of reheat cycle. A parametric performance model has been developed for the hydrogen-fueled scramjet with multi-staged fuel injection to analyze its performance. The key parameters which affect the engine performance of scramjet with multi-staged fuel injection are total combustor area expansion ratio, reheat times and distribution ratio of area expansion. These parameters were carefully analyzed to provide some direct and transparent results for engine designers. The results showed that the specific thrust of scramjet can be greatly improved by increasing the total combustor area expansion ratio and reheat times, and/or choosing an appropriate distribution proportion of area expansion ratio. The effect of increasing the total combustor area expansion is most obvious for performance enhancement.
V.G. Prikhodko, I.V. Yarygin, V.N. Yarygin
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: supersonic nozzle, discharge into vacuum, back flow, screen
The features of the gas outflow into vacuum are considered. The possibility of reducing the back flows by locally increasing the ambient pressure in the region of the nozzle discharge edge is shown.
The paper presents the results of detailed experimental studies of the flow characteristics behind the impeller of an air model of a propeller-type pico-hydroturbine with an impeller diameter of 0.1 m. Using the method of laser-Doppler anemometry, distributions of two components of averaged velocities and pulsations were measured under the conditions varying from partial load to severe overload. It is shown that when the regime of hydroturbine operating deviates from the optimal one, the flow at the impeller outlet becomes swirling. Based on the data obtained, the character of evolution of the integral swirling parameter, which determines the swirling flow state, has been revealed. A trend for a sharp increase in the swirling parameter with a decrease in the air flow rate was found. Due to this increase, the degree of swirling reaches quickly a critical level at which the vortex disintegrates with the development of a central dip in the axial velocity profile and displacement of the flow to the channel walls. With an increase in the flow rate, a slower increase in the swirling parameter takes place, which remains below the threshold value even for a large overload. As a result, the maxima of the tangential velocity are located near the flow axis, and the profile of the axial velocity remains uniform over the flow cross section. Information about the flow characteristics can be used when adjusting the hydraulic unit regime to optimal conditions and developing recommendations for expanding the range of regulation of the hydroturbine operation while maintaining high efficiency.
The results of a dilatometric study of the linear thermal expansion coefficient of superconducting tapes “Amperium” and “SuperOx” in the temperature range of 100-370 K are presented. Temperature dependences are obtained, and reference tables of recommended values of thermal properties are calculated. The effect of film deformation on the measurement results is investigated. The design of the sample holder, eliminating the tape bending is developed. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of the tapes is compared with the thermal expansion of the metal layers of the films. It is shown that the difference in the relative expansion in the temperature range from 100 to 293 K does not exceed 0.05 %.
On August 7, 2021, the famous scientist, specialist in the field of viscous gas dynamics, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Anatoly A. Maslov, turned 75 years old.
Vasiliy Pavlovich Goran
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Descartes, philosophy, objective idealism, Christian dogma, incorporeal being, the most perfect being, necessary existence, God, predestination, creation, the Bible, value judgment
The article assesses the consistency of Descartes’s efforts to substantiate his conclusion about the reality of the existence of God. The conclusion is made that the doubt in the recognition of God’s existence expressed by Descartes as a conditional one allows us to evaluate it not only as just conditional against his own recognition of the unconditional certainty of the real existence only of his self. The article reveals the lack of credibility in Descartes’s arguments in favor of recognizing the reality of the existence of God, since the philosopher formulated them by considering only the idea of God and referring to God as the most perfect being. Attention is drawn to the fact that Descartes considered God to be incorporeal and at the same time followed the Christian doctrine that the corporeal world is the creation of such a god. It is shown that this inconsistency in developing the image of God occurs not only in Descartes, but also in the Bible. Since, in substantiating his conclusion about the reality of God’s existence, Descartes relies not on the statement of the objective situation concerning the recognition of the legitimacy of such a conclusion, but just on his subjective value preferences, the author notes that this conclusion cannot be recognized as valid.
Igor Evgenievich Pris
Institute of Philosophy, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 1/2, Surganov st., Minsk, 220072, Belarus
Keywords: internalism, coherentism, relativism, skepticism, foundationalism, morally loaded cases, externalism, knowledge-first epistemology, contextual realism
Epistemic internalism, coherentism, relativism, skepticism, coherentism, and fundamentalism have unacceptable practical and political potential consequences. Therefore, they should be treated as false epistemological theories. These theories are based on false premises of modern philosophy. They all absolutize, i.e. decontextualize, something in one form or another. The externalist knowledge-first epistemology is free of these shortcomings. Contextual realism is the metaphysics of knowledge-first epistemology.
Oksana Ivanovna Tselishcheva
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: Fuller, Rorty, Heidegger, Kuhn, social epistemology, logic, discourse, argumentation
The article deals with the criticism of the style of discourse adopted in social epistemology as an intermediate discipline in the structure of the humanities. It is shown that it weakens the requirements for logical rigor and coherence of the text. As an example, the author considers a part of the text of “Kuhn vs. Popper” - the book by S. Fuller, one of the founders and main representatives of social epistemology, in which the figures of T. Kuhn, M. Heidegger and R. Rorty are arbitrarily placed in a single narrative. The inconsistency and ad hoc nature of the new argumentation criteria introduced by Fuller legitimizing the conclusions of social epistemology are demonstrated with specific examples.
Sergey Alevtinovich Smirnov
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: science, scientific community, ethos of science, disciplinary matrix, scientific paradigm
The article provides a methodological analysis of the problem соnceming the formation of the scientific community as an institution. Various examples from the history of philosophy show the formation of scientific communities from informal seminars and circles to mature institutional forms. The main criteria are marked out which indicate the process of the formation of the scientific community as an institution. It is also shown that the issue of scientific communities should be closely related to the problem of the ethos of science. The author describes how ideas about the ethos of science have changed in the works of R. Merton and T. Kuhn. The role of the behavioral and social models of the ethos of the scientific community in its formation as an institution is considered. Without the ethos of science, the formation of the scientific community as an institution is impossible as a matter of principle.
Vitaliy Valentinovich Tselishchev, Aleksandr Valerievich Khlebalin
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: intensionality of mathematics, concept of consistency, incompleteness, formalization
The article shows the groundlessness of a simplified understanding of the significance of K. Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem as missing its conceptual contents. The relationship between the extensional and intensional contents of constructing the G2 sentence is revealed. It is shown that the second one is associated with the choice of a method for formalizing the concept of consistency. The advantages of the intensional interpretation of G2 are substantiated.
Anna Yurievna Storozhuk
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: social epistemology, forecasting, causality, climate change
The article analyses epistemologically significant assumptions in the scientific thinking by the example of comparing climate change projections with its actual changes. The existence of a large difference between projections and reality is shown, the reasons for this difference are identified. It has been established that the characteristics of the scientific thinking are largely determined by the mechanistic paradigm, which makes it possible to perceive the processes taking place in complex multifactorial systems like the climate in a limited way. The climate is characterized by non-linearity, the existence of positive feedback loops, various types of instability, etc. These processes cannot be described through the deterministic paradigm and require the development and application of new theories.
The article briefly describes the stages in the development of the theory of superconductivity, beginning with the phenomenological theory of brothers London formulated in the early 1930s, its modernization by L.D. Landau, V. L. Ginzburg and A.A. Abrikosov and ending with the latest theory created by G. Fröhlich and L. Cooper. The relevance of the work is related to the problems that arose in the development of the theory of superconductivity. The influence of the level of the development of cryogenics is shown; in the middle of the last century, the latter faced the distrust of the scientific community caused by the creation of cryonics - a technology for preserving biological material of animals and humans for a long time, followed by "revival". At the height of the confrontation between the USSR and the United States in 1989-1990, after the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, the US government allocated large funds for developments in the field of superconductivity for the Department of Defense needs. That is, along with agreements on disarmament and the use of the peaceful atom, there raised questions about the use of superconductivity for good, but not for the destruction.
Evgeniy Alekseevich Bezlepkin, Alina Sergeevna Zaykova
Institute of Philosophy and Law, SB RAS, 8, Nikolaev st., Novosibirsk, 630090
Keywords: neurophilosophy, philosophy of neuroscience, illusion of light in the refrigerator, neuroscience, intellectual agents
The term «neurophilosophy» should be understood as a direction in the philosophy of the beginning of the XXI, applying neuroscientific concepts to solve traditional philosophical problems, while the term «philosophy of neurosciences» can be considered primarily as a section of the philosophy of science that formulates and solves problems as private neurosciences , and the entire neuroscientific direction. When analyzing scientific literature, it becomes obvious that the first term is overloaded, which is associated with the process of understanding the subject area of this discipline, which has not yet been completed. The article concludes that it is advisable to abandon the integral use of the concept of «neurophilosophy».
Nikolai Sergeevich Rozov
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: origin of language, glottogenesis, linguistic reconstructions, proto-language gap, number of languages, linguistic complexity, morphological types of languages, "volcanic winter", linguistic divergence
The "proto-language gap" is understood as a long interval between the time of full-fledged languages formation (with syntax and grammar, presumably to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic cultural progress 50-40 kya) and the first written texts that reliably record the most ancient states of languages. A lot of research is devoted to glottogenesis. Reconstructions of the so-called "proto-languages" (Proto-Indo-European one, Nostratic ones, etc.) are still popular in macrocomparative linguistics. The «proto-language gap» itself which is left without scientific attention needs to be overcome, and the article is devoted to sketchy bridging between glottogenesis interpreted as a multi-stage evolutionary process and the main features of known languages (number, complexity, types, universals). Concepts about bottlenecks are considered, in particular about the effects of the "volcanic winter" after the eruption of the Indonesian volcano Toba. After depopulation and strict selection a demographic growth began, and several populations of early Sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia. The data of paleoclimatology, paleogenetics and related disciplines are used as indirect evidence. Relevant views are linked to knowledge of hunter-gatherer groups and alliances as linguistic communities. Taking into account the processes of demographic growth, settlement and patterns of political evolution (with the enlargement of communities from alliances and chiefdoms to proto-states, states and empires) makes it possible to build versions of the likely dynamics of the language development in this significant period of prehistory.
Aleksander Leonidovich Simanov
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: scientific knowledge, philosophy, methodology, determinism, state, connection of states
The article considers the place and role of the concept of state in scientific knowledge. It is shown that without the use of this concept, deterministic ideas appear to be incomplete.
M. D. Evdokimenko
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Federation
Keywords: mountain forests, flammability risk, pyrogenic anomalies, Khamar-Daban
The formation and current state of forests in this region is closely related to forest fires that regularly occur throughout its territory. The fire hazard of the main forest types has been investigated for all high-altitude-zone vegetation complexes in different parts of the Baikal region. The high fire hazard of forest areas is due to the absolute domination of fire hazardous types of light coniferous stands in their composition and a specific climate with long spring-summer droughts. The most intense situations are observed in especially dry years of climatic cycles, with forest pyrogenic anomalies, when the fire element spreads over the main landscapes simultaneously in several natural regions. Such cataclysms were observed by the author at the very beginning of the study of the problem, during the aerial monitoring of the Baikal forests in the 1960s, when their fire protection was still in an extensive state due to the priority of intensification of logging. Constructive changes in forest management and forest fire protection required appropriate government decisions and fundamental scientific studies. The general management of the organization and maintenance of prospecting works was carried out by academician A. B. Zhukov. On his personal instructions, a route survey of probable objects for experimental research was undertaken in 1972 by a whole group of leading foresters of the V. N. Sukachev Institute Forest & Timber Siberian Branch USSR Academy of Sciences. The geomorphological profile of Khamar-Daban in the southern Baikal region has become a representative and stationary variant. The altitude range is 700-1300 m. The first group of experimental plots was established in the stands of the Siberian stone pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour, fir Abies Mill. and common pine Pinus L. on the northern mega-slope. On the axial part of the ridge, the objects of stationary research were stands of the Siberian stone pine and fir. In the light-coniferous belt on the southern mega-slope, the dynamics of fire hazard in pine and larch stands was studied. Long-term pyrological studies were carried out at all sites using the method of N. P. Kurbatsky. He carried out the scientific supervision of the work, and also directly participated in their implementation at the experimental sites. The stands on the southern mega-slope of Khamar-Daban were distinguished by the longest duration of the fire hazardous state. On the northern megaslope and in the midlands, a moderate situation usually prevailed. These differences are quite adequate to the distribution of atmospheric precipitation along the profile. Differences in the amount of precipitation on the axial part of the ridge and on the southern megslope in spring and summer reached 2-3 times values, and even more in terms of snow reserves. The maximum duration of the fire hazard was recorded in pine forests on insolated slopes. Larch forests differ from pine forests in a relatively low fire hazard. A grass layer is developed there, which prevents the spread of fire during the active growing season. In spring, the differences in the fire hazard of pine and larch forests are less significant. Dark coniferous forests in the middle mountains are distinguished by the shortest duration of the fire hazardous state. However, it should be noted that there is a local peculiarity in the propagation of combustion with the vertical closeness of the canopy in the Siberian stone-fir stands, with the threat of a transition from a ground fire to a crown fire. The timing of the end of the fire hazardous season is naturally related to the geomorphology of the sites. The latest dates were observed in pine forests on the southern megaslope of Khamar-Daban. The dependence of the process of fire maturation in different types of forest on the dynamics of the complex meteorological indicator is traced. The applied significance of the obtained characteristics is due to the fact that each of the three groups of experimental sites is associated with a certain forestry area in the basin of the lake Baikal: Baikal, mountain-taiga and mountain-forest-steppe. The structure and reserves of the ground layer of combustible materials have been studied. The data obtained indicate that more intense fires are possible in the Baikal region compared to other regions of Southern Siberia. The secular periodicity of abnormal forest fire situations is analyzed in connection with the territorial geoclimatic picture at the beginning of the fire hazardous season. The early appearance of spring forest fires at the same time throughout the entire snowless territory of the region is a sure sign of high tension of the beginning fire hazardous season, as it was in 1965, 1969, 1987, 2003 and 2015. It should be noted that after the modernization of the forest complex in the lake Baikal, which followed the scientific developments of the Institute of Forest and Timber, by the 1980s, the situation with forest fires in the region had stabilized. In this regard, there were no obstacles for a positive decision to assign the lake Baikal to the World Natural Heritage Sites. Unfortunately, the subsequent liberal reforms had a destructive effect on the entire forest complex, especially on the fire protection of forests.
V. A. Sokolov, O. P. Vtyurina, N. V. Sokolova
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: strategy, forest fund, annual allowable cut, economical accessibility, forecasting, forest use organization
The Government of Krasnoyarsk Krai has adopted a Forest Sector Development Strategy until 2030. Harvesting up to 36 million m3 of wood per year is planned according to the strategy. Viability of the strategy should be provided with the necessary resources and that is its weak point. At present, there is no verifiable information of economically available wood resources. The method for calculating the annual allowable cut acting for more than 100 years has disproved due to unrealistic forest management standards. The normal forest model laid down in the method has not been implemented anywhere. It is impossible to solve the problem of organizing effective forestry and sustainable forest management without re-emergence of forest inventory eliminated actually by the Forest Code, 2006. Significant degradation of the forest inventory system consisted in the transfer of its functions from the federal level to the regional one as well as in declining forest inventory works. The forest fund is federally owned so it is the state instead of the region authority should provide up-to-date reliable information of forests to make successful management decisions and developing strategic planning documents. A principle of effective forestry as production industry will be an objective market ecological and economic assessment of forest resources that could be provided by the re-emerged forest inventory. Implementation of purposed capital investment projects in the Lower Angara region will be difficult due to uncertainty of providing with wood resources required. Owing to forest fund inaccessibility, low forest stand productivity, and environmental constraints, it is unlikely to count on the wood resources reserve of the southern Evenkia. Organization of forest use should be more flexible and promote both development of the forest sector and maintenance of the biosphere role of forests.
I. A. Tselitan, V. A. Sokolov, I. M. Danilin
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: pine stands, progressive successions, structure, growth, biological productivity, Krasnoyarsk Krai
The features of post-fire and post-felling formation of pure in composition and mixed pine stands in Krasnoyarsk Priangarye are considered. The structure, growth and biological productivity of forest regeneration successions are analyzed. The highest value of the phytomess of pine stands was 312 ton/ha in terms of absolutely dry matter. Structurally, the ratio of the phytomass fractions of forest stands naturally changes with an increase in their average age and density. At the early stages of development, the relative proportion of the mass of needles and crown wood is much higher than in older tree stands, and varies from 8-10 % at the age of 30-35 to 3-4 % at the age 100-120 years. The maximum biological growth potential in terms of the current increase in phytomass (in terms of total productivity) is realized by the pine stands at the level of 10.2 ton/ha/year of absolutely dry matter at the age of 56 years. At the same time, net primary production is 494 ton С/ha/year. The total phytomass of the pine forest at the age of 120 years reaches 1085 ton/ha. Natural restoration of forest cover in clearings by bedrock and the formation of pine stands is an ecologically positive process, since post-felling and post-fire young stands and middle-aged pine stands have high growth energy and phytomass production rates, more than two times higher than mature stands in the amount of fixed carbon atmosphere and have positive values of carbon balance and total destruction of organic matter according to the parameters «input-output».
A. P. Kovalev, A. Yu. Alekseenko, E. V. Lashina, V. A. Kovalev
Far Eastern Forestry Research Institute, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Korean pine-broad-leaved forests, commercial logging, composition of wood species, wood harvesting, renewal, undergrowth
The reproduction of cedar-deciduous forests of the Far East, due to their intensive transformation by logging and fires, is becoming a necessary condition for the preservation of not only valuable tree species, food and medicinal plants, but also a unique animal world-with the Amur tiger Panthera tigris tigris Kitchener and the Far Eastern leopard Panthera pardus orientalis (Schlegel). Along with the preservation of undergrowth and fine-grained wood species, it is necessary to make extensive use of the natural processes of spreading Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. seeds in the areas covered by industrial logging. The most important of them will be the creation of certain environmental conditions, the structure and composition of plantings attractive to animals and birds, contributing to the distribution of nuts over the area of destroyed stands. The formation of a certain composition of trees that favorably affect the renewal of cedar, as well as the preservation of the optimal post-harvest completeness of the stand, allows us to successfully ensure the natural renewal of cedar forests in large areas of coniferous-broad-leaved forests. It is especially important to create attractive environmental conditions for spotted nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linnaeus) and nuthatches Sitta Linnaeus, which are 90 % of the main carriers of pine nuts over long distances-up to 5 km from the source. When carrying out industrial logging and logging of forest care, it is possible to plan and create the necessary environmental conditions for birds quite successfully.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:145:"V. V. Voronin1, S. V. Tret’yakov1,2, Yu. N. Shumilova1, A. A. Karpov1,2, M. S. Ermolina1,2";} 1Northern Research Institute of Forestry, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation 2Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M. V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: recreational loads in forests, recreational digression stage, road and path network, living ground cover
The forests of the European North-East of Russia have a great potential for recreational activities. The growth of cities, the development of infrastructure, and the construction of new highways of federal and regional significance, contribute to the involvement of all new areas of forest for recreational use. The increase in the flow of tourists causes a conflict between recreational forest management and the need to protect nature in these areas. Based on the materials of field studies, an assessment of the anthropogenic impact on the objects of recreational forest use is given, and the regularities of the influence of recreational load on the state of forest stands are determined. The existing standards for recreational forests are analyzed. They require updating, according to the current forest legislation. The obtained data served as the basis for the development of recommendations for forest management in recreational forests, aimed at preserving and improving their quality condition and increasing the resistance of forest biogeocenoses to anthropogenic impact.
A. R. Akhmetov1, S. V. Boronnikova2, Y. A. Yanbaev1, Yu. A. Nechaeva2 1Bashkir State Agrarian University, Ufa, Russian Federation 2Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russian Federation
Keywords: Norway maple, ISSR analysis of DNA, genetic diversity, populations
Three-quarters of the Russian maple resources are concentrated in Bashkortostan. Norway maple Acer platanoides L. forms here in pure stands or dominates in the composition of broad-leaved forests on the western macroslope of mountains of the Southern Urals. But the species is represented in the Bashkir Cis-Urals as a part of this type of vegetation with relatively low participation, and the stands are geographically isolated. Using ISSR-analysis of DNA, we carried out a comparative analysis of the genetic variation of populations, which are fragmented to varying degrees during the centuries-old economic development of this region. The 5 primers used allowed us to detect polymorphism in 77 of 96 markers (80.2 %) in 6 examined stands. Significant differences in the level of genetic diversity of maple samples were revealed (the proportion of polymorphic loci varies in the range Р95 = 0.323-0.662, the expected heterozygosity HE = 0.052-0.148, the average number of alleles na = 1.197-1.385, the average effective number of alleles ne = 1.105-1.261), these parameters are significantly higher in forest areas with a relatively large proportion of the maple in the composition of stands. A comparatively large differentiation of populations was found in the frequencies of ISSR markers. The inter-sample component of genetic variation has a relatively high level of 60.1 % ( GST = 0.601, the parameter varies from 0.523 to 0.676 for the primers), this is confirmed by the relatively high pairwise Nei’s genetic distances among populations (they vary from 0.129 to 0.347, on average D = 0.272). The clustering of samples and the use the method of principal components demonstrated that neighboring populations have relatively similar gene pools. It is concluded that the entomophilicity of the maple may be a cause of the patterns identified in the study, which limited the gene flow among geographically isolated stands and their groups. The ways of applying the obtained results in the practice of forestry are discussed.
Demography and condition of rare and endemic Oxytropis species in Priol’khonye steppes have been studied. Most of the studied populations are complete, definitive, normal, mature with monomodal or bimodal left -sided ontogenic spectra. The analysis of the cenopopulations state showed that moderate grazing does not aff ect them. Under overgrazing ontogenic spectrum is usually right-handed, cenopopulations become not complete, density of individuals decrease, and declining populations acquire other regressive features. It can be concluded that all studied Oxytropis species are vulnerable because of the small size of their populations. One of the main reasons, in addition to a sharp decline of population size due to demographic fluctuations and natural disasters, is the emergence of a number of genetic problems caused by the loss of genetic diversity, inbreeding and genetic drift . In this connection it is necessary to study the genetic diversity of rare endemic Oxytropis species and implement the regular monitoring of their populations.
The results of the investigation of four cenopopulations of Leonurus glaucescens Bunge in the Altai region, Mountain Altai, Kazakhstan are presented. Ontogenesis of the main root caudex life form was studied. Th e main structural individual unit of an adult individual is a monocyclic monocarpic elongated shoot. Under the condition of moderate moistening L. glaucescens is polycarpic in the steppe meadows and steppe communities. Under the condition shallow groundwater L. glaucescens is oligocarpic. The Kazakhstan cenopopulation is distinguished from all studied cenopopulations. On the development of the aboveground part it’s individuals are inferior the individuals of other habitats. In the cenopopulations, a left-sided ontogenetic spectrum with an absolute maximum on the group of immature plants is noted, which indicates a successful seed renewal of the species
Flora and vegetation of geological and geomorphological nature sanctuary of Korsak-Bas (Orenburg region) was studied for the first time. The occurrence of 114 vascular plants species in 25 families and in 71 genera was recorded. Seven endangered species included in red lists were noted: Iris pumila , Stipa zalesskii , Tulipa gesneriana are protected at the federal rank; Allium inderiense , Anabasis salsa , Scorzonera tuberosa and Tulipa bifl ora - on regional. Vegetation of Korsak-Bas is presented by 3 communities and 1 association. Low-specific halophyte and petrophyte communities with the considerable proportion of ephemer and annual plants are distributed on a clay, crushed stone slopes with strong insolation ( Anabasis salsa , Atraphaxis replicata-Artemisia lessingiana ). Сommunities of Ferula caspica-Kochia prostrata are a typical for more leveled bottom. Northern slopes are occupied by herb feather-grass steppes of Amorio montanae-Stipetum rubentis association. Vegetation of Korsak-Bas represents the southern modification of dry steppes and their saline variants, distributed in adjacent arid regions of Northern Kazakhstan.
Floristic classification of the vegetation of the subalpine belt of Kuznetsky Alatau belonging to the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika et Hadač 1944 is presented in the article. Mulgedio-Aconitetea is a zonal class of vegetation the area of which covers the boreal holarctic. In the subalpine belt of Kuznetsky Alatau it is represented by tall-forb and meadow phytocenoses, in a complex with krummholz and shrub communities. In the research territory 10 associations, 2 subassociations and 1 community, relating to two orders were revealed: Trollio- Crepidetalia sibiricae and Schulzio crinitae-Aquilegietalia glandulosae . Among them three associations Aquilegio glandulosae-Phleetum alpini , Doronico altaici-Veratretum lobeliani , Erytronio sibirici-Stemmacanthetum carthamoidis and one subassociation E . s .- S . c . ranunculetosum propinqui are have been described for the first time. For identification of ecological regularities of vegetation, formation of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea of the subalpine belt of Kuznetsky Alatau DCA-ordination of geobotanical descriptions was carried out.
Syntaxonomical diversity of forest and meadow vegetation of Burla ribbon pine forest area was described on the base of big set of original data. Forest vegetation consists of eight syntaxa from the four vegetation classes. Two syntaxa are firstly described. Meadow vegetation is represented by six syntaxa from two vegetation classes. Th ree syntaxa are newly described. Spatial distribution of syntaxa was given according to the position in relief and forest massif structure.
The variability of storage endosperm proteins, histon H1 and sequences of Internal transcribed spacers ITS1-5.8S ITS2 of nuclear rDNA and plastid matK of cpDNA in two species of the genus Leymus has been explored, the analysis of their phylogenetic relationships has been carried out. The results confirm the specific independence of L. ramosus (Trin.) Tzvel. and L. chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.
I.S. Andreeva1, I.E. Lobanova2, G.I. Vysochina2, N.A. Solovyanova1 1FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector of Rospotrebnadzor, 630559, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region iri52432392@yandex.ru 2Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Zolotodolinskaya str., 101 irevlob@ngs.ru
Keywords: антибиотическая активность растений, патогенные грамположительные и грамотрицательные бактерии, штамм дрожжей Candida albicans, подавление роста, antibiotic activity of plants, pathogenic grampositive, gramnegative bacteria, strain of yeast Candida al bicans, inhibition of the growth
Аntimicrobic activity water and water-ethanol extracts of 14 species of medicinal herbs concerning 9 test-strains of pathogenic microorganisms was investigated. Extracts Monarda fi stulosa L., Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., Filipendu la ulmaria (L.) Maxim, Bistorta offi cinalis Delarbre, Lythrum virgatum L. had selective activity of high degree against the grampositive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecium , Bacillus subtilis , the gramnegative bacteria Escherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhimurium , Shigella sonnei and strain of Candida albicans . The received results can be used during creation of antimicrobic means of natural origin.
The article deals with information on the history of creation of the mycologic herbarium in Central Siberian Botanical Garden, its current status, structure, number of specimens, replenishment and use of it. The goal and tasks of the mycologic herbarium of CSBG, its practical importance and prospects of development are determined.
