Home – Home – Jornals – Scientific journal “Vestnik NSUEM” 2021 number 3

We present data on dispersed gold and associated disseminated mineralization of leucogranites controlling the location of the Dukat epithermal Au-Ag deposit. The data suggest the formation and burial of small portions of oversaturated gold-bearing fluids in hypabyssal magmatic bodies. The lower (relative to silver) contents of gold in the deposit ores and the high Ag/Au ratios (350-550) are due to the limited occurrence of oxidized gold-bearing fractions of magmatogene fluids. This limitation is explained by the active interaction of late magmatic portions of fluids and the material of the host carbonaceous volcanosedimentary unit and by the formation of an environment favorable for the concentration, migration, and deposition of manganese, silver, and nonferrous-metal compounds.

We present results of petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical study of all types of rocks of a multiphase pluton and consider the chemical evolution of igneous and metasomatic rocks of the Baga Gazriin Chuluu pluton, based on new precise analytical data. At the early stage of their formation, the pluton granites were already enriched in many trace elements (Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Nb, Ta, Th, and U), F, and HREE relative to the upper continental crust. They show strong negative Ba, Sr, La, and Eu anomalies, which is typical of rare-metal Li-F granites. The geochemical evolution of the Baga Gazriin Chuluu multiphase pluton at the postmagmatic stage was marked by the most intense enrichment of greisens and microclinites with lithophile and ore elements (Sn, W, and Zn) and the formation of ore mineralization. In the permeable rift zone where the Baga Gazriin Chuluu pluton is located, the fluid-magma interaction took place under the impact of a mantle plume. High-temperature mantle fluids caused melting of the crustal substratum, which determined the geochemical specifics of Li-F granite intrusions. Genesis of granitic magma enriched in Li, F, Rb, Sn, and Ta is possible at the low degrees of melting of the lower crustal substratum. The Baga Gazriin Chuluu pluton formed in the upper horizons of the Earth’s crust, where magma undergoes strong differentiation and the saturation of fluids with volatiles can lead to the postmagmatic formation of metasomatites of varying alkalinity (zwitters (greisens), microclinites, and albitites) producing rare-metal mineralization. By the example of the early Mesozoic magmatism area of Mongolia, it is shown that the formation of granites and associated rare-metal minerals is due to the interaction of mantle fluids with the crustal material and the subsequent evolution of granitic magmas.

The Nd isotope composition of ferromanganese deposits (FMD) from the central part of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril island arc has been studied. The results showed that diagenetic samples from the Deryugin Basin have a heterogeneous Nd isotope composition. The positive ε_Nd values here might be both due to the input of a terrigenous impurity and due to diffuse endogenous element supply. The FMD samples from the Sonne underwater ridge show a ε_Nd value specific to seawater (-3.2). The ε_Nd value of hydrogenetic FMD from Volcano 7.14 is -3.4, which corresponds to the ε_Nd value of the Pacific water. The FMD samples from Volcano 5.5 are characterized by ε_Nd = -2.0. The higher ε_Nd value might be due to a moderate dilution of the hydrothermal fluid by seawater and might also indicate the presence of volcanic fragments in the FMD samples. The highest ε_Nd value (+4.4) has been established for volcaniclastic sandstone saturated with Fe and Mn hydroxides. It points to a mixing of volcanomictic and hydrothermal materials.

The aim of the work is to analyze the process of the emergence and evolution of the information support system for government bodies of the Russian Federation. The article focuses on the systematization of the conditions for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the Russian system of distributed situational centers of authorities, aimed at analyzing, assessing and forecasting trends in the transformation of realities in various spheres of state activity and providing information support on this basis for making proactive, motivated management decisions. At the end of the work, the problems of implementing the technology of situational centers of government bodies of the Russian Federation.

The work is devoted to the consideration of the main widespread algorithms for scheduling tasks in geographically distributed computing systems. The specific features of the algorithms are characterized and their comparative analysis is presented in accordance with the selected criteria. The main factors that should be taken into account when constructing job control algorithms in geographically distributed computing systems are determined.

The publication deals with the design and modeling of fault tolerance for secured software-defined data transmission networks. A technique for evaluating the parameters of fault tolerance of a software-defined data transmission network is proposed. An organizational model for building a software-configurable data transmission network based on the design of a configuration based on the principle of dynamic protection with the use of selective transformation, taking into account the probability of failures and allowing to ensure high specified parameters of fault tolerance.

Today all higher educational institutions use Internet marketing technologies to attract applicants. Websites serve as a starting point of this work. They become particularly topical in the context of the «Export of education» project aimed at the attraction of foreign applicants to national higher educational institutions. The study analyzes foreign versions of the websites of Russian higher educational institutions by several parameters: technical parameters, content structure, user friendliness and user behavior on the website. 34 websites formed the sample. The analysis of user behavior at the website made it possible to estimate its efficiency. Following the results of the study it was found that foreign versions of the websites of Russian higher educational institutions need to be optimized with respect to several indicators. Recommendations were given to improve the websites regarding each parameter.

Introduction. Higher education, as well as the entire education system, is undergoing global transformations today. The creation of a digital educational environment (DSP) is becoming the main trend in these transformations. Massive open educational courses (MOOCs) are a component (perhaps the most developed today) of the digital educational environment. The purpose of this work is to clarify the effectiveness of the use of MOOCs in the educational process and determine the student’s readiness for this. Is higher school sound in the discourse of such preparation of the subject for his/her independent work in the “digital learning space”, in which the level of paternalism is sharply reduced? Methodology and methods of the research were based on the principles of connectivism (W. Flusser, D. Siemens, S. Downs and others) and social constructionism (P. Berger, T. Luckman, etc.). Two of them are decisive. Learning is a process that takes place in an uncertain environment and cannot be completely controlled by the student’s personality. Therefore, the learning process must be supported from the outside, with the help of the Network, and the main task of the student is to include him/herself in this Network, subject to the creation of his/her own learning trajectory (communication). At the same time, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) and MOOCs are considered as a kind of communication nodes that ensure the solution of individual learning goals and the creation of a new type of educational community. Research related to assessing their prospects and effectiveness is based on specific reflexive systems developed in the discourse of an interdisciplinary approach. The reflection of the ongoing changes is based on the thesis of the inevitability of the dialectical removal of previously stable (as educational paradigms) behaviorism and constructivism by connectivism. At the same time, it is teaching technologies that often become the basis for discussions. STEM and STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Аrts, Mathematics), SCRUM, Agile, Basho, Kaizen and other methods and technologies (in their practical development) confirm a stable line of increasing activity and self-activity student as the main subject of the educational space. How do students know how to use this independence? How effective is it in containing STEM technology? The main thesis confirming the undoubted benefits of STEM is the statement that in this educational environment, students use «both brains and hands», that is, they immediately learn to receive and use knowledge, developing their practical abilities. The authors attempt to confirm or question the absoluteness of this statement. In a concrete pedagogical respect, this is the problem of correlating the theoretical material studied with the help of MOOCs and solving practical problems on the basis of this material. The results of the research. To answer the question, a pilot study was carried out at the Siberian Federal University (so far for two sections of the discipline “Engineering and Computer Graphics” - “Engineering Graphics” and “Descriptive Geometry”). The description of the pilot study at the Siberian Federal University showed that the high test results in the MOOC, obtained during the independent study of the theoretical part of the course, were not confirmed when solving practical problems. This controversial situation undoubtedly requires more thorough research in this direction, since it casts doubt on the effectiveness of planning and managing the learning process in STEM and STEAM educational environments. This, in turn, requires a more thorough study of their pedagogical, psychological and technological foundations. Conclusion. The authors have no doubt that replacing (so far elemental) of instructionism (on the platform of behaviorism) and social constructionism, and then connectivism, is a strategic way of interaction between the individual and the Network. The creation of DSP can be considered both as a disruptive innovation and as the beginning of the formation of a qualitatively different education ecosystem. Networked learning will more and more resemble the «big game» of everyone with everyone, and endowing knowledge (the product of the game) with a personal meaning will carry more and more social potential. However, as private teaching practices show, in order to obtain such results, the architecture of education needs a radical revision, and not in one-step acts and decisions. Blended learning from this perspective can be the optimal means of overcoming the sensations of “shock educational policy” and bridging the gap (along with project technologies) between theory and practice for the student.

Introduction. The “Philosophy of Education” journal is a peer-reviewed scientific publication, on the basis of which for twenty years the search for new initial foundations and the development of fundamental socio-philosophical knowledge (ontology of education, epistemology and epistemology of education, axiology of education, praxiology of education, etc.) has been carried out in order to develop a new methodology for the philosophy of education in the field of philosophical (ontology and theory of knowledge, social philosophy) and pedagogical sciences (theory and methodology of teaching and upbringing by areas and levels of education) on topical problems of the “society - education - person” system. Methodology and methods of the research. When studying the publication activity of the “Philosophy of Education” journal for the period 2001-2005, the methodological sources were the traditional fundamental educational provisions, the principles of social existence formed on the basis of historical experience and modern socio-cultural realities, and the laws of social development. Considering that the education system not only reflects the social life of society, but also represents a decisive factor in the development of society, therefore, the solution of the issues of forecasting research directions in the philosophy of education is based on fundamental ideas, concepts and methodology of philosophical reflection. The reliance on the philosophy of education as the main methodological principle of the development and improvement of Russian society is necessary as a strategy for the revival of domestic traditions and innovative development of modern Russia. The results of the research were the analysis of publications ranked according to the rubrics of the journal “Philosophy of Education”, formulated in recent years of publishing activity in accordance with the sections: methodological foundations of the philosophy of education, the philosophy of the development of society and education, the world experience of the theory of pedagogy, the study of educational systems of the East and West, the values and goals of Russian education, human problems in the philosophy of education, the philosophy of education, specific methods and innovations in the practice of education, health-saving technologies in education, questions of the formation of spirituality, the history of the philosophy of education and forecasting in education, which contributed to the creation of an objective platform for the formation and determination of the initial foundations of the philosophy of education as an independent philosophical knowledge about education in the field of social philosophy. Conclusion. The results of the five-year work of the “Philosophy of Education” journal revealed the presence of scientific and methodological foundations necessary for the development of the philosophy of education, necessary for the reflection of reforms and modernization of education. Modern Russian education is unthinkable without philosophical foundations that allow forming rational thinking and a holistic worldview.

Introduction. Achieving metasubject educational results requires specialized didactic support, attracting the trainee attention to the generalized principles of mastering the provided subject knowledge. This approach will make it possible to intensify the formation of a holistic meaning picture of the world. Methodology and methods of the research. As a general scientific base, the ADDIE (Analysis-Design-Development-Implementation-Evaluation) technique was used as a universal tool for system design of training materials. To control the process of formation of metasubject knowledge, understood as the ability to use cross-subject concepts as a mechanism for mastering cross-disciplinary content, the concept of a scientific picture of the world has been chosen. The results of the research. As a training resource, the textbook is considered as information and methodological support of basic engineering disciplines. The objective as the formation of generalized techniques for the synthesis of engineering knowledge is determined as a result of a multidimensional analysis of all groups of competencies of a graduate engineer. It is shown that the procedural basis of the general scheme of presenting substantive information is philosophical analysis and systematization of fundamental concepts of discipline-concentrate. On this basis, the traditional structure of educational materials is optimized. The core of the information array is a reference concept of theoretical knowledge, reflecting the principles of the relationship of the entire conceptual apparatus. A set of training methods based on the proposed information resource is justified. The Kirkpatrick method was used to determine the effectiveness of training materials. Conclusion. Using the ADDIE technique allows constructing educational material in the form of a holistic navigation system, focused on the formation of the foundations of methodological knowledge as the basic elements of a scientific worldview.

Introduction. As a result of the systemic transformations that took place in Russian society at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries, serious changes took place in the organization of the production of scientific knowledge and its subsequent transfer. In accordance with global trends, Russian universities in modern conditions are forced to focus on “Western” models, where one of the key indicators of success is the production of fundamental knowledge. The paper identifies the key functions of the system of science and education in modern conditions and identifies the positive elements of the previous experience in the development of educational systems that can be successfully adapted in the Russian conditions of post-industrial development. Methodology and methods of the research. The method of philosophical conceptualization used by the author made it possible to conduct a retrospective analysis of changes in the structure, form and methods of scientific knowledge production and its subsequent transmission in the university sector. With the help of this approach, it was possible to identify reforms that had a positive effect on the development of higher education, to determine the reasons why they were carried out and to identify the key elements of the organization of scientific and educational activities that contributed to the successful transition of the education and science system to a qualitatively new level in the changed socio-cultural conditions. The results of the research. It is shown that the university, state and corporate sectors of scientific research, functioning in modern conditions, were formed at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. It was found that the transition period of the second half of the 19th century led along with the development of traditional universities and their evolution to the widespread creation of an alternative scientific and educational sector of an applied nature in the form of technical, agricultural, pedagogical, commercial and other similar types of colleges and institutes. It is substantiated that the simultaneous development of the university and non-university sectors led to the emergence of university dualism, within which the directions and forms of scientific research expanded. It is shown that the university sector is built on the model of integration of teaching and research, while the non-university sector is focused on the transfer of scientific, mainly applied knowledge. Conclusion. As a result of the work carried out, it was demonstrated that the successful development of the scientific and educational process does not require a complete transfer of academic science to universities. It is substantiated that the formation of university dualism makes it possible to simultaneously successfully develop scientific research in the university and non-university sectors.

Introduction. The aim of the paper is to discuss the ways of improving modern school education through understanding and appeal to such concepts as “pedagogy of development” and “living (vivid) knowledge”. Based on the fundamental approaches formulated by Yu. K. Babansky to the pedagogical process as a single holistic process of students’ training, upbringing and development with focus on the modern socio-cultural situation, it is essential to create conditions under which “living (vivid) knowledge” becomes the teacher’s goal and his/her professional self-determination upon the active nature of the pedagogical “action” in organizing new students’ “actions” which leads to the formation of living (vivid) knowledge. Methodology and methods of the research. Philosophy of education, philosophical and pedagogical anthropology, philosophical and pedagogical axiology, psychological pedagogy, the principles of Orthodox pedagogy, and the theory of evolutionary pedagogy are the methodological basis of this research. Methodological basis of this research is fundamental ideas, research methods formulated by outstanding philosophers, teachers, psychologists of the past and present, which have been thoroughly analyzed in this paper, whereas the appeal and devotion to the best traditions of the pedagogy of development and living (vivid) knowledge give the right to consider the author as a successor of their ideas and approaches. The results of the research are defined in the author’s position on perception of the idea of living (vivid) pedagogical knowledge through considering the “formula” of changing pedagogical professionalism and the construction of an educational and technological environment for the development of giftedness in schools. This paper presents approaches to the formation of an educational and technological development environment based on integrative solutions for its formation and development: new pedagogics, new educational content, new assessment policy, new technologies, new processes and managerial superstructures. In conclusion the expected outcomes of school educational and technological environment design aimed at students’ development are formulated. The ultimate outcomes of designing school educational and technological development environment are as follows: a successful and happy student with developed personal qualities and attitudes, who is capable of systemic thinking, understanding communication, and reflexivity. To achieve the specified outcomes, School of Ability Development (“Nasha Shkola”, Novosibirsk) concentrates all its efforts on systemic changes in the organization of the students’ training process, their upbringing and development which will definitely lead to the emergence and manifestation of the norms of living (vivid) knowledge.

Introduction. The authors, referring to the trends in the development of the modern market of educational services, pose the problem of assessing the competitiveness of universities and their educational products, namely, the subjectivity and objectivity of the criteria used. Methodology and methods of the research. The analysis of the criteria used by various methods for assessing the competitiveness of universities is based on institutional, synergetic and communicative approaches. The authors rely on the perception of the university not only as a translator of the social order but also within the framework of the synergetic theory, as a cumulative embodiment of the private opinion of each participant in the process of preparing a student, including him/herself. The result of studying the influence of individual interrelated factors on the learning process is the construction of multi-factor models of indices, including those reflecting customer satisfactions. The results of the research. The paper considers the features of the application of foreign and domestic criteria for assessing the competitiveness of a university and its educational programs, the methodology for compiling university ratings in the context of comparing the subjective and objective nature of the reflection of ongoing processes. The authors draw attention to the imperfection of the existing evaluation methods, which are directly related to the market conditions of educational services and do not take into account the needs of the labour market, state and regional orders. The issue of replacing the real competitiveness of universities and their educational products developed taking into account the projected demand for educational services in various regions of the country, with competition conducted in the wake of fashionable world trends for modern professions, is also pointed out. The authors note with concern the high probability of negative effects from the use of modern criteria for assessing the competitiveness of universities, one of which is an excessive fascination with formal indicators. Conclusion. The presented analysis of the criteria used by various methods for assessing the competitiveness of universities allowed the authors to conclude that the “objective” assessment of the competitiveness of universities depends on a large number of subjective factors. The dominance of subjective indicators in the resulting aggregate assessment of the university and its educational programs leads to a distortion of the picture of the real quality of the educational services provided. This situation leads to the construction of an inadequate strategy for obtaining an education by applicants, and as a result, it disorients students in building their future professional careers and evaluating their opportunities for implementation in their native region.

Introduction. Modern education provides the functioning and reproduction of the system of world division of labor. This fact allows the authors to argue that the problem of inequality in education goes beyond the problems of one state and the society under its control, and therefore an adequate methodological approach is needed to describe and study it. The authors attempt to consider the mechanism of the formation of educational inequality in peripheral societies in which social contradictions are most clearly observed from the perspective of the world-system approach. Methodology and methods of the research. The authors use the theoretical constructions of the world-system approach of I. Wallerstein, S. Amin, F. Cardozo, the ideas of the representatives of the world-system paradigm in comparative education of R.F. Arnove, T. Griffiths, and the concept of a vicious circle of inequality in education by R. Flecha. The authors point to the closeness of ontology, the complementarity of R. Flecha’s ideas and the world-system approach, and propose to synthesize these concepts. On this basis, and also relying on the results of research of a number of theorists of comparative education (M. Carnoy, M. Bray, G. Orfield, Zhao Yong), economists (A. Alesina, E. Spolaore), the authors reconstruct the functioning of R. Flecha’s model of a vicious circle of inequality in education in peripheralized societies from the perspective of the world-system approach. The results of the research. The peripheralization of society presupposes the process of its integration into the world system of division of labor through a narrow specialization of the economy, the formation of export-oriented industries, the destruction of industries and spheres that are not associated with this process, and, as a result, the emergence of surplus labor, economic stratification and marginalization of the population. The costs of the education system as one of the main institutions for the reproduction of the labor force turn out to be excessive and are reduced, the system itself is being reformed. The authors of the paper show that the reform of the education system proceeds in the general direction of integrating society into the world system of the division of labor, when the elite forms priority consumption patterns in a peripheralized society (including patterns of knowledge and education), borrowing they from the countries of the core and the hegemon of the world system. On the one hand, the formation of priority patterns leads to the displacement of their own educational culture, the imitation of the masses of the elite and the uneven spread of the patterns. Since full compliance with the priority patterns is unattainable for the majority of the population, its imitations are spreading. On the other hand, in bureaucratic areas such as education, the introduction and transformation of priority patterns creates a need among the elite to control, rank and reduce those who do not correspond to the idea of «priority». New borrowing and the spread of priority patterns allows the elite to retain the right to symbolic power and perpetuate emerging inequalities. Conclusion. On the basis of the results obtained, the authors propose for discussion questions about the prospects for improving the constructed model and the possibilities of interpreting on its basis the empirical material of the transformation of societies in the post-Soviet space.

Introduction. The expediency of practical emphasis in teaching philosophy at a university is caused by a general “practical turn” in the purpose and forms of the existence of modern philosophy. This “practical turn” does not mean abandoning the theory, but it requires a practical element in the perception of philosophy. For philosophical courses at a university it is extremely important to change the very conception of their construction in order to bring it in line with philosophical practice. This paper attempts to clarify the fundamental concepts and norms that form the foundation of a practically-oriented vision of a philosophy course. Methodology and methods of the research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research was constituted by metaphilosophical attitudes, linking philosophy with mainly a human-creative function, tasks of spiritual self-transformation of a personality. The authors rely on personalism as an orientation that has manifested itself in many forms of theoretical and practical construction of reality, as well as ideas of P. Hadot, M. M. Bakhtin and M. Foucault. This generalized approach allows us to consider the spiritual experience of an individual as openly and multilaterally as possible, avoiding the risks of abstract theorizing, and hence the concomitant impersonalism, arising in the implementation of metaphilosophical approaches of scientific and “prophetic” philosophy. The results of the research. If the result of the study of “pure” philosophical theory is a thought-out theoretical position of a student on any philosophical issue, the result of the study of a practically-oriented philosophy course is a certain life position, which is associated with a theoretical position. The paper differentiates the concepts of theoretical and life positions, presents a typology of the relationships between these positions, justifies the need for harmonious interaction between them. In the practically-oriented purpose of teaching and learning philosophy, it is possible to distinguish at least two interrelated forms of philosophical practice: philosophical praxis-2 as the most important task - spiritual and personal practice, self-transformation of a personality, achieved through the fruitful mutual enrichment of theoretical and life positions, and philosophical praxis-1, aimed at identifying practical consequences from theory and representing an intermediate step on the way from “pure” theory to philosophical praxis-2. Conclusion. The practical emphasis in teaching philosophy at a university can help to achieve better learning, increase the level of students’ motivation and the importance of philosophy as a discipline, forming a holistic outlook of students on the basis of various methods of philosophical practice.

Introduction. The competitiveness of the Master of design is ensured by a complex of general cultural, general professional and professional competencies formed in the process of implementing the educational program of the University. While in the Bachelor’s degree program the educational process is aimed at training a specialist of the applied level, in the Master’s degree program, at acquiring the skills of research work. The work of the future Master of Design has not only personal, but also social significance. The methodology of research of undergraduates is a quasi-professional model - a system of methods and means of scientific and design activities in conditions as close as possible to the professional profile of the designer. Methodology and methods of the research. The main part of the Master’s thesis is an experiment, where students must demonstrate all their research skills and abilities. The general methodology of scientific experiments was developed quite a long time ago and today represents a coherent system. However, it also became clear quite a long time ago that each area of activity has its own characteristics that change both the general provisions and the result of the activity. In the field of design, some experimental work has already been accumulated, but a strict system has not yet been built. In addition, in the training of designers within the two-level educational system “Bachelor - Master”, there is still a lack of continuity in the acquiring of certain competencies. Modeling the empirical part of the research always contributes to the effective promotion of the student on the path to professionalism. The empirical model is a matrix for planning an experiment and allows minimizing the number of necessary tests. Its structure provides stable and variable components, the presence of which makes it not only universal, but also provides opportunities for various options, depending on the topic and purpose. The results of the research The implementation of the empirical model is carried out by masters in stages. Each stage is accompanied by its own set of methods and data processing. The topic and purpose of the research of undergraduates is a reference point for obtaining new data about objects, for example, clarifying groups of criteria - functional, ergonomic, aesthetic; determining ways to achieve higher consumer qualities, etc. In accordance with the model, at the first stage, undergraduates analyze the basic interior, set its initial level and make a forecast for the possibility of achieving a higher level. Next, there is a selection and implementation of impacts on the design object that provide an increase in the declared groups of consumer qualities, on the basis of which primary recommendations are formulated. The author’s project allows checking and correcting the wording. As a result of the research, a set of universal methodological recommendations for a certain typological group of interiors is presented. Conclusion. The implementation of the empirical model in the research work showed the sufficiency of all the elements of its structure and their logic, which led to the effective achievement of results. This was shown by the successful defense of Master’s theses. The model allows coming to an understanding of the importance of teaching, personal motivation and activity, providing a higher level of competence formation, most fully recreating the professionogram of a designer of the highest category.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of creative potential as an attribute of consciousness and the creative formation of a person. The emphasis in modern education is placed on the development of human potential, which determines the prospects for the future development of the country. A key aspect of this process is the development of the creative potential of students. The purpose of this study: to analyze the concept of creative potential from a philosophical and methodological position, which will reveal its essential characteristics and develop criteria for creative development in the educational process. The focus of the research is developing criteria that distinguish the creative consciousness, characterized by high creative activity, from the ordinary one. Methodology and methods of the research. A methodological analysis of the principles, conditions and forms of manifestation of creative potential as an attribute of consciousness makes it possible to single out the main parameters of conscious creative activity, in the course of which creative potential is developed. This study uses a systematic approach, methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization. The methodology for studying creative potential also includes logical-semantic and cultural-historical aspects. The results of the research. As a result of the analysis, the main characteristics of creative consciousness, formation and the presence of creative potential have been identified and presented. The concepts of human and creative potential have been clarified and delimited. The criteria for determining the creative potential (the presence of an observer, paradox, self-organization, etc.), which distinguish creative consciousness from the ordinary, are highlighted and substantiated. It is shown how creativity correlates with the inner world of a person. The main educational approaches that contribute to the disclosure of the creative potential of a person are given. Conclusion. Comprehension of the concept of creative potential from the standpoint of the philosophy of consciousness expanded the understanding and possibilities of its research. Philosophical and methodological development of criteria for creative potential allows them to be applied in the educational process through the types of educational interactions in which the creative aspect of consciousness is activated. The selected criteria can be used in pedagogical practice and further philosophical, pedagogical and methodological research.

Introduction. The author examines the problem of education and upbringing that has become urgent in the modern Russian society. The problem relates to the spiritual and moral development and upbringing of the individual; the social demand for a highly moral, socially active person with spiritual values formed in Russia has been highlighted. Methodology and methods of the research. The object of the research is the spiritual and moral upbringing of the individual in the modern Russian society. The subject of the research is particular approaches to spiritual and moral development and upbringing of a person in the modern science. The philosophical and socio-philosophical approach in the research provides an analysis of a person, their nature and multidimensionality as the basis for their development, takes into account the mutual influence of a person and society against each other, contributes to a synthetic understanding of the complex process of human development and improvement. The author takes into consideration the philosophy of consciousness which allows considering the development of spiritual and moral qualities in a person through the lens of improving their inner spiritual world and the development of the properties of consciousness. The results of the research. Some modern approaches to human development (V. P. Veryaskina, D. I. Dubrovsky, A. V. Ivanov, M. V. Zhulkov, etc.) have been analyzed, the relevance of addressing the development of consciousness and thinking of the individual, the transformation of their inner world in the process of spiritual and moral development has been substantiated. The analysis highlights the necessity of a comprehensive study of the spiritual and moral development and education of the individual as a system, the refinement of the methodological and procedural framework of the further applied activities in this area, taking into account the developments in the philosophy of consciousness, phenomenology, philosophy of heart, philosophy of the Russian cosmism, as well as other concepts which deal with self-development and self-improvement of the personality, management of the personality by their own development, work on the development of their consciousness, definition of the methodological role of the category of consciousness in this system. Conclusion. The paper outlines the prerequisites and conditions for the spiritual and moral development and education of the individual in the modern Russian society. According to the author, these are increasing the role of the individual in managing his/her spiritual and moral development, the formation of an environment which encourages this development, introduction of the modern applied and methodological solutions, application of socio-philosophical and interdisciplinary approaches and research, development of interaction and cooperation in the area of concern, building a new system of spiritual and moral development and education, taking into account the modern scientific achievements in the development of consciousness and thinking, focusing on the development of specific moral qualities of the individual and their inner spiritual world, the processes of self-knowledge and self-improvement.

Introduction. The paper examines the transformations taking place in the higher education systems of European countries, associated with the decisive role of universities as centers of innovative development and economic growth. A new model of the university proposed by the University of Lincoln (Great Britain), permeable university, has been studied. Examples of practical implementation of the idea of a permeable university are given. Methodology and methods of the research. The paper analyzes the problem of transformation of higher education in the conditions of changes and uncertainty of the development of society as a system of social relations. The theory of open social systems by Talcott Parsons is used as a research methodology. The development of the university education is considered on the basis of the three main missions of universities at various stages of society development. The paper examines the approaches of B. Clark, A. Gibb, J. Bronstein, L. Leydesdorff, H. Etzkowitz and others to the problem of the university 3.0 functioning. An overview of the changes in the higher education systems of foreign countries is presented. The basic documents and initiatives related to the reform of the Institute of higher education and the implementation of the main decisions in the field of higher education are analyzed. Examples of the application of the entrepreneurial university model in other countries are given. The focus of the research is aimed at studying a new model of the university - the permeable university - as a response to global changes in society. The results of the research. The paper describes the reasons for the need to change the trajectory of higher education development in the sense of permeability, provides the main characteristics of the university of this model, the opportunities of the higher education system, allowing it to respond to the challenges of modernity, and lists the obstacles that prevent it from achieving the necessary changes. The idea of a permeable university is demonstrated by analyzing the practices of rethinking the educational and research functions of the university, as well as the participation of the university in the society. Conclusion. In the modern world, the university cannot stay away from the challenges facing society, and therefore it is forced to look for the new forms. The permeable university model enables the institute of higher education to quickly respond to changes in the external environment, establish closer ties with society participants at all levels and to produce a positive impact on society, implementing both traditional types of university activities and entrepreneurial projects.

It is suggested that the monitoring system for regional nature management be established. It should cover all components of regional nature management, i. e. all links of spatial structures of nature management. It is necessary to organize such a monitoring for natural-resource areas with detailed information on compact territorial combinations of natural resources within an integral geosystem. The components of spatial structures of nature management and, accordingly, the objects of monitoring are: the resource containing components of the geosystem with their basic characteristics, the kinds of activity existing in the area, the volumes used by certain natural resources as well as the calculated characteristics of their changes, and the dynamics due to technogenic influences and inter-resource relationships. It is proposed to monitor a total of about seven fragments of the various indicators presented in the tabular (matrix) form: a territorial combination of natural resources, activities, their direct and return (due to technogenic influences) resource consumption, inter-resource relationships, total changes of natural-resource potential, and the ecological status of the environment. Modeling of changes of the kinds of activity, including an exception of some kinds and the inclusion of the new ones is possible. In this case, alternative calculations can be done and the most effective of them can be selected. It is suggested that geoinformation technologies and large databases should be used in the monitoring system.

Water Sciences are considered as a single bloc. It is proved that geography, as the only one that studies the complete “nature-economy-population” system in the disciplines of its cycle, can serve as a basis for improving the integral and sectoral methodology. Five main role functions of water have been identified: vital, energy-production, environment-forming, aquatorial and civilizational. Five major problems have been revealed, which arose from using water bodies and water resources: depletion of water resources leading to a quantitative water shortage; contamination of water bodies leading to their qualitative degradation; changes in the water regime and water balance of terrestrial landscapes and water bodies as a result of anthropogenic activities leading to disruption of moisture circulation, climate change and changes in aquatic biogeocenoses; problems arising from intersectoral contradictions as well as from the uneven spatial distribution of water resources, different rates and stages of economic growth and levels of socio-economic development, and hazardous natural phenomena. The gaps are examines, which arise in the absence of geographical thinking in land hydrology including examples of determining the maximum discharge in a catastrophic flood in the summer of 2019 on the Iya river in the city of Tulun and an unsatisfactory governmental attempt to keep the level of Lake Baikal within the 1 meter range. An analysis is made of the geographical direction in the Water Sciences. Presented are the results of studies of the Siberian landscape-hydrological school, the beginning of which is associated with the book by A.N. Antipov and L.M. Korytny entitled “Geographic Aspects of Hydrological Research (A Case Study of the River Systems of the Southern Minusinsk Depression)” published 40 years ago. The main directions of this school are experimental-landscape, geosystem-regional (basin), indicator, cartographic, classification, and organizational-coordination. The main ways of solving the problems of strengthening the geographical approach to the Water Sciences are proposed.

The focus of this research is on the inventory of landscapes maps of Russia compiled at various scales including individual cartographic products, maps in scientific papers, and comprehensive scientific-reference atlases as well as digital spatial data on landscapes. The paper provides a review of data sources for landscape-cartographic studies on the territory of contemporary Russia since 1959 till the present and the results of searching for landscape maps on the Internet. Taking into consideration the difficulties in searching for analog and digital landscape maps, and sets of spatial data on landscapes in libraries, bibliographic publications and databases, it is proposed to create a metadata base and provide free access to it on the “Landscapes of Russia” geoportal. It is aimed at disseminating existing Russian and foreign data sources, integrating geosciences data based on geoportal technologies and web mapping tools. The current state of landscape mapping of the terrestrial and aquatic areas of Russia (Far East, southern Eastern Siberia, Altai, North Caucasus, and the north, north-west and center of European Russia) is illustrated by some regional case studies (totaling about 60 names) differing in the degree of cartographic knowledge. The prospects for advancements in landscape mapping include a further improvement of methods and technologies of using remote sensing data as well as identifying emergent properties of geosystems. The principles of organizing landscape maps and legends to them are formulated with due regard for the system properties of the research object (a special subject of landscape science, which is not limited only to the synthesis of information from geology, geomorphology, pedology, botany, etc.) and practical needs of nature management.

At present, in the context of the growing severity of environmental and socio-economic problems, information connectivity and ever more frequently occurring crisis phenomena, there is an acute shortage of new ways and tools for understanding and management of increasingly expanding urban systems (urban geosystems). In the world, there are still no unified well-established recommendations for building an ideal self-organizing city. However, the previously developed and proven approaches to management of self-organizing systems can become effective tools for stimulating a further progressive development of urban geosystems of any level of complexity and hierarchy and building the city of the future. We examine the general principles of self-organization and self-development of urban landscapes of urbogeosystems in the management system using, as an example, a large metropolis - Moscow. The concepts of “self-organization of landscapes” and “self-development of landscapes” in the format of modern concepts are analyzed and the application of these concepts is given to study the functioning of urban planning systems. Examples of the modern practice of the regulation and evolution of urban development to improve the beautification and comfort of living of the population as well as the potential of the city and individual communities for self-development and self-organization are given. It is shown that the manifestation of self-organization processes is closely linked with the structuring of information and the drive of the metropolis to the category of a “smart” city, which contributes to the establishment of new forms of self-government, an increase in population safety in the context of a pandemic of viral diseases, the effective use of budgetary and other funds and the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage and architectural appearance of the city, and, ultimately, the establishment of close ties between authorities, on the one hand, and the population, on the other. It is found that the specific features in the development of urban geosystems imply that their behavior obeys the achievement of particular goals; in addition, they are able to change their structure in the course of their functioning, i.e. to self-organize. The more effective the processes of self-development are, the more useful information and accumulated experience the urban geosystem uses by making a purposeful selection.

Using the results of the 1989 and 2010 censuses, an analysis is made of the post-Soviet transformation of the ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Siberia at three territorial levels: the macroregion as a whole, regions (constituent entities of the Russian Federation), and municipalities. Among the groups of peoples distinguished by the geographical feature, a decrease in the population size and proportion is characteristic for Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, the peoples of the Ural-Volga region, Germans and Jews; the population growth and an increase in the proportion correspond to the large and small indigenous peoples of Siberia, the peoples of Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and East Asia. The focus is on the Russian and indigenous peoples prevailing in the total population. An increase in their total proportion for 1989-2010 has been revealed, which reflects a tendency for a decrease in ethnic diversity. A tendency has been established for a sharp increase in the polarization of ethnic space into “Russian” regions (Krasnoyarsk and Zabaikalskii krais and Irkutsk oblast) and “ethnic” regions (the Republics of Buryatia, Sakha (Yakutia), Tyva and Khakassia). While in the first of them and Khakassia the share of Russians increased, in three republics, especially in Tyva and Yakutia, there is an active process of mono-ethnicization (“indigenization”). A zoning of the ethnic space of Eastern Siberia was carried out according to four components identified by the proportion of the Russian population of municipalities: the Russian ethnic core, the contact zone of the Russian mega-core, and the inner and outer periphery of the Russian mega-core. The post-Soviet dynamics of the ethnic space is characterized by the expansion of its two opposite key components: the Russian ethnic core and the outer periphery, which confirms the tendency for the polarization of the districts and cities into “Russian ” and “ethnic”.

This article is devoted to the study of the contribution of meteorological parameters to the dispersion of anthropogenic impurities of the surface air layer of the atmosphere within a part of West Svalbard Island (using, as an example, the settlement of Barentsburg). The Svalbard archipelago has an important scientific significance from the perspective of the uniqueness of its natural and climatic conditions, which actualizes the topic of this study. It is found that the main factors affecting the environment of the island include coal mining and an intensification of tourist flows. Therefore, one of the most important problems of the western part of the archipelago is air pollution that has been increasing recently where the natural and climatic conditions have a significant role by determining the conditions of accumulation or dispersion of pollutants. In spite of the scientific experience gained in Russia and the results from investigating the interactions between the climatic (meteorological) conditions and the level of air pollution, the territory of the Svalbard archipelago was not included on the list of areas to be studied. In this regard, the present study is focused for the first time on identifying the features of the contribution of meteorological parameters to the accumulation or dispersion of anthropogenic impurities in the Russian Arctic sector of the archipelago (settlement of Barentsburg). Drawing on the experience of previous scientific efforts, it is suggested that data from the system of observations taken eight times per day without averaging by using a direct intensity of events, dictating a need to develop a new mathematical formula. Furthermore, it is necessary to complement the procedure of assessing the self-purification capacity of the atmosphere by expanding it to two or three stages and include the synoptic and geographical features of the terrain on the list of parameters to be studied. The inclusion of the meteorological features of the dispersion of anthropogenic impurities in the Arctic zone has a scientific novelty and relevance in the context of a further industrial development of this zone.

This paper suggests that the comparative-geographical approach should be used in the study of the recovery of post-pyrogenic communities of soil invertebrates. This method greatly eases identification of the state of soil zoocenoses; furthermore, it improves the efficiency of assessment and the direction of the course of successions of disturbed landscapes in forest geosystems in the south of Eastern Siberia. The direct effect of fire on vegetation cover and on the upper soil layers causes catastrophic changes in the “living space” for the invertebrates living in soils. Even fires of short duration lead to significant changes in the structural and numerical characteristics of soil zoocenoses. The recovery mechanisms of soil biotic communities are initiated almost immediately after the end of the ignition. However, the course of recovery processes proceeds depending on the microclimatic conditions and the location of the territory. At the initial stages of recovery, in damaged areas, an “ecotonic effect” arises, the operation of which is gradually leveled out (under certain conditions) and further changes in post-pyrogenic communities proceed along the path of increasing taxonomic diversity, restoring the structure of the population and increasing the bioproductivity of soil zoocenoses. The limited migration capacity of the soil biota, combined with its dependence on many external factors (physicochemical, microclimatic, etc.), makes it possible to use the statistical information obtained as the most reliable in ecological monitoring of the state of landscapes experiencing various external influences. Soil invertebrate communities are becoming some of the most convenient test objects for transformation in regenerating ecosystems. Studies aimed at understanding the formation of the “response” of soil zoocenoses using a comparative geographical approach permit the predicted level to be reached.

This article examines the socio-economic causes and consequences of a high load on tourist destinations (overtourism) in the Baikal Natural Territory (BNT). An economic analysis is made of the existing tourist flows, and the areas of conflict of the interests of tourist business, the local population, authorities of different levels and investors have been identified. This study summarizes the results of field investigations made in a number of districts of Buryatia in order to develop the strategy of sustainable ecologically balanced development of the territory. The technique of informal interviews was used to identify and compare the opinions of different categories of persons concerned as regards the reasons behind the conflict of the interests in BNT and the methods of settling them. Estimates of the economic benefits from the flow of unorganized tourists in the Baikal region of Buryatia by the method of travel costs have been obtained. It is shown that the policy of restriction on economic activities in BNT and reliance on mass tourism stifles the possibility for full-fledged communication with wildlife and for an educational and active recreation provided that the recreational load on the territory is observed. In addition, super-tourism territories become vulnerable to any emergencies (such as epidemics).

An ecological and tourist zoning of Olkhon Island, one of the most attractive and visited areas of Pribaikalskii National Park, has been carried out. It is found that an exceedance of recreational load on the island’s natural complexes leads to their degradation. This dictates a need to develop scientifically based recommendations for managing recreational impacts on natural landscapes. A map of the landscape structure of the study area has been compiled. As a result, seven zones were identified, which combine ten types of natural landscapes of Olkhon Island. Types of recreational activities are recommended for each ecological and tourist zone. The ecological and tourist zones are categorized into three groups according to the level of environmental restrictions. The most stringent environmental restrictions are specific to the first group of ecological and tourist zones, which include an area of relict spruce forest on the Zhima mountain and the landscapes of high fault-line slopes of the eastern coast of Olkhon. Limited educational tourism is recommended for the first group. Strict environmental limitations are foreseen for three ecological and tourist zones of the second group represented by the landscapes of the northern part of the island, the coast of the Maloe More and of the transition zone between forest and steppe. The recreational resources of these ecological and tourist zones allow for development of various types of tourism. The coast of Maloe More of Olkhon is characterized by the greatest economic and recreational development. Therefore, rational tourism management is the most acute problem there. General, less strict, environmental restrictions are recommended for the ecological and tourist zones of the third group. The landscapes of these zones are most characteristic for the island and occupy vast areas. They include mountain light coniferous forests and steppes typical for Olkhon and Priolkhonie. For the ecological and tourist zones of the third group, it is appropriate to develop active types of tourism. The ecological and tourist zoning of Olkhon Island is treated as a powerful tool of managing recreational impacts on landscapes which permits the issues related to rational use and protection of natural resources to be addressed in a coherent manner in the process of tourism development.

This paper describes the methodology developed for assessing the distribution of suspended sediment fluxes and metals along the Selenga delta channels and their accumulation by aquatic vegetation, based on the interpretation of Landsat-5, -7 and -8 and Sentinel-2/MSI satellite images, with clarification according to field data collected in 2011-2016. The methodology has a high potential for application, because it allows to obtain quantitative characteristics of the suspended sediment and metals balances based only on satellite images and data on discharges of suspended matter and metals at the delta apex. Calculation of sediment budget allowed us to obtain first quantitative data on the relationship of erosion-accumulation processes with water discharges in the Selenga river delta: for water discharges larger than 1500 m³/s, a steady predominance of sediment accumulation in the delta was observed. For smaller discharges there are cases of a longitudinal increase in the suspended sediment flux related with pileup from Lake Baikal and channel erosion in the delta arms. On average about 30 % of suspended sediment flux accumulates in the delta. Using an example of July 24, 2014, it was shown that 43 % of the investigated metals flux (Mg, Al, Ti, Tl) under investigation was accumulated in the delta. In the case of metals accumulation, the channel and floodplain components account for 73 and 23 %, respectively; 3 % is due to aquatic vegetation.

To solve the problems of ensuring the sustainable development of coastal eco-socio-economic systems and adjacent marine areas uses marine spatial planning (MSP) tools as one of the approaches to territorial planning. This paper assesses the possibilities of using the MSP tools to improve the efficiency of joint activities of economic entities and minimize environmental risks of environmental management. As a territorial object, the coastal zone of Krasnodar krai as a coastal subject of the Russian Federation is examined and the ecological and economic state of the territory is analyzed. Based on analyzing the international and Russian practice, the principles and stages of the MSP process are considered as well as the opportunities and prospects for using the MSP principles for Krasnodar krai, including in terms of the necessary legal base. It is shown that due to the geographical economic and ecological features of Krasnodar krai and to the lack of the federal and regional legal system in the field of strategic planning of coastal eco-socio-economic systems and adjacent marine areas, implementation of MSP tools can become the missing link in the decision-making process for the development of regional maritime activities. An analysis of experience of using the MSP tools for Krasnodar krai shows that sustainable development of the coastal territories and the adjacent waters areas depends primarily on monitoring the maritime activities and the environment to prevent degradation of the eco-socio-economic situation. Requirements for the use of elements of the MSP tools for Krasnodar krai have been developed, which should be aimed at providing recommendations for effective decision-making to administrative bodies and economic entities in specific maritime sectors of natural resources management.

The spatial and temporal aspects of the dynamics of the annual runoff and the trends in air temperature and precipitation were analyzed to identify regional and local features of the hydrological regime of rivers in the permafrost zone in the territory of Krasnoyarsk krai. Nine river basins located within three landscape zones: forest-tundra, and northern and middle taiga were selected as test sites. To make clear the influence of climatic factors on hydrological regime of the study area the database of long-term hydrological and meteorological observation data was created. Generation of the database used archival material of the Central-Siberian Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring: long-term observational data on the runoff at hydrological stations, and air temperature and precipitation at weather stations in the study area. The database thus generated was used in constructing models of annual river runoff formation depending on climatic factors, and in analyzing spatial-temporal characteristics of river runoff formation. Investigations showed that the landscape differentiation of the territory influences the spatial distribution of climatic characteristics and, accordingly, the features in the hydrological regime. For all the watersheds under study, regression equations were obtained, which reflect the relationship between river runoff and air temperature and precipitation. For the average annual runoff, precipitation and air temperature during a warm period are most significant, whereas for the winter runoff low the liquid precipitation and air temperature in the winter months are more important. Analysis of linear trends in average annual air temperatures and precipitation showed that since the mid-1950s there has been a steady increase in air temperature, whereas the precipitation trends have not only significant differences in absolute values but differ in sign. Analysis of the dynamics of the annual and minimum winter runoff of the rivers studied in different observation periods showed that most of the rivers are characterized by a positive trend of the annual runoff varying from 0.57 to 4.76 mm/year. The winter runoff increased from 0.09 to 1.42 mm/year. This indicates a general trend for an increase in river discharge in the study area. The opposing trends observed in the river runoff and precipitation show that the thawing of permafrost caused by an increase in air temperature becomes a more significant formation factor for the river runoff in the permafrost zone.

Data of a structural and hydrographic analysis of the Iya river system are presented for the first time. Mapping of the territory used the technique of automated identification of catchment basins in terms of the digital elevation model (SRTM DEM). A dynamic model is constructed, a water-erosion network is identified, and morphometric characteristics of streams and their basins (lengths, areas, and slopes) are determined based on the digital elevation model. Using a methodological approach based on the Horton - Strahler classification, we determined the order of the water-erosion network. Episodic, ephemeral and permanent streams were singled out on the basis of a combined analysis of the results of a dynamic modeling of the water-erosion network and the river network pattern displayed on topographic maps. Episodic, ephemeral and permanent streams include streams of the first and second orders and streams starting with the third order. Regions of formation, transit, and accumulation of flow were identified by using the structural approach on the basis of the structural regularities in the water-erosion network for the Iya basin. By analyzing the structural and hydrographic parameters for the individual partial sub-basins, it is possible to identify in more detail the conditions of flow formation in the basin as a whole. The technique based on the relationship of structural measures with average water-carrying capacity combined with a comparison of the automated processing of the water-erosion network with the channel network obtained from topographic maps permits calculations of the maximum water-carrying capacity of river systems. The specific character of the basin under investigation was the crucial factor for the individual construction of a local relation of the maximum water-carrying capacity, as a result of which the elements of the Iya river system was categorized into three groups. The predictive estimate of the maximum possible flow of the Iya river system, which the water-erosion network can transport, greatly exceeds the observed values.

We examine the mineral springs occurring in the northern part of Transbaikalia region within the boundaries of the Kalar National Park which is in the process of establishment. The study area is located on the eastern flank of the Baikal rift zone. The mineral springs under consideration are combined into the Kuanda-Eimnakch hydromineral complex along the young sublatitudinal fault which represents a natural boundary between the Baikalian and Daurian (Transbaikalian) hydromineral provinces. The uniqueness of the geological-structural conditions is responsible for the formation of different types of mineral water. On this basis, we identified the nitrogen thermal and carbonic thermal and cold waters. Results from analyzing the chemical, gas and isotopic composition of the mineral waters are presented. On the basis of data on the isotope composition of carbon, the conclusion is drawn about the deep-seated genesis of CO₂ in carbonic mineral waters. The composition of solid sediments of mineral springs was investigated. In the nitrogen therms of Purelag they are represented by sodium sulfate. In the carbonic thermal waters from the Travertinovyi spring, largely calcium carbonate is deposited. As related to balneology, the waters under consideration refer to the Pitatelevskii (nitrogen therms), Borjomi and Shumak (carbonic therms), Darasun and Lastochkinskii (carbonic cold) types of waters. Such a variety of mineral waters in a relatively small territory provides a high recreational potential of the region. There is a need for the protection of mineral springs, which are unique natural monuments, from pollution and depletion by control over visitors of the national park being established. Clinical investigations among vacationers are required in order to improve the quality of treatment with mineral waters.

Methods for calculating the volume of potentially available markets and assessing their impact on the development of entrepreneurship are proposed. It is found that the market potential is higher in a number of coastal and border regions of Russia as well as in the European part of the country near large agglomerations. Over the past twenty years, it has grown many times, especially in the south of the Far East. It is established that small businesses are more developed in regions with large consumer markets (Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Samara oblast), a favorable institutional environment (Novosibirsk, Yaroslavl and Voronezh oblasts) and access to foreign markets (Khabarovsk and Primorskii krais, and Kaliningrad oblast). It is concluded that the introduction of quarantine measures can cause the most significant damage to small businesses in large cities and coastal regions. The results of econometric calculations confirmed the initial hypothesis: a reduction in the volume of available markets by 1 trillion rubles leads to a decrease of the number of micro- and small firms by ≈0.5 (per 1000 people of the labor force), taking into account the level of economic development and the availability of capital. The estimated 3 % reduction in global markets, a reduced availability of bank financing and household income may lead to a 9-10 % (200-260 thousand) drop in the number of micro and small enterprises in Russia in 2020. It may then be expected that GDP will decrease by 0.5-1.7 %. The results can serve as an additional justification for subsidizing demand, supporting SMEs, digitalizing public services, and developing infrastructure for international and inter-regional trade.

This paper presents the experience of calculating the total indicator of transport connectivity of the municipalities of Krasnoyarsk krai based on the original methodology. The transport connectivity of settlements in this study is thought of as an opportunity to reach, during a day, the district center from a specific settlement and return back by personal or public transport. Data from the Yandex Map and Google Map services were used to measure the mean speed of traffic with due regard for the type of motor road; data from the registers of municipal regular transportation routes for 2018-2019 were summarized as well as information on the routes of the other modes of transport from the official websites of municipal administrations and transport organizations. The factors determining the intraregional imbalances in the logistical accessibility of populated areas in local settlement systems were identified and evaluated. It has been established that even the central macrodistrict is radically different in transport connectivity, which is due to both the configuration features of the existing transport network and the multidirectional development of settlement systems. The role of district centers in the total transport availability across the territory is considered. It was found that the spatial concentration of settlements, their size structure across the territory of a single district, the presence or absence of transit transport corridors are the key factors that determine differences in transport connectivity at the municipal level. The suggested methodology is an important tool for assessing the total transport availability of the territory of Krasnoyarsk krai and can be used in similar studies in other regions.

In arid regions, the shortage of water resources and a rapid population growth have damaged the natural balance and caused a sudden or gradual land subsidence. Therefore, in future, even if there is water on the surface of the Earth, its potential penetration will be reduced greatly. Hence, if these water spaces are lost, they will be lost permanently and it will be the end of an aquifer’s life. In this study, six criteria (hydrology, lithology, etc.) were used to determine the potential land subsidence above the Birjand aquifer by the analytical network process. The method of collecting data was based on questionnaires and interviews with experts. Results show that the hydrogeological criterion and the sub-criteria of water resources availability and groundwater exploitation have the most important role in potential land subsidence. In addition, about 14 % of the aquifer is prone to subside in the Dastgerd village, the Masoumiyeh residential area and Khousf town. According to observational data on the influx of sewage below the residential areas, there has been a downturn that has caused the breakdown of open wells with the passage of time. Therefore, it is imperative for planners to pay more attention in land use planning in these areas, especially residential areas that are more at risk.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific heritage of K.P. Kosmachev whose centenary is celebrated in 2021. His theory of pioneering development makes it possible to assess the current problems of regions where plans for the construction of territorial production complexes were implemented. These problems include arranging the habitat for the arriving population and taking into account the characteristics of the territory for decision-making. Special attention is paid to research into the local population activities on the use of biological resources of the taiga. At present, it is this layer of the embedded sector of the economy, operating on the basis of individual initiative, that provides a means of intensifying the internal resources of local communities for territorial development.

This paper provides an overview of Kornei Nikolaevich Misevich’s scientific activity related to the problems of the population and its settlement in connection with the economic development of Siberia for use in the study of modern socio-demographic potential. K.N. Misevich is a geographical scientist in the field of population studies, a recognized specialist in the field of socio-economic geography and cartography in Russia and abroad. It is shown that the scientist made a great contribution to the study of the territorial organization of settlement systems in connection with the peculiarities of economic activity, socio-demographic conditions of the population, traditional ways of life of indigenous small-numbered peoples, and the development of multi-scale maps of the population. He established the nature of the relationship between the geographical features of production and the settlement of the population in the areas of economic development in Siberia. The results of his research have been published in 250 scientific papers. For his scientific achievements K.N. Misevich received a number of state awards and public recognition: he was elected an Honorary Member of the Russian and Ukrainian Geographical Societies.

This article presents the experience of medical-and-geographical research done by V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS. It is pointed out that the anthropoecological and recreational-geographical directions were formed at the institute on the basis of medical and geographical research. The transformation of the research focus over time for various reasons of an external and internal nature is highlighted. A brief biography of S.V. Ryashchenko is outlined, and the main directions of his scientific activity are considered.

The paper considers the research activity of the famous geomorphologist Anatolii Gavrilovich Zolotarev, Professor of the Geographical Faculty of Irkutsk State University. His scientific interests include neotectonics, geomorphology and correlative deposits. In the field of regional research, A.G. Zolotarev obtained new evidence on the formation and structure of the Baikal-Patom stepped upwarp and suggested the concept `of the pre-rift transition zones of Eastern Siberia. He developed a new approach in calculating the total amplitudes of vertical neotectonic movements and suggested that they should be calculated not from the modern surface of the World Ocean but from its level at the beginning of the neotectonic stage as well as with consideration for the distorting influence of the lithomorphic level. The result of these studies were conclusions that indicate the subsidence of the western part of the internal field of the Irkutsk amphitheater, rather than its rise, as previously thought. The 1:1 500 000 Map of the neotectonics of the south of Eastern Siberia that was created under the leadership of A.G. Zolotarev (in 1981) displays the neotectonic features of individual regions of the south of Eastern Siberia and their structure. Corrections for the influence of the lithomorphic factor and changes in the level of the World Ocean were also taken into account as a benchmark for calculations.