N.S. Gurianova
Institute of History SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Russian Church, XVII century, religiosity, Nikon, patriarch, reform, schism, eschatology, Old Believers
The article is devoted to studying the problem of Patriarch Nikon`s appeal to the Christian eschatological doctrine in the letters to Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich and the essay «Vozrazhenie, ili Razorenie...». The text analysis allowed showing that Nikon began to interpret his status change as persecution of the Church after leaving the patriarchal throne. He presented himself as protector of the Church. Opponents of church reform chose the same line of behavior. During the exile Nikon was forced to justify his behavior and defend his views, i.e. found himself in a situation very similar to that of his opponents. In this case, Nikon clearly manifested the religiosity of the medieval type, and explaining his position, he turned to the eschatological doctrine. This doctrine provided an opportunity to interpret the current situation of persecution as a result of the Antichrist’s reign coming. The church reform opponents perceived their position in a similar way. They also appealed to the Christian eschatological doctrine. Appealing to Patriarch Nikon’s epistles written after the patriarch had left his position, as well as to the text of the essay “Vozrazhenie, ili Razorenie...” made it possible to conclude that such eschatological expectations were possible in the worldview of any person who lived in the second half of the XVII century. It could be explained both by the spiritual crisis and changes in the situation of a particular person, which is especially noticeable in Patriarch Nikon’s life. His theological, historical-canonical, philosophical views should be defined as typical of a Modern history person. Having lost the status of patriarch, Nikon, like his opponents, began to interpret the persecution in the spirit of the Christian teaching about the ultimate destinies of the world and man. Eschatological constructions in the Old Believers and Patriarch Nikon’s writings indicate that religiosity of the medieval type remained a characteristic feature in views of Russia’s population in the XVII century.
T.V. Panich
Institute of History SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Pyotr Artemyev, “Notebooks”, biographical information, Euthymius Chudovsky, “Writings out of Notebooks”
Studying the issues related to Peter Artemyev’s biography, a writer and poet, representative of the Russian literary culture of the second half of the XVII century, is important for a deeper understanding of his work. A valuable source containing information about the writer’s life and literary activity is his essay «Notebooks». It was written by Artemyev during his stay in Novospassky monastery, where he was placed after promoting the Catholic Church teachings. The «Notebooks» are known today from extracts preserved in the structure of the polemical work by Euthymius Chudovsky «Writings out of Notebooks...». The article uses the list of this work contained in a manuscript of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, P.I.V.11 (34.3.13), as research materials. The task to study «Notebooks» surviving fragments was to search for additional facts and information concerning the personality of Peter Artemyev, his views and biography, which determined the features of his work. The article presents in brief the history of «Notebooks» text, as well as an attempt to determine its genre features: the essay is a complex text in terms of its composition. Obviously, it included travel and diary notes, elements of the biographical and memoir genres. «Notebooks» reflect the theme of the author’s spiritual search and confessional choice. Having changed his religion during his studies with the Jesuits, Artemyev openly expressed his new views and beliefs in his «Notebooks», despite the threat of church court proceedings. The writer’s fragmentary confessions testify to his attitude to the Old Believers, their punishment practice, which was characterized by cruelty, and he condemned it. A new reading of the surviving quotations from «Notebooks» allowed clarifying and expanding the range of information concerning a small, but important period of his life described by Peter Artemyev (an educational trip to Europe and return to Moscow). The obtained data supplement our knowledge about the biography of Peter Artemyev, circumstances of his conversion to Catholicism, and the writer’s value attitudes.
The first complete Bible in Ancient Russia, known as the Gennady’s Bible, was compiled in Novgorod in the late XV century; its model was the Latin Vulgate, which had been repeatedly published by this time. Perhaps, the Gennady’s Bible was also prepared for printing, but this did not take place. However, it became the prototype of all Russian printed publications starting with the Ostrog Bible of 1580/1581. The researcher interest in the Russian manuscript Bible is concentrated on the list of 1499, but the work is complicated by the lack of a phototypical or diplomatic edition. Scientific and diplomatic publications of the Gennady’s Bible were a task of the Commission for the Slavic Bible Scientific Publication (1915); the organizer and executor of these projects was I.E. Evseev. Their implementation, as well as the Biblical studies development in Russia, was hindered by the revolutionary events of 1917 and ensuing anti-church state policy which lasted for 70 years. Studying the Russian Bible was possible only abroad that time; the German Slavist G. Freidhof published a phototype of the Psalter from the Gennady’s Bible in 1974, and Apostolic Epistle - in 1979, but the project was limited to two issues. Works to publish the Gennady’s Bible resumed in Russia in the 1990s. The Russian Bible Society started preparing a diplomatic edtion, which was discontinued due to lack of funds. At the same years, a phototypic reproduction of the list of 1499 was undertaken under the surveillance by Archimandrite Innokenty (Prosvirnin), four volumes were published: Fourth Gospel (vol. 7), Apostle, Epistles and Apocalypse (vol. 8), Psalter (vol. 4) and a phototype of the accompanying articles (vol. 9). In the late 2010s, the Moscow Sretensky Monastery and the State Historical Museum resumed the phototypic edition of the Gennady’s Bible; the pages of the XV-century manuscript are accompanied by a parallel Synodal translation. This edition does not interfere with scientific publications, diplomatic and critical ones, which corresponds to the failed project of the Commission for the Slavic Bible Publication.
L.I. Zhurova
Institute of History SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Artemius, Lithuania, XVI century journalism, Lutherans, epistle, treatise, manuscript, manuscript tradition
The Eldery Artemius, accused by Moscow Bishops’ Assembly in 1554 of the aptitude to Protestantism, became strictly Orthodox in Lithuania, a castigator of heretics and active antagonist of the Lutheran Church. The epistles composed in emigration present him as the Orthodoxy proponent in the west. In five epistles (out of nine) of the Lithuanian creative period, representing the author’s discourse, the publicist made denunciations of Luther’s teaching, addressing them to Prince Czartoryski, treasurer Ivan Zaretsky, heretic Simon Budny, Lutheran teachers and a certain prince. The article’s subject of analysis is the issues of the handwritten tradition of «Epistles to Lutheran Teachers», approaches to determine the relations between epistles based on functioning toposes, intertextual connections, and appeals in the polemical narrative. The epistle is an extended treatise of a publicist, in which, along with the Lutherans denunciations, the author expresses his attitude to an ecclesiastical Hesychast writer, the ideologist of non-possession, which makes this work the programmatic work of Artemius. The text’s distinctive feature is the author’s pronounced personality and the system of appeals to Luther and the Orthodox who converted to Lutheranism. The results are disсcussed relating to the book tradition of “Epistles to Lutheran Teachers” preserved in three collections of manuscripts of the XVI century. The text published in the collection “The Russian Historic Library” based on the Russian State Library’s opus № 494 of Undolsky collection does not have a beginning, and its long title is likely to be authored by P. Hiltebrandt. This opus has a title Na Lutory (i.e. “Against Lutherans”) in two other manuscripts. The copy kept in the Russian National Library O.XVII.71 should be considered the most complete and relevant text of the Epistle.
L.V. Titova
Institute of History SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Russian Church, church reform, schism, works defending Old Rite, Old Believer journalism, compilations, martyrology
The Old Believers’ writers of the first generation of the church reform opponents created significant works to defense the Russian Church traditions. They presented evidentiary extracts from authoritative manuscripts and early printed books, testifying validity of the advocated attitude to innovations. New texts of compilatory nature appeared in the late XVII - early XVIII centuries based on these authoritative writings and representing a summary of the doctrine foundations. The content analysis of several compilations made it possible to indicate the purpose of referring to the essays written by the leaders of the Old Believer first generation. The paper shows that the compilers used the original text to borrow and briefly outline main arguments in favor of the defended viewpoint on the reformers’ innovations, which violated the Russian Orthodoxy traditions. However, the focus of attention was on the fragments from the works of the leaders opposing the church reform, which characterized the time being experienced as «the Antichrist kingdom». The compilations’ key topic was the statement about the «last times» and a warning to “powerful tormentors”. The compilations’ authors were able to show the cruelty and inhumanity of the authorities, ecclesiastical and secular, the mass executions and persecutions of Old Believers for the «pious readers». Based on documentary material, the article shows the attitude and assessment of Old Believer journalism by secular and church authorities. They understood the danger and agitational significance of publicistic texts in defense of the «old faith», therefore reacted sharply to them, intensifying the persecution of the Old Believer doctrine spreading. The article concludes that the compiled texts of the late XVII and early XVIII centuries had a significant impact on forming a broad religious and social movement called the Old Believers by researchers.
The collection of the Tomsk Theological Seminary (TTS) entered the Tomsk State University Research Library (TSU RL) in the 1920s. Its collection has a “schismatic” library including books seized from Old Believers. There were a number of book collections among them. The article objective is to consider such collection which consists of 10 manuscripts. When the manuscripts were seized, they were signed by the priest Ioann Mineralov. Based on his signature and the same handwriting, the studied collection was identified as a whole. The research uses a method of viewing the manuscript catalogue and selected copies. Then the selected copies were analyzed using traditional methods of paleography and codicology. A list of manuscripts is given in an appendix. Results. All identified manuscripts are small notebooks in 8O, from 33 to 160 sheets. The text contains a lot of corrections and additions. In terms of content, the manuscripts are collections of numerous short extracts from authoritative texts and lists of bibliographic references. A number of sources are precisely indicated by the scriber: pre-Nicon editions of Moscow Printing House. The topics of the extracts are traditional for the Old Believers’ circle of interests: these are questions of baptism, living in the desert and escape from the world, etc. The scriber’s personality was identified thanks to a document sewn into a manucript: debt notes made by the manuscript scriber, Ignaty Andreev Mozzherin. The document’s text is published in the article. There are other records that made possible to establish the territory where the scribe lived: it is an area of modern Ordynskoe village (Novosibirsk Region). The author makes assumptions about the purpose of composing the manuscripts: either preparation for polemics, or compilation of another more extensive text; suggests that the scriber belonged to the group of the Old Believers-pilgrims. The collection of manuscripts under study will expand our understanding of the Old Believers’ region, their reading circle, as well as everyday habits and lifestyle.
The article examines the problem of party affiliation of I. P. Ladyzhnkov (1874-1945), the most famous figure in the book business of the Russian Diaspora. I.P. Ladyzhnikov belonged to the cohort of so-called “old Bolsheviks”, and he was for a long time the head of the Bolshevik Publishing House by I.P. Ladyzhnikov in Berlin, who successfully replenished the party treasury, and was involved in RSDLP(b) conspiratorial work abroad as well. The author proves that I.P. Ladyzhnikov, taking an active part in illegal Bolshevik activities abroad, never officially joined the ranks of RSDLP(b)-RCP(b). The paper emphasizes that while carrying out conspiratorial actions together with such key figures of early Bolshevism as L.B. Krasin, M.M. Litvinov, A.A. Bogdanov, I.P. Ladyzhnikov coordinated directly with V.I. Lenin the issue of his party status. It notes that the official non-party status of I.P. Ladyzhnikov was unknown to both ordinary party members, and such authoritative party figures as V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, A.M. Gorky, who played a key role in Ladyzhnikov’s life. His non-party position could be traced to 1917 and in the first half of the 1920s, when I.P. Ladyzhnikov took the official position of the division head of the USSR People’s Commissariat for Foreign Trade in Berlin. The article analyzes documents on an unsuccessful attempt by I.P. Ladyzhnikov to join the ranks of the Bolshevik Party in 1925. The author states possible reasons to refuse his request.
N.N. Rodigina
Institute of History SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: children’s literature of the 20th century, Siberian authors, image of Siberia, discussions about goals and themes of Soviet children’s literature
In the article the author seeks to answer the following questions: 1) who determined what children’s authors should write about Siberia in the 1950s and what children’s literature should be like; 2) if there were discrepancies on this topic in the period from the late Stalinism to the Thaw; 3) what representations of the region were favorable for children’s authors, teachers, librarians and young readers themselves in these years. This article is written as a combination of history of childhood, history of children’s literature and historical imagology. Views on the work of Siberian children’s authors, their colleagues, teachers, journalists and librarians are analyzed within the framework of institutionalized approach. Unpublished protocols of meetings of children’s authors from Siberia that took place in September of 1953 and May 1958 that are kept in the State Archive of Novosibirsk region (GANO), publications of the newspaper “Sovetskaya Sibir’” and the journal “Sibirskie Ogni” (1950-1958) about those meetings and about regional children’s literature, lists of recommended literature that were compiled by metropolitan and Siberian librarians are being used as sources for this article. The authov concludes that the Thaw tendencies in the Siberian children’s literature that barely appeared in the beginning of 1950s didn’t developed by the end of the decade. Mainly the authors themselves (both local and metropolitan), librarians and sometimes members of pedagogical community took part in the discussions on topics what children’s authors should write about Siberia in the 1950s and what children’s literature should be like on the regional level. Representations of Siberia as a place of torment of people condemned to political exile, revolutionary events of the early 20th century, territories of heroic achievements of the postwar five-year plans and impactful Komsomol constructions, the land of emerging science cities, symbolic distant countries on the literary map of Soviet readers, decorations for “bildungsroman”, adventure stories and fantastic literature prevailed in children’s literature and in discussions about it.
David R. Shearer
University of Delaware, Newark, USA
Keywords: USSR, Western Siberia, 1930s, Stalinism, de-kulakization, identity, blame, famine, hidden purge
This article examines a strange case from 1935, in the Usinsk region of Western Siberia. There, a local Communist Party Committee indicted a milk cow as a “kulak” cow, an enemy of the people, and, as a fine, assessed it several liters of milk a month. The owner of the cow, a veterinary assistant who had purchased the animal at an auction, complained to the oblast prosecutor, and the matter created serious tension. This article examines the broader implications of this seemingly absurd incident and argues that, in fact, it is the absurdity of the story that begs explanation and holds a clue to the meaning of the tale. The tale of the kulak cow reveals, in the extreme, the way in which categories of social identity and social stigmatization in Stalin’s socialism became blurred, loosed from their moorings in class and property relations. The indictment of a cow as an enemy of the people reveals more than just a pathological paranoia; it shows a regime unable to cope with the massive dislocation created by its own economic and social policies. The indictment of a cow was a sign, not of arrogance and power, but of weakness and instability, the instability of a state and a regime whose local officials felt simultaneously besieged by an unruly and often hostile population and forgotten by a demanding state.
V.B. Laperdin
Institute of History SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: peasantry, state agrarian policy, social mobility, Siberia, collective farm - state farm system
The article objective is to investigate socio-economic differentiation of collective farm society in West Siberia in the 1930s. The author concludes on the mobility in the collective farm society from the point of starting positions (individual economic and social status in the peasant society before collectivization). Despite the high social mobility, it was difficult for poorest peasants to move up the ladder of collective farm hierarchy because of negative attitude of middle-class peasants. Meanwhile, many representatives of the poor strata of peasantry managed to take a worthy place in the collective farm society. The existence of two opposite tendencies is explained by heterogeneity of the poorest peasantry, and attitude of other groups to poor peasants formed before collectivization. Peasants had a positive attitude towards the “forced” poors, who became such because of redistribution of land or other force majeure circumstances, but the “voluntary” poverty was condemned in peasant society. Those poorest peasants, who adhered to the Bolshevik ideology, had bad reputations, but were supported by the authorities. Relations in collective farms between social groups developed, among other things, on the basis of practices that existed before collectivization, «transferred» from the traditional peasant community to new conditions of the collective farm society. Those poor peasants, who had the least prestige among their fellow villagers, found themselves at the bottom of the social hierarchy. People belonging to the same status, but with a higher position, were not bullied by the middle-class peasants and were able to take full advantage of the social elevators. Groups of peasants supporting the state were in the most advantageous position. Collective farm leaders were often recruited from those groups.
Yu.E. Geints, A.A. Zemlyanov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: self-focusing, filamentation, ultra-short laser radiation, synthesized beams
Theoretical aspects of nonlinear propagation in air under filamentation of high-power ultrashort laser radiation with coronalike transverse intensity distribution are theoretically considered. A coronal intensity profile is assumed to be formed by incoherent superposition of several emitting sub-apertures arranged into a ring. Using the numerical solution to the time-averaged nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the transformations along an optical path of the intensity profile of the synthesized beams by varying the number and power of the partial emitters composing them are investigated. We show that the synthesized beams of coronal profile have a number of advantages from the point of view of control over the filamentation region. Particularly, by changing the number and geometric size of the individual subapertures it is possible to significantly delay the beginning of filamentation of the whole beam and increase the distance of its existence in comparison with beams of traditional unimodal profile (Gaussian, plateau-shaped).
J.V. Buldyreva1, L.A. Troitsyna1, A.S. Dudaryonok2, N.N. Lavrentieva2 1Institute UTINAM, Besanson, France 2V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: line profile, line-broadening, symmetric top, methyl iodide
The nitrogen-, oxygen and air-broadening coefficients of CH3I lines in the n6 band (RP-, PP-, RQ-, PQ-, RR-, and PR-sub-branches) are calculated at room temperature with the rotational quantum numbers 0 ≤ J ≤ 70, 0 ≤ K ≤ 20. Calculations are performed by two methods: the semi-classical method with exact trajectories, adapted for the case of an absorbing molecule such as a symmetric top, colliding with a diatomic homonuclear partner, and the semi-empirical method based on the impact semi-classical theory and using an empirically adjusted factor for the efficiency functions. When comparing with recently published experimental data, a good agreement was obtained for the semi-empirical approach, so that the half-widths can be calculated by this method for reliable use in atmospheric applications.
V.E. Prokopev1,2 1High Current Electronics Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia 2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, spectra of photobiological action, photoacceptor molecules, active centers, RNA, S-protein, guanine, tryptophan, hydroxyl molecule
In this work, based on experimental ground-based observations of the intensity and spectrum of solar radiation in the UVB range in the city of Tomsk (56°29' N, 84°56.89' E) from 26.03.2020 to 26.03.2021 and analysis of works on the structure and chemical molecular composition of SARS-CoV-2, primary photoacceptors and spectra of photobiological inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 molecular structures (genome and S-thorn) by UVB radiation were determined for the first time.
D.V. Kalinskaya, A.V. Medvedeva, A.A. Aleskerova
Marine Hydrophysical Institute National Academy of the RAS, Sevastopol, Russia
Keywords: atmosphere, aerosol, сyanobacteria, Caspian Sea, MODIS, AERONET, HYSPLIT, CALIPSO
The events of the dust aerosol transport to the water and coastal areas of the Caspian Sea during 2008-2010 are analyzed. This aerosol type is shown to be an additional source of biogenic elements in the surface layer of the sea. The comparative analysis of the optical characteristics of the northern, middle, and southern parts of the Caspian Sea, which significantly differ in hydrometeorological conditions and, hence, in the contribution of various factors which determine a possibility of anomalous cyanobacteria blooming, has been carried out. The effect of dust aerosol on the bloom of cyanobacteria is maximal in the southern part of the region under study. The results of the study of algae bloom anomalies in the Caspian Sea region are presented.
V.V. Rostovtseva, A.S. Izhitskiy, I.V. Goncharenko, B.V. Konovalov, P.O. Zavialov
Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Gelendjik, Russia
Keywords: optical passive remote sensing, natural components of seawater, suspended matter, phytoplankton and colored organic matter, Secchi disk depth of visibility, vertical profiles of water temperature, salinity and turbidity, water sampling
Remote passive optical measurements of the state of waters from a ship, air carrier, or satellite are the most informative due to the coverage of a large area and high frequency of measurements. At the same time, for a correct assessment of the data obtained it is usually necessary to carry out in situ measurements of the water state, which means the analysis of water samples taken at a limited number of points. Using the studies carried out in coastal regions of the Middle Caspian, the conditions for the suitability of such point measurements for calibrating the results of remote hydro-optical measurements by the EMMA complex (Ecological Monitoring of Marine Waters) from board of a moving vessel have been identified. The explanation for the identified limitations was given by analysis of the structure of coastal waters obtained by water vertical sounding at the stations and operation of a flow-through system for determination of surface water temperature and salinity. An algorithm is proposed for selecting water samples suitable for calibration of remote sensing data by correlating them with the Secchi disk depth. The efficiency of this method is demonstrated. It is shown what kind of hydrophysical conditions should be taken into account for the preliminary selection of water sampling sites for calibration of optical remote measurements.
N.Ya. Lomakina, A.V. Lavrinenko
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: global warming, average monthly air temperature, trends, the atmospheric boundary layer, Siberia
The trends in variation in the monthly mean temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are analyzed for January and July on the basis of data of radiosonde observations at 10 aerological stations in the Siberian region for the period from 1981 to 2020. Positive temperature trends are observed in the ABL at all the stations in January and July, except for the temperate zone (50-60°N) of Western Siberia, where negative trends are noted in January. The values of the trends in temperature anomalies for the periods (1981-2010) and (1981-2020) are also compared. The comparison shows that warming has increased in polar latitudes in Western Siberia over the past 40 years, both in January and July, and the cooling is weakening in the subpolar and temperate zones in January. In Eastern Siberia, on the contrary, the warming has slowed down throughout the ABL at polar latitudes and increased in temperate latitudes, especially near the earth's surface, in January as compared to the period (1981-2010); the cooling has intensified in subpolar latitudes. In July, a decrease in warming is observed throughout Eastern Siberia at all ABL altitudes, except for polar latitudes, but only near the earth's surface, where warming has increased.
S.A. Shishigin
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: atmosphere, methane, temperature, homogeneous layer, IR radiation, spectrum, method
The analysis of the atmospheric model, presented in the form of one and two homogeneous layers up to a height of 5 km, was carried out. The parameters of the layers are determined for the standard atmosphere, provided that the contribution to the outgoing radiation of the atmosphere in the spectral ranges of the methane absorption line 1235.95-1236 cm-1 and 1277.5-1277.55 cm-1 is equal to the contributions to the outgoing radiation of the Earth by all inhomogeneous layers which make them up. Possible correction of the air and underlying surface temperature in determination of methane content in the Earth's atmosphere is considered.
F.Yu. Kanev, V.P. Aksenov, N.A. Makenova, I.D. Veretekhin
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: optical vortices, singular points of the wavefront, optical communication lines, atmospheric turbulence
A technique is developed for extracting an information currying signal from a beam with optical vortices in the wavefront due to distortions. Specific feature of this communication system is that information is also transferred by an optical vortex. The analysis has been carried out with the use of numerical simulation techniques. In the model developed, all singular points were introduced into the wavefront in the plane of the source emitting aperture, after which the radiation propagates under diffraction-free conditions. This schematic of numerical experiment roughly corresponds to an optical communication line, where a beam passes through a thin medium layer near the laser source, and beam distortions are so strong in this layer that additional vortices appear in the wavefront. Two techniques for extracting an information carrying signal from the distorted beam are considered. A possibility of solving the problem stated with the use of the technique developed is shown.
V.V. Nosov1, V.P. Lukin1, P.G. Kovadlo2, E.V. Nosov1, A.V. Torgaev1 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia 2Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: intermittency of turbulence, coherent turbulence, coherent structure, coherent turbulence spectrum, coherent structure spectrum, Kolmogorov and coherent turbulence relationship
This overview is devoted to the intermittency of atmospheric turbulence of different types (of Kolmogorov and coherent) in the mountain boundary layer. A brief overview of the world scientific literature on the types of turbulence intermittency is made for a better understanding of the place of intermittency of different types among them. Due to available in literature various interpretations of the coherent turbulence concept, our earlier overviews of the world scientific literature on coherent turbulence and coherent structures are supplemented; these overviews describe the mechanisms of the origination (formation) of coherent turbulence and the key properties of coherent turbulence, as well as indicate the differences and relationships between the Kolmogorov and coherent turbulence. Discussion of the contemporary scientific understanding of turbulence structure can be attributed to the overviews results. Thus, the authors previously (2008-2019) independently showed that atmospheric turbulence can be considered as an incoherent mixture of various coherent structures. At the same time, there is a conjecture by E. Hopf (1948) about the finite dimensionality of attractors in the phase space of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. Physical interpretation of this conjecture, as pointed out by A.S. Monin and A.M. Yaglom (1991, 1992), is the representation of turbulence structure as a spatio-temporal chaos of a finite number of interacting coherent structures. From comparison of these representations, it can be seen that the authors’ results are in fact a proof of E. Hopf's conjecture in interpretation, formulated by A.S. Monin and A.M. Yaglom, and that the “chaos" of a turbulence is to a large extent determinate. The overview results of the study of the turbulence intermittency of different types are the consequent of many years experimental studies of turbulence by acoustic and optical methods performed by the authors at mountain astronomical observatories. Lifetimes of the turbulence different types: Kolmogorov and coherent, recorded in optical and meteorological measurements are given. It is shown that the effect of the intermittency of turbulence types characterizes the turbulence local structure over the observatory location region and allows to develop practical recommendations for the most favorable observation regime at astronomical observatories.
A method based on registering the distribution of spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) intensity using structured laser radiation was employed to visualize and estimate the local distribution of temperature in pre-mixed laminar and turbulent methane-air flames. A comparison with the distributions of temperature measured by the Raman scattering method without modulated laser radiation is given. In the direction across the laser sheet in the measurement plane, the spatial resolution for the data with structured radiation proved to be lower than the spatial resolution for the data obtained without using structured radiation. However, even with the indicated disadvantages, the implemented approach makes it possible to estimate the average distribution of temperature in the reacting flow using the Raman signal recorded only with S-polarized laser radiation.
On June 10, 2021, the well-known scientist in the field of viscous gas dynamics, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Vadim A. Lebiga, celebrated his 75th anniversary.
Z.G. MIRZEKHANOVA
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:142:"Institute of Water and Ecological Problems, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 680000, Khabarovsk, ul. Dikopol’tseva, 56, Russia";}
Keywords: problems with the solution, regional environmental policy, indicators
2020 is recognized as a milestone year in many national and regional development programs; it is customary to summarize the results in the context of achieving the results planned in targeted programs. Regional environmental programs are documents designed to reflect the specifics of the territory in solving the most important tasks in the field of environmental protection, the solution of which is predetermined by the regional environmental policy. It is shown that the problems of program execution are laid down at the stage of their formation. They are related in particular to the lack of coordination of environmental programs with strategic plans for regional development, the uniformity and selectivity of indicators used, etc. The need to adjust indicators in accordance with changing trends and problems of territorial development, which is especially important for the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District in connection with the activation of economic activity here, is indicated. The desire of the regions to reflect the specifics of the territory and meet the requirements outlined in the world development models explains the appearance of regional tasks in environmental programs. However, the solution of some of them is not provided with a methodological, organizational, or financial basis. Some problematic aspects of the formation of regional environmental programs are considered by using Khabarovsk krai as an example. The main reasons that cause difficulties in achieving priority goals, such as preserving landscape diversity, are highlighted. According to the main indicators, the planned results have been extended for another five years. The lack of compliance of the results with the stated goals can be explained by the lack of resulting environmental indicators in the strategic development plans for the region, the disunity of the tasks set in the regulatory legal acts of the federal subject, and by other reasons.
I.P. GLAZYRINA1,2, M.A. LATYSHEVA1,2 1Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 672014, Chita, ul. Nedorezova, 16a, Russia 2Transbaikal State University, 672039, Chita, ul. Aleksandro-Zavodskaya, 30, Russia
Keywords: high-tech production chains, stocks, demand growth, resumption of production, development of territories, localization
This article considers the prospects for restoring lithium production in Russia as one of the possible directions for the development of the mineral resource complex. It is shown that to date, a number of comparative economic advantages have been formed for this purpose. The main one is the dynamic growth of demand and prices for lithium-containing products. Arguments are given in favor of the fact that the current trends are not situational but long-term in nature, associated with the development of high-tech industries around the world. It is shown that this can be confirmed by the high growth rates of investments in renewable energy sources, which implies a significant increase in the production of lithium-ion batteries. It is noted that other high-tech sectors that require lithium-containing products are also actively developing in Russia. An overview of the lithium market from the supply side is given: the structure of its stocks, production and the main countries-producers and exporters of lithium are shown. The problems and prospects of resumption of Russian lithium production are considered. It is noted that the dynamic growth of lithium prices provides the possibility of profitable development of previously exploited deposits where production was suspended in the conditions of low prices in the 1990s. It is shown that the Zavitinsk field in Zabaikalskii krai has favorable conditions for the restoration of production which was closed in 1998. A SWOT analysis is made to confirm this conclusion. The following conclusions were drawn: resumption of lithium production in Russia will permit a step forward in the direction of reorientation from large export-oriented mining projects to the formation of high-tech production chains of a high degree of localization within the country; this would become of the most important “growth points” in the process of reindustrialization as well as creating new opportunities for development of territories and improvement of living standards in the east of Russia; domestic lithium production is of strategic importance for a broad segment of the new economy and, as such, will be sustainably supported by increasing demand in the long term.
D.E. MINGALEV
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:156:"Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, 190000, St. Petersburg, Desyataya liniya Vasil’eveskogo ostrova, 33-35, Russia, 190000, Russia";}
Keywords: climate warming, sum of active temperatures, agro-climatic zones, updating of climate maps, subtropical zone
This article considers the problem of updating the maps of the agro-climatic zones of Russia and Kazakhstan, taking into account current climate warming. Agro-climatic zoning of a territory is one of the most important parameters of agro-climatic support of the economy; however, the problem of creating modern specialized maps on this topic and updating climate standards in Russia and Kazakhstan remains. Regional studies of the last few years on climatology and adaptation of agriculture to climate warming directly or indirectly indicate the need for updating climate standards and reference material (maps, diagrams, textbooks, etc.). In the course of this study, the sum of active temperatures (ST10) was calculated for 270 meteorological stations in Russia, Kazakhstan and adjacent territories for the period 2001-2018. The results obtained recorded a noticeable shift in the boundaries of agro-climatic zones and an increase in ST10 by 200-600 °C depending on a specific territory as compared with data from the 1950s-1960s. The agro-climatic zones to the greatest extent shifted in 1600-2200 and 2200-2800 °C, but Kamchatka, the Aral Sea region and the Syr Darya basin are dominant in absolute value. The subtropical zone also expanded significantly beyond the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar krai, the southern coast of the Crimea and the extreme south of the Turkistan Region. The above information partially confirmed the forecast of Roshydromet in 2005, although in many regions of Russia the trend for ST10 to increase was slightly weaker than expected.
This article proposes the approach to assessing the nonadditive property of the aquatic ecosystem (ecological well-being) of small streams. As the criteria for assessing ecological well-being, we used the stability of a water body to external influences, the water quality, the production of a resource link, the biota diversity, the rate of self-purification of the aquatic ecosystem, the trophic status were criteria for assessing environmental well-being. Some of these characteristics are estimated in terms of multi-criteria. The following indicators were used in the assessment: the catchment area of the river, the average annual water discharge, the duration of the low-water phase, the fluctuation of the water level, the biomass of forage benthos, the stability of the channel, the specific combinatorial water pollution index, the Shannon diversity index, etc. Five classes of environmental well-being were identified on a scale from 0 to 1: low, below medium, medium, above medium and high. On the basis of field data, a model-classification of the assessment of environmental well-being was tested for six streams of Leningrad oblast and the city of St. Petersburg. A calculation of the integral index of ecological well-being showed the absence of small rivers with high ecological well-being. Most of the stations used in the study belong to the category with well-being below medium. Only a few stations located in the sections of the streams at a distance from large settlements are categorized as medium and above medium.
S.V. SHVAREV1,2, S.V. KHARCHENKO1,3, V.N. GOLOSOV1,3,4, M.I. USPENSKY3
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:453:"1Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017, Moscow, per. Staromonetnyi, 29, str. 4, Russia 2Schmidt Institute of the Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123242, Moscow, ul. Bol’shaya Gruzinskaya, 10, str. 1, Russia 3Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, Russia 4Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, ul. Kremlevskaya, 18, Russia";}
Keywords: anthropogenic transformation of the landscape, intensification of exogenous processes, changes in runoff, remote sensing data, DEM, Mzymta, Rosa Khutor
Starting in 2006, active development of the slopes of the Aibga Ridge (area of the settlement of Krasnaya Polyana) in connection with the construction of sports and tourist facilities has led to changes in land use patterns, which promoted an intensification of exogenous processes, primarily debris flows, presenting a threat to engineering facilities and human safety. On the basis of using remote sensing data: high resolution satellite images, ortho-images from aerial photographs as well as digital elevation models constructed on their basis, the main types of anthropogenic disturbances and manifestations of exogenous processes were monitored for 2006 and 2019 for the hierarchical subordination of a series of test areas: the polygon (the area S = 25 km2), the basin of the Sulimovskii brook (S = 6,9 km2) and the key area on the catchment of the Chernyi brook (the right tributary of the Sulimovskii brook) (S = 0,8 km2), the upper reaches of which approach the engineering facilities of the Rosa Khutor health resort. As a result of the comparison, the dynamics of the associated spatial development of anthropogenic forms and natural processes is estimated. It was found that in the study area during 2006-2019 the anthropogenically transformed areas increased, on the average, more than by a factor of 5 reaching 25-30 %, and 50 % for the individual basins. The areas of exogenous processes increased qualitatively (according to the types of processes) and quantitatively (more than by a factor of 7, on the average), the contribution from which for the entire polygon reached 0,8 and 4 % of their area for separate watersheds. Anthropogenic changes in land use patterns promoted an increase in the overland runoff of water by a factor of 2, which led to a dramatic enhancement in erosion, landslide and related processes of slope runoff, resulting in an increase in recurrence of landslide-caused floods.
L.S. SHARAYA1, P.S. VAN2 1Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003, Tolyatti, ul. Komzina, 10, Russia 2Centralized Directorate of State Nature Reserves and National Parks of Khabarovsk Krai "Zapovednoe Priamurie", 680038, Khabarovsk, ul. Serysheva, 60, Russia
Keywords: spatial modeling, geomorphometry, morphometric values multiple regression, catena, curvature
Landscape-ecological investigations were made at the topological level in the summer period of 2014 and 2016-2017 on the territory of the Udyl’ federal wildlife reserve, a model study area of the Lower Amur region. Twenty-six trial areas were established and described in detail. Soil temperature was measured at different depths in each trial state. To identify the regularities in soil temperature changes on the territory under study for understanding the interdependencies within the region’s geosystems, an analysis was made of the relationships between soil temperatures and environmental factors by using the method of multiple regression that was improved for ecosystem analysis. Spatial analysis of soil temperatures showed their dependence on the position in the landscape catena, the vicinity of the lake, slope exposure of the slope and on landforms. Regression models were constructed which describe soil temperature changes at different depths using topographic attributes. The models are characterized by close statistical relationships. The coefficients of determination R2 varied from 0,83 to 0,87. The characteristics of the relief of the study territory were used to construct the model of the types of position (R2 = 0,85). It was shown that surface soil layer temperatures are influenced the most by the position in the catena, and the temperatures at depths depend on the distance from the lake center. The identified relationships were used as the basis to construct detailed raster maps with cells of 50 x 50 square meters. They can be used to calculate soil and vegetation cover gridded maps. It was shown that the use of topography, which is a redistributor of light, heat, moisture, and lithodynamic flows, provides a clearly pronounced effect in soil temperature models. Identification of close relationships between abiotic features and topography enables reliable maps of biotic characteristics, in contrast to simple interpolation of measured data.
K.S. SAVENKO, Yu.V. ROBERTUS
Gorno-Altaisk State University, 649000, Gorno-Altaisk, ul. Lenina, 1, Russia
Keywords: recreational landscapes, components, methodological approaches, classes of surface waters, maximum allowable changes of parameters, nomograms
An analysis of domestic and foreign approaches to assessing the ecological state of recreational landscapes was carried out. We identified two main groups of approaches based on the regulation of recreational loads and on determining the maximum permissible changes in indicators of the state of the soil and vegetation cover. A large complex of physical properties and indicators of the chemical composition of soils on ten typical recreational sites and adjacent background sites was studied. Hardness, density, humidity, porosity, magnetic susceptibility, granulometric composition, pH water, absorption capacity, humus and carbonate content were determined for soils. A complex of biophysical and morphometric parameters of hanging birch and common pine: the temperature and humidity of the trunk and roots, the value of radial growth, and the value of the asymmetry of the leaf blade were studied. The directional character of the transformation of the properties and indicators of soils and wood species studied under increased recreational loads was established. A number of integral and parametric indicators for assessing the ecological state of soils, surface waters and the living condition of trees, including those determined using express-analyzers, have been proposed. According to the oxygen regime index, three main classes of surface water quality in recreational areas were identified: high, medium and low. The method of maximum permissible changes in the indicators of soil and vegetation cover for the assessment of the ecological state of recreational areas has been adapted to the conditions of the region. Their critical values for the third stabilized stage of soil digression and the third category of tree species life condition were determined. A series of nomograms for an approximate assessment, including in the Express version, of the stages of soil digression, the vital state of the forest stand, and the quality class of surface waters of the recreational territories of the Altai Republic was developed.
L.L. UBUGUNOV1, I.A. BELOZERTSEVA2, V.I. UBUGUNOVA1, A.A. SOROKOVOI2 1Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 670047, Ulan-Ude, ul. Sakhyanovoi, 6, Russia 2V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia
Keywords: soils, spatial organization, areal distribution, Lake Baikal drainage basin, mapping, rift zone
A diversity of soils of the Central ecological zone of the Lake Baikal drainage basin on the territory of Buryatia was revealed. It was established that soil cover consists of 38 soil types. An updated soil map of the region under study was compiled, on which 18 soil contours with the main, concomitant, and occurring types were identified. An area assessment of soil resources has been carried out. The dominant effect of the vertical zonality on the soil spatial distribution is shown, which is most clearly pronounced in high and middle mountains. It has been established that immature soils, such as lithozems and petrozems (Regosol and Leptosol) with associated soils prevail in the alpine part, as well as gleyzems (Gleysols) with peat-gleyzems (Histic Gleysols) and peat-lithozems (Histic Regosol). More than a half of the territory under study is occupied by soils of the middle mountains. The soil cover there is quite complex in composition, and podburs (Ferric Umbric Podzols), Burozems as well as Podzols, sod-podzols (Folic Podzols), sod-podburs (Ferric Folic Umbric Podzols), etc. are the most widespread. Podzols and gleic-sod-podzols (Folic Gleyic Podzols) with accompanying sod-podzols (Folic Podzols) and sod-podzolic-gley (Folic Gleyic Retisols) soils are predominant soils of low mountains. In the intermontane depressions, the dominant position belongs to Gray metamorphic soils (metamorphic Folic Umbrisols), sod-podburs (Ferric Folic Umbric Podzols) with sod-gray soils (Folic Umbrisols) as well as humus psammozems (Mollic Arenosol). In floodplains, estuaries, and river deltas, various complexes of alluvial soils: dark humus (Umbric Fluvisols), dark humus gley (Umbric Gleyic Fluvisols, layered alluvial (Fluvisols), sod-gley (Folic Gleyic Fluvisols), peat-gley (Histic Gleyic Fluvisols) etc. are formed. Peat eutrophic soils (Histosols) and peat-gleyzems (Histic Gleysols) occur on swamp massifs as well as peat-gley soils (Folic Gleysols) and peat-cryozems (Histic Cryosols). Lakeside territories are predominantly occupied by dark humus gley (Gleyic Phaeozems) and peat eutrophic soils (Histosols). It was found that saline soils are virtually absent.
Using the ICP-MS method we determined the elemental composition of near-shore waters of Lake Baikal and algae of the genus Spirogyra which have become of widespread occurrence in recent years in a shallow water zone adjacent to settlements and recreation sites, as well as of benthic algae dominating at littoral sites with a low level of anthropogenic impact. In the interstitional water of the overwash zone at the boundary the territories of settlements and recreations territories, elevated contents of Na, Mg, S, Si, P, K, Cl, Mn, Co and Ba were observed as compared to the water of background areas. The highest contents of the same elements: Na > Ca, K, S > Mg, Ba, P > Cl and Mn were also recorded in Spirogyra collected at the sites adjacent to settlements. A special feature in the elemental composition of algae of the genus Spirogyra growing in the lake’s shallow-water zone is a wide range of concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Br and Ba as well as a very high content of Ba. Spirogyra spp. considerably surpasses the Baikalian benthic algae in the contents of Li, Na, Mn, Co and Ba and differs little in the contents of Mg, P, S, Cl, K and Ca. The aforementioned changes in the elemental composition of water and a high degree of concentration of Na, Cl, Mn, Co and Ba in Spirogyra uncharacteristic for the Baikalian species of algae suggest an increased input of dissolved compounds of Na, Mg, S, Si, P, K, Cl, Mn, Co and Ba with domestic sewage into the near-shore zone of the lake.
R.S. CHALOV, A.A. KAMYSHEV, A.S. ZAVADSKY, A.A. KURAKOVA
Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1, Russia
Keywords: river bed processes, forked river bed, bends, branching, reconfigurations, bank erosion
This article presents for the first time the hydrologic-morphological and morphodynamic characteristics of the river bed of the latitudinal stretch of the middle Ob within the Khanty-Mansiisk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra (upstream of the mouth of the Irtysh river). The assessment of the river bed deformations is based on the expedition-based data obtained in 2018, the analysis of satellite images, pilot charts and plans of channel bars for different time intervals. The morphodynamic types of river bed, the conditions and patterns of their distribution and alternation along the length of the river are determined; the characteristics of the river bed morphology and dynamics of each of the occurring morphodynamic types are assessed: a relatively straight line and unbranched; gentle, steep and straightening of rivers bends; single, floodplain-river bed, and complex three-branch and conjugate branching. For the first time, we assessed the impact of the river division into two independent branches forming the bifurcated river bed-the right river bed (the main as regards the discharge), and the left river bed, represented by the Yuganskaya Ob, Bolshaya Salymskaya and Neuliov river duct system. Also for the first time, complex three-branch forks with meandering branches are identified. Differences in the formation of the bends of the river bed, the bends of the branches of the forked river bed and river bed branches are revealed. The analysis of the bends was carried out using conventional techniques as well as statistical methods which allowed us to obtain empirical curves of availability and distribution density of their main morphological parameters: the radii of curvature, and steps and degrees of development of the river bends. Forks of different types were considered and the specificity of the complexity of the forks was revealed by comparing them with forks in the upstream sections of the middle and upper Ob river bed.
V.M. NIKITIN1,2, N.V. ABASOV1, M.V. BOLGOV3, E.N. OSIPCHUK1 1Melentiev Energy Systems Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Lermontova, 130, Russia 2Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Lermontova, 134, Russia 3Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333, Moscow, ul. Gubkina, 3, Russia
Keywords: water users, regulation regimes, stability of functioning, availability of water resources, low-water period, reservoir release rules
The problems of the functioning of water management system of the Angara river basin in the case of deviations from normal water-discharge conditions are considered. Based on the analysis of actual water resource management regimes of Angara cascade reservoirs over the last 30 years, it is shown that in years of high and especially low water availability the needs of water users for water resources with regulatory reliability and the enforcement of current legislation are not met in full measure. This statement is confirmed by the analysis of the water management system of the Angara river basin in the most well-known low-water periods. It is noted that the main reason for this situation, along with climate changes in the basins of Lake Baikal and Angara river, is the current legal framework and the water management system based on it. Other reasons for reducing the overall reliability and stability of the water management system are also considered. A universal indicator of sustainability is proposed in the form of a normative range of water resources availability for each water user, taking into account the fulfillment of various conditions and restrictions. A modeling of possible and acceptable modes of regulation of the Angara cascade reservoirs for various variants based on statistical data of inflow for a 115-year observation period is performed. For each of the variants considered, estimates were obtained of the water availability as regards the fulfillment of the necessary requirements and restrictions. Due to the fact that over the last two decades there has occurred a significant change in climate and hydrological characteristics in the basins of Lake Baikal and the Angara river, a scenario of long-term reduced water discharge was additionally developed. As a result of the research, the most effective (sustainable) version of regulation has been determined in terms of increasing the availability of water resources for water users and consumers within the Angara basin and meeting the main modern requirements and restrictions. To improve the stability of the water management system of the Angara river basin, it is proposed to make changes and additions to existing legal documents.
I.N. BILICHENKO, D.V. KOBYLKIN, V.V. KUKLINA, V.N. BOGDANOV
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia
Keywords: informal roads, road landscape, transformation of geosystems, areas of new development, geomorphological processes
We examine the impact of roads on geosystems in areas of new development where the development of infrastructure in connection with extraction of hydrocarbons is proceeding most intensely. The objects for study are represented by automobile roads beyond the official network which were informally constructed, maintained or used by various organizations or private persons. We provide a schematic representation of the types of roads with different forms and regimes of management. As the model area for the study of the influence of roads on taiga geosystems, we selected the area in the north of Irkutsk oblast, in the interfluve of the Kirenga and Khanda rivers; field investigations of the transformation of geosystems were made along the informal road from the village of Vershina Khandy to the settlement of Magistral’nyi. Particular attention was paid to the possible intensification of geomorphological processes as one of the crucial factors for changes in geosystems. A comprehensive analysis of geological, geomorphological and landscape factors using remote sensing data and field studies made it possible to compile a geomorphological map with identification of dangerous exogenous processes. The main causes for landscape disturbances were identified, namely degradation and transformation of vegetation cover and changes in the temperature regime of permafrost, leading to waterlogging and subsidence of soils and, as a consequence, to the formation of multiple tracks along the roadside and an intensification of linear erosion.
E.L. MAKARENKO1, A.P. SOFRONOV1,2 1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia 2Pedagogical Institute, 664011, Irkutsk, ul. Nizhnyaya Naberezhnaya, 6, Russia
Keywords: forest cover, flooding, water-regulating function of forests, precipitation, disturbance of forests, mapping
An analysis is made of the current forest conditions and their water-regulating effect on the development of flood situations using, as an example, the Iya river basin where a catastrophic rainfall flood occurred in June and July 2019, leading to great damage and human casualties in the Tulunskii district of Irkutsk oblast. The methods of spatial-temporal analogies, mathematical-statistical analysis, aerospace monitoring and field geobotanical interpretation, and cartographic modeling are used. The main indicators reflecting the water-regulating functions of the forest (forest cover, bonitet, degree of closeness and the species and age composition of tree stands) are considered in terms of their dynamics for 2008-2018. We examine the main factors leading to an attenuation of the water-regulating functions of the forest: fires, felling and damage caused by pest insects and diseases. Results from analyzing Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images and expedition-based investigations were used to compile the map displaying the territories with primary and disturbed vegetation communities as well as other anthropogenically modified territories (agricultural land, spoil heaps and refuse dumps, settlement territories, etc.). It was determined that the most disturbed communities are located in the flat and most developed, subtaiga forest provinces and are represented by secondary small-leaved stands with a significant inclusion of large-contour agricultural land (primarily arable land). The main conclusion of the study indicates that the forests of the territory, in terms of their quality characteristics, are in satisfactory conditions and adequately fulfill their water-regulating functions. The existing degree of disturbance of the forests did not contribute to an increase in the flood, because the abnormally abundant and long-lasting precipitation and the orographic features of the catchment basin served as its determining factors. However, a part of the territory located in the subtaiga province, due to its lower forest cover and active anthropogenic activity, needs reforestation on unused agricultural land.
Yu.V. RYZHOV1,2,3, V.A. GOLUBTSOV1, M.Yu. OPEKUNOVA1
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:383:"1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia 2Irkutsk State University, Pedagogical Institute, 664003, Irkutsk, ul. Lenina, 1, Russia 3Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Lermontova, 128, Russia";}
Keywords: river terraces, exogenous processes, sedimentation, soil formation, Western Transbaikalia
The sequence of sediment accumulation of the first and second terraces above floodplain of the Tarbagataika river and changes in the stages of incision and filling, sedimentation and soil formation over the last 14 kyr BP in the river valley were revealed. The dynamics of the stages of sedimentation and of the phases of their stabilization and pedogenesis was subordinated to landscape-climatic changes in the study area. The time of geomorphological forming of terraces above floodplain is determined. For the second terrace of the Tarbagataika river, a change of the floodplain sedimentation regime for the subaerial regime occurred about 8 kyr BP. The accumulation of sediments of the cover genetic complex on the first terrace began about 3,4 kyr BP. Deposits of the second terrace above floodplain of the Tarbagataika river formed during the Late Glacial and Holocene, over the last 14 kyr BP. They are composed of alluvial sediments, accumulating 14.0-8.0 kyr BP and deposits of the cover genetic complex, the accumulation of which has continued since 8,0-0 kyr BP till the present. The first terrace of the Tarbagataika river has the Holocene age and is composed of alluvial deposits, accumulating 7.0-3.4 kyr BP and deposits of the cover complex which formed over the last 3.4 kyr BP. The phases of intensification of erosion-accumulative processes associated with the stages of increased water discharge were identified. The main stages of soil formation in the study area were determined. The data obtained are in good agreement with the previously identified stages of pedogenesis in the Selenga highlands and adjacent regions of Siberia and Mongolia.
E.Yu. ALEKSANDROV1, P.V. RYKOV1, SUOCHENG DONG2, ZEHONG LI2, YANG YANG2 1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia 2Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Datun Road, 11A, China
Keywords: investments, reindustrialization, science, economic potential, geographical expedition, international relations
Topical issues of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the field of science, municipal planning and investment policy are outlined by using, as an example, the model territory - the Angarsk city district, one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia and the Far East. An assessment is made of potential socio-economic and geopolitical effects and risks in the course of the implementation of the international infrastructure initiative of establishing the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor as well as the need to modernize the Trans-Siberian Railroad (Transsib), including in the form of a high-speed railroad. A retrospective review of the evolution of the investment climate of the Angarsk city district is provided through the prism of resource and raw materials, and energy and infrastructure projects of regional and transnational significance. Problems and difficulties of selecting new structural-investment and sectoral priorities of the regional economy in the conditions of continuation of the raw material inertial line of development are revealed. The conditions and factors of reindustrialization of the economy at the present stage, and also the directions of investment activity with the participation of foreign capital in the context of individual industries and enterprises of the city district are identified, the positive results of which can have a synergistic effect and ensure the transition from the raw-material to innovative model of economic development not only of Angarsk city district but also of Siberia in general. An assessment is made of the differences, priorities and prospects of international cooperation in terms of the “science - municipal management - business” triad. It is based on the scientific and applied research results of the Russian-Chinese interdisciplinary expeditions in the period from 2015 to 2018 during which the main directions and approaches of joint scientific and practical activities on the basis of research institutions of the geographical profile of Russia and China were developed and agreed upon. The study used methods of comparative-geographical and retrospective analysis, as well as GIS technologies and analysis of statistical patterns.
This article presents a simulation of agglomeration effects which are the factors for the development of Irkutsk and the Irkutsk urban agglomeration formed by the city. Agglomeration effects are divided into components: localization effects (MAR effects) which were estimated by using the measures of concentration of economic activity, and urbanization effects (Jacobs effects) which are assessed by using the measures of diversity (diversification). Initially, the maximum boundaries of the Irkutsk urban agglomeration were determined by using the two-hour transport accessibility isochrone; next, the agglomeration effects were simulated to identify the optimal combinations of territorial units composing it so that the highest efficiency of their interaction is achieved. A promising configuration of this urban agglomeration is determined by using the ratio of economic diversity and transport accessibility. Furthermore, the economic diversity in this ratio is the measure of the effects obtained from territorial interaction, and transport accessibility is the measure of the cost to achieve them. In addition, using the ratio of transport accessibility (remoteness from Irkutsk) and the population size, the priorities for improving transport accessibility of territorial units comprising the Irkutsk urban agglomeration within its optimal configuration were determined in order to substantiate the key directions of transport infrastructure development. It has been established that the population size of the Irkutsk urban agglomeration reaches a million as well as a high level of concentration and diversity of economic activity, which creates prerequisites for a further intensification of economic ties.
A feasibility study is made of the planned railway connection to the mainland Russian Federation and Sakhalin Island, based on a comparative analysis of currently available data and calculated characteristics obtained in the course of this study. The research was carried out in the following areas: comparative analysis of cargo transportation along the Vladivostok-Kholmsk route, calculation of payback based on the most modern reporting data, comparative analysis of historical projects, recent government documents and existing technical projects. Data of a comparative analysis of cargo transportation in terms of three parameters (distance, travel time and volume of cargo transportation) of the existing railway-ferry service and the planned railway connection along the Vladivostok-Kholmsk route, taking into account the specifics of the ferry service, were obtained and used as a basis to draw the economic-geographical conclusion. A calculation of the recoupment of the planned railway connection was done according to average statistical information. A comparative analysis was made of the historical projects beginning in 1875, and also an analysis of recent state documents (plans, strategies and programs). A comparative analysis was made of the current modern technical projects from the “bridge-tunnel” alternative, and their advantages and disadvantages; on its basis, the technical conclusion was made about the possibility and prospects of construction.
A.G. MANAKOV1,2 1Pskov State University, 180760, Pskov, ul. Sovetskaya, 21, Russia 2Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041, Kaliningrad, ul. Aleksandra Nevskogo, 14, Russia
Keywords: population, geoethnocultural systems, ethnocultural space, ethnic core, titular peoples, Russians
In accordance with the concept of geoethnocultural systems developed in Russian cultural geography in the last quarter of the 20th century, the main components of the territorial structure of the ethnic space of the Central Asian region as of 1989 (according to the latest Soviet census) and the 2010s are identified, suggesting a radical restructuring of the ethnic space of the region in the post-Soviet period. That period showed a significant strengthening of the ethnic cores of national geoethnocultural systems and a strong narrowing of the area retaining a considerable influence of the Russian geoethnocultural system. During 1989 to 2017 the population size of the region’s countries increased from 49 to 70 million, i.e. by almost 43 %, whereas the proportion of Russians in the region’s population decreased nearly twice, from 9.5 to 6.9 %. In this regard, it is proposed to strengthen the ethnocultural component in the strategy of Eurasian interstate integration, with a focus on the solution of the problems of the Russian population in the young States of Central Asia which are actively involved in integration processes. The capital cities and territorial units of the Central Asian countries were grouped together according to the degree of ethnic transformation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The capital cities of the states of the Central Asian region experienced the most radical ethnic transformation. Because of a significant migration influx, titular ethnic groups began to make up the vast majority of the population, although in Soviet times the Republican capital cities were characterized by a preponderance of the Russian population. A significant restructuring of the ethnic structure of the population occurred in most of the previously predominantly Russian-speaking regions in the north of Kazakhstan. On the other hand, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and also several regions of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, where the share of the non-indigenous population was low in Soviet times, experienced minimal ethnic transformation.
V.A. SNYTKO
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia
Keywords: geographical sciences, environmental problems, Academician V.B. Sochava, concept of the geosystem, technological progress, human ecology
The V Congress of the Geographical Society of the USSR (Leningrad, 1970) went down in the history of geographical science as one of the most productive. The scientific reports heard at the Congress summarizing the results research done in previous and outlining the prospects for the development of Russian geography are considered. Special attention was paid to geoecological topics. This article tracks the history of the inclusion of V.B. Sochava’s report “Geography and Ecology” in the program of the Congress, the discussion of the report during the Congress and subsequent publications. The report contributed to the development of V.B. Sochava’s theory of geosystems as a stage in the development of complex physical geography and became a milestone in the interaction of systems of geographical and environmental sciences.
