V.P. Tanana1,2, B.A. Markov3, A.I. Sidikova1 1South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia 2Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia 3Chelyabinsk Higher Military Aviation Red Banner School of Navigators, Chelyabinsk, Russia
Keywords: error estimation, modulus of continuity, Fourier transform, ill-posed problem
This paper studies the problem of determining the boundary condition in the heat conduction equation for composite materials. Mathematically this problem is reduced to the equation of heat conduction in spherical coordinates for an inhomogeneous ball. The temperature inside the ball is assumed to be unknown for an infinite time interval. To find it, the temperature of the heat flow in the media interface is measured at the point r = r 0. An analytical study of the direct problem is carried out, which makes it possible to give a rigorous formulation of the inverse problem and to determine the functional spaces in which it is natural to solve the inverse problem. The main difficulty to be solved, is to obtain an error estimate of the approximate solution. The projection regularization method is used to estimate the modulus of conditional correctness. This allows one to obtain the order-accurate estimates.
Sh.S. Khubezhty
North Ossetian State University after K.L. Khetagurov, Vladikavkaz, Russia
Keywords: singular integrals, equation index, quadrature formulas, computational schemes, best uniform approximation, error estimation
Computational schemes for an approximate solution of a singular integral equation of the first kind, bounded at one end and not bounded at the other end of the integration interval are constructed [- 1,1]. The solution of the equation is sought for in the form of a series in the Chebyshev polynomials of the third and the fourth kinds. The kernel and the right-hand side of the equation decompose into series with the use of the Chebyshev polynomials of the third and the fourth kinds, whose coefficients are approximately calculated by the Gaussian quadrature formulas, i.e. the highest algebraic degree of accuracy. For the coefficients of the expansion of the Chebyshev polynomials, exact values in the series are found. The coefficients of the expansion of the unknown function, i.e. solutions of the equation, are found from the solution to systems of linear algebraic equations. To justify the constructed computing schemes, the methods of functional analysis and the theory of orthogonal polynomials are used. When the existence condition for the given functions of the derivatives up to some order belonging to the Holder class is satisfied, the calculation error is estimated and the order of its turning into zero is given.
V.S. Zakharov1,2,3, O.V. Guskov1,2, A.N. Prokhorov1,2, V.N. Berezhnoy4 1Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Moscow, Russia 2Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia 3Bauman Moscow State Technical University 4Scientific Testing Center of the Space-Rocket Industry, Peresvet, Russia
Keywords: high-rise stand tests, supersonic nozzle, gas-dynamics tube, turbulence model
The influence due to the shape of the expanding part of supersonic nozzles on the gas-dynamic structures formed in the ducts of high-altitude rocket and aerodynamic test benches has been studied. The research was carried out using the means of computational gas dynamics with the example of a model gas-dynamics tube with three replaceable supersonic nozzles having identical throat and outlet-section diameters. For confirming the adequacy of the models and methods used, the calculated values were compared to experimental ones. To this end, a model setup was developed, manufactured, and tested. Air with ambient temperature was used as the working medium. Another goal of the study was to compare the calculations performed with the use of different turbulence models.
V.I. Kornilov1, E.A. Shkvar2,3 1Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China 3Institute of Hydromechanics NASU, Kiev, Ukraine
Keywords: airfoil, turbulent boundary layer, distributed mass transfer, lift force, drag force, lift-to-drag ratio
The efficiency of stationary air blowing/suction into the turbulent boundary layer of the NACA 0012 airfoil through permeable sections located at the adjacent sides of the wing in the vicinity of its trailing edge is studied numerically and experimentally. The flow rates in these sections are varied in the intervals 0 ¸ 9.33×10-4 and 0 ¸ 8.48×10-4, respectively. The studies are carried out at the Reynolds number Re c = 0.7×106 in the range of angles of attack a = - 6 ¸ 6º. The efficiency of the control method is estimated from the results of measurements using the original method proposed by Jones, based on traversing the wake behind the airfoil, and a modification of this method, as well as by using the results of numerical simulations. The necessity of the Jones formula modification is demonstrated to be particularly important in the case with individual suction and blowing because mass transfer through the surface changes the momentum transferred from the undisturbed external flow to the boundary layer.
This paper presents a numerical investigation on the concept for improving film cooling performance by placing a ramp upstream the film hole with compound angle. Eight cases with different geometry models are investigated, including the compound angles of 15°, 30°, 45° and the distances between the upstream ramps and film holes (upstream distances) of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm. The effect of compound angle and upstream distance on film cooling performance is studied. The cases of film cooling on a flat plate, film cooling with compound angle, and film cooling with an upstream ramp are also presented as a contrast. The film cooling performance is evaluated at the density ratio of 0.97 with the blowing ratios ranging from 1.0 to 2.0. Results obtained show that the film cooling performance with compound angle is greatly improved by the upstream ramp, especially in the region downstream the film hole. Both the entrainment of coolant and modified kidney vortices are observed in the case of the novel geometry. The film cooling performance is greatly improved by the dual effect of coolant entrainment and modified kidney vortices. In addition, the film cooling performance is influenced by compound angle and upstream distance. With the increase of compound angle, the lateral adiabatic cooling effectiveness rises. With the increase of the upstream distance, the lateral adiabatic cooling effectiveness goes down.
P. I. Geshev
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: falling liquid film, turbulence, intermittency, damping, gas flow friction, heat transfer and film thickness
A model for calculating the thickness and heat transfer of a turbulent film moving under the action of gravity and the shear stress of friction of a gas flow is constructed. The aim of this work is to supplement the previously proposed simple model of turbulent viscosity using a cubic law of damping in a viscous sublayer and a logarithmic asymptotic velocity far from the wall with additional linear damping near the free surface and to take into account the damping of turbulent transfer caused by intermittency of turbulence in flowing wave films of liquid.
The problem of the joint flow of a turbulent gas stream and a vertically falling wavy liquid film is considered. Tangential and normal stresses on the interfaces are calculated. The components of the Reynolds stress tensor are determined within the framework of the Boussinesq hypothesis. For the case of small Reynolds numbers of a liquid, the problem is reduced to a nonlinear integro-differential equation for the deviation of the layer thickness from the unperturbed level. A numerical study of the evolution of periodic perturbations is carried out. Several typical scenarios of their development are presented
A.A. Safronov1, A.A. Koroteev2, N.I. Filatov1, N.V. Bondareva2 1Keldysh Research Center, Moscow, Russia, Moscow, Russia 2Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russia, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: capillary breakup, dispersion of liquids, capillary waves in a jet, wave process
The work describes regularities of the formation of waves in a jet of a viscous liquid, initiated by a sudden rupture of the jet. The possibility of the existence of fast growing disturbances in a viscous jet is established. The cyclic regularity of the dependence of the distance between the formed droplets on their number is observed. It is justified that he decisive role in the formation of growing fast waves is played by effects caused by the action of the force of viscous friction.
The flow with movement of single slugs in an annular channel was studied. The shear stress on both walls of the annular channel was measured using the electrodiffusion method. The averaged wall shear stress distributions along the channel length during gas slug motion are presented for different regimes. A significant difference in the values of shear stress on the inner and outer walls of the channel is shown.
I.N. Zhizhimontov1,2, A.B. Shabarov1, S.V. Stepanov1,2 1Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia 2Tyumen Petroleum Research Center
Keywords: thermophysics, physical and mathematical model, heat and mass transfer, filtration, horizontal wells, natural coordinates, thermal recovery method, high viscosity oil, HVO
The paper presents the description and results for computational-and-parametric study for the simulation of heat and mass transfer for an water-oil mixture produced from a set of horizontal wells (at the example of high viscosity oil field). The purpose is the theoretical and numerical study of heat and mass transfer for water-oil mixtures with a focus on a set of scientific and production problems in the field of analyzing the development of hydrocarbon reserves in high-viscosity oil fields. The research objects are rocks and natural formations saturated with a multiphase fluid. For computational domain grid construction, the authors proposed and tested a new approach for constructing a dynamic grid in a natural semi-fixed coordinate system. According to this approach, the streamlines and isopotential lines are obtained from an analytical solution based on the complex variable theory. The paper offers a physical and mathematical model of unsteady heat and mass transfer for water-oil mixtures occurring in a system of parallel horizontal wells. The physical and mathematical model and the calculation method are implemented in a computer code complex. The computational and parametric study was carried out and the most general patterns of the oil recovery factor were identified depending on the reservoir geometry and the interwell distance, well operation modes, the hot agent temperature, and the reservoir properties. The study demonstrated a relation of the ultimate oil recovery with the innovative dimensionless parameter. Namely, a growth of this parameter combining the geometry parameters, porosity, permeability, and initial oil saturation of formation corresponds to a logarithmic growth in the oil recovery factor.
The instrumental accuracy of determining the model temperatures by the data of radiance temperature measurements at two and three experimental points is analyzed using model examples, when neither thermodynamic temperature nor emissivity of the sighting site is known. The instrumental accuracy of determining the desired temperature is estimated depending on the choice of a spectral window in the thermal radiation spectrum. It is shown that moving the spectral window to the long-wavelength region of the radiation spectrum can deteriorate the instrumental accuracy of measuring the desired temperature by several times.
V.E. Messerle1,2,3, S.A. Bolegenova4, A.S. Askarova1,5, S.A. Bolegenova1,5, V.Yu. Maximov1, A.O. Nugymanova1 1Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2Research Institute Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS 4Research Institute Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Almaty, Kazakhstan 5Research Institute Experimental and Theoretical Physics
Keywords: heat and mass transfer, numerical simulation, distributions for velocity, temperature, and concentration, staged combustion
The paper describes a study of the influence of Overfire Air (OFA) technology on heat and mass transfer parameters for a furnace chamber in the BKZ-75 boiler at the Shakhtinsk power plant (Kazakhstan); this plant is fueled with Karaganda high-ash coal. The computer simulation methods were applied for studying different air supply regimes through the air injectors operating in OFA design with different contributions: 0 (reference variant), 5, 10, 15, 18, and 20 %. The computer simulation of in furnace processes offers the distribution for total velocity vector, tem-pertaure field, NO2 concentration field for the entire furnace and the exit zone. The study demonstrated that the operation with air injection at 18 % of OFA is optimal for combustion of high-ash coal. This operation mode offers a higher tempertaure at the flame core and a gradual tempertaure reduction at the chamber outlet; the latter feature is significant for chemistry of combustion products. The boiler under this operation mode offers a reduction of nitrogen oxide NO2 emissions from the furnace.
For the conditions of flame combustion of the milled peat with natural gas support flaring, the spectral radiation energy flux densities and emissivity factors of furnace gases are calculated for a situation of a furnace in BKZ-210-140F steam boiler. From the analysis of emission characteristics, a strategy was determined and a pyrometer set was selected for measuring the furnace gas temperature. For these pyrometers distributed over the furnace height, the temperature of the furnace gases was registered depending on the emissivity factor assigned for the pyrometers. The calculated spectral values of emissivity factor and pyrometer experimental functions give the furnace gas temperature for different spectral ranges. The study demonstrated a maximum temperature non-equilibrium about 850 K between the gaseous phase and the condensed particles for the zone of flame root (near the burners).
H. Semai, A. Bouhdjar
Center of the Development of Renewable Energies, Alger, Algeria
Keywords: turbulent flow, natural convection, heat transfer, solar chimney power plant
The work studies the turbulent fluid flow under the effect of natural convection within a solar chimney power plant (SCPP). This study is carried out by numerical simulation using the Saturne code coupled to the Syrthes code. Geometric modifications were brought upon the chimney outlet. Divergent shape with different exit sections was set at the tower outlet. The study is undertaken for two types of solar chimney power plant. In the first configuration, only soil below the collector is considered as a storage system. In the second one, the storage system is composed of the soil and a 10 cm thick tub filled with water, covering the entire surface of the collector. The boundary conditions will be defined according to meteorological data, for a typical day available on the site of Adrar, Algeria. The results allow us to focus on the storage system influence on the SCPP performance and their operation duration after sunset and to determine the geometric modification effect on the plant energy efficiency.
V. M. Shvartsberg, V. A. Bunev
Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: dual-fuel flames, synergistic effects during combustion, superadiabatic temperatures, flame structure, carbon monoxide
Numerical simulation has shown that replacing a part of methane by carbon monoxide in a rich mixture while maintaining the equivalence ratio leads to a decrease in the superadiabatic temperature effect due to the competition of chemical reactions. This has been explained by a decrease in the H content in the combustible mixture and a decrease in the superequilibrium concentration of water in combustion products. Using the tracer numerical simulation method and a comparative analysis of the rates of consumption of CH4 and CO, it has been established that the consumption of both fuels in the CH4/CO/air flame is a competitive reaction path and CO monoxide does not act as an inert component in the low-temperature region of the front (contrary to the statements of a number of authors). Furthermore, the rate of consumption of CH4 is much higher than that of CO due to the larger number of paths of consumption of CH4 and their higher rates. The main contribution to the increase in the concentration of H atoms in the flame when replacing a methane-air mixture with a CH4/CO/air mixture is due to the same reactions that increase the heat release rate: O + CH3 = H + CH2O and CO + OH = CO2 + H. The results obtained and their comparison with literature data lead to the conclusion that the increase in the heat release rate and, hence, flame propagation rate should be greater in rich mixtures, since there the thermophysical effect is higher.
E. P. Mitsopoulos, P. Koutmos, E. Manouskou, I. Georgantas
Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Keywords: reduced combustion chemistry, n-heptane oxidation, laminar flames, chemical reaction schemes
In large-scale turbulent flame simulations, the exploitation of detailed chemistry and transport models often necessitates expensive memory and CPU requirements. To maintain the practicality and flexibility of such simulations, the combustion chemistry is commonly represented by reduced reaction mechanisms. The present paper describes the development of such a reduced short kinetic scheme for high-temperature oxidation of n -heptane suitable for application in complex turbulent flame simulations. Through a combination of the directed relation graph and quasi-steady state approximation methodologies, a skeletal 65-species kinetic model is formally reduced down to a 25-species derivative suitable for atmospheric lean to stoichiometric conditions. Further removal of appropriate reactions and species is facilitated by using the reaction path flux analysis, yielding a short chemical scheme of 25 species and 69 reactions. Particular attention is given to avoid addition of lumped reactions (for all isomer compounds) and artificial kinetic rates expressed as nonlinear algebraic combinations of excluded elementary steps. In addition, most of the original radical reaction pathways are duly preserved, and an adequate number of intermediate lighter-chain hydrocarbon species is represented in the reduced scheme to ensure a proper breakdown and oxidation of the main hydrocarbon. A series of 0D and 1D propagating and counterflowing premixed flames and axisymmetric coflowing laminar jet flames are computed throughout an iterative validation procedure. Complementary computations with the 65-species base scheme, as well as available experimental data are exploited for the assessment of the optimization effort. The comparisons demonstrate that the derived scheme ensures satisfactory agreement with these data over the investigated parameter space.
S. V. Glazov
Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
Keywords: gasification, pulverized fuel, filtration combustion, heat carrier, product composition
A stationary mathematical model is used to estimate the characteristics of gasification of pulverized fuel in a filtration combustion reactor with a heat carrier counterflow are estimated. The high efficiency of the gasification method under study is established. The movement of the heat carrier toward the flow of gaseous products makes it possible to recuperate a significant part of the thermal energy released, which has a significant effect on the temperature and composition of combustion products. It is shown that the gasification characteristics can be purposefully changed by varying three main parameters: air flow rate, steam flow rate, and heat carrier flow. As an example, the dependences of the main gasification characteristics (combustion temperature, product composition, and process efficiency) on control parameters are calculated. Calculations make it possible to estimate possible modes and select an optimal set of control parameters for gasification.
D. B. Meerov1, K. A. Monogarov1, N. V. Murav'ev1, I. V. Fomenkov2, A. L. Vasil'ev3,4, N. I. Shishov5, A. N. Pivkina1 1Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia 2Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 3Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, Russia 4Crystallography and Photonics Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 5Soyuz Federal Center for Dual Technologies, Dzerzhinskii, Russia
Keywords: boron-containing compositions, ducted rocket engines, plasticizers, thermal analysis, combustion, condensed combustion products
The effect of polymer binder on the thermal behavior, combustion, and composition of condensed gasification products of model boron-containing compositions was studied to determine the optimal fuel composition for a ducted rocket gas generator. The physicochemical transformations of boron particles during the passage of a combustion wave in a solid propellant composition and the interaction with the decomposition products of the oxidizer and binder were investigated. The binder components were oligodienurethane and polyetherurethane rubbers, plasticized with various substances: dimethyl ester of phthalic acid, transformer oil, and dioctyl sebacate. Samples of a consistently complicated composition were studied while maintaining the ratio between the rubber and plasticizer. After thermal analysis of plasticizers and rubbers, plasticized binders and compositions of these binders with boron were investigated and then the combustion parameters of model compositions obtained by adding a third component, ammonium perchlorate, were determined. It was found that the thermal destruction of the more heat-resistant binder and the melt formation of boron oxide largely overlapped and proceeded simultaneously. Features of the combustion of compositions with various binders were identified by high-speed video recording. The composition and microstructure of condensed gasification products, both taken from the gas phase directly from the burning surface and those remaining after combustion in the form of a porous skeleton, were studied in detail by electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. Based on a comparative analysis of experimental data, it is concluded that it is preferable to use plasticizers and rubbers with reduced thermal stability in inert binders for compositions with amorphous boron designed for ducted rocket gas generators. The possibility of the formation of boron suboxide (B6O) crystals during combustion of boron-containing compositions was shown for the first time.
I. S. Gordopolova, V. A. Shcherbakov
Merzhanov Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Problems of Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
Keywords: electric thermal explosion, simulation, temperature and concentration fields, thermoelectric characteristics, electric thermal explosion, simulation, temperature and concentration fields, thermoelectric characteristics
This paper describes the mathematical simulation of an electric thermal explosion (ETE) in a gasless system placed in an annular layer of a conductive product. The influence of changes in the thermoelectric characteristics of a sample for the implementation of an ETE, thermal conditions, and ETE heat patterns is considered. Based on the results obtained, the previously established experimental result on the anomalous effect of the power of electric heating on the ETE parameters of a mixture of titanium and carbon black powders is explained.
Yu. M. Mikhailov1, V. V. Aleshin1, V. I. Vershinnikov2, T. I. Ignat'eva2, D. Yu. Kovalev2 1Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia 2Merzhanov Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Problems of Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
Keywords: copper oxide, aluminum, titanium, mixture, combustion modes
The influence of the ratio of the initial components on the combustion parameters and modes of mixtures of aluminum with copper oxide has been studied. It has been shown that under normal conditions, such mixtures can burn steadily when they contain not less than 30 % copper oxide. Moreover, as the content of copper oxide increases to the stoichiometric ratio, the combustion mode changes in the following sequence: self-oscillatory combustion, spin combustion, a combination of convective and multi-hotspot combustion, flame, and fireball. In addition, the effect of the ratio of the components on the combustion of ternary mixtures of copper oxide-aluminum-titanium was studied, and the concentration regions were determined for four main modes of their combustion: self-oscillatory, hotspot, flame, and fireball. It has been shown that the hotspot combustion mode of such mixtures can exist in five different forms: spin, multi-hotspot, a combination of convective and multi-hotspot modes, a multi-hotspot mode with the formation of an opposed front, and a multi-hotspot mode with a periodic separation of combustion products. Depending on the ratio of the initial components, the condensed combustion products of mixtures of copper oxide with aluminum and titanium were found to contain copper, intermetallic compounds Al3Ti, Ti3Al, and CuAl5Ti2, and oxides Al2O3, TiO2, TiO, Cu2O, Al2TiO5, and Cu3Ti3O.
E. R. Pruuel, A. A. Vasil'ev
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: carbon condensation in products, heterogeneous reaction products, equation of state of heterogeneous products, computer programs
A model of thermodynamics of a reacting mixture of rarefied gases and a suspension of condensed species is developed by using statistical physics methods. An NVT ensemble is considered for determining the detailed equilibrium chemical composition, and the minimum of the free energy of the mixture of possible species is found numerically. Tabular data for the species are used for determining the enthalpy and free energy of chemical compounds. An algorithm that allows the Chapman-Jouguet detonation parameters to be determined for a wide range of combustible mixtures is developed. The model is tested through comparisons of the predicted and experimental detonation velocities. Good agreement for mixtures with oxygen excess is demonstrated. For compositions with the formation of a significant amount of condensed carabon, the predicted and experimental detonation velocities agree reasonably well.
I. S. Batraev, E. S. Prokhorov, V. Yu. Ul'yanitskii
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: gas detonation, detonation products in an expanding channel, acceleration of dispersed particles, recording of self-luminescence, photosensor
This paper describes an experimental study and a quasi-one-dimensional calculation of acceleration of dispersed particles by gas detonation products in an expanding channel. The calculations show the possibility of a significant increase in the velocity of powder particles due to the conical expansion of a detonation channel. For particles with sizes of 30 ÷ 40 mm at cone angles of 2 ÷ 4 ºC, the maximum velocity increase reaches 35 ÷ 60 %. A method is developed for fixing the luminescence of a packet of dispersed particles accelerated in a detonation channel by a photosensor, which makes it possible to measure the particle velocity with an accuracy of ±5 %. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
L. Pang1,2, Z. W. Zhang1, Y. Zhao1, S. Q. Huang1, Q. R. Hu1, J. J. Zhao3, K. Yang1,2, S. H. Sun1,2 1School of Safety Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China 2Beijing Academy of Safety Engineering and Technology, Beijing, China 3Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing, China
Keywords: dust explosion, explosion venting, opening pressure, flame velocity, flame morphology
Explosion venting experiments of corn starch are carried out in a small-scale container. With the help of a high-speed camera and a pressure sensor, an interesting multiple venting behavior and its physical mechanism are comprehensively analyzed. The results suggest that the failure of the venting structure could cause three times intermittent explosion venting at most, which is negatively correlated with the opening pressure. Only the first venting significantly changes the internal explosion pressure. The flame behavior changes substantially from one venting to the other, even under the same operating conditions. The first venting flame occurs in an underexpanded jet form (with point sparks at the front), the second one is bright and spherical (without sparks), and the third one is dim and exhibits a striped pattern. In addition, the earlier the venting, the larger the average velocity of the external flame. With the opening pressure increasing, a decrease in the maximum propagation distance and time of the first venting flame is observed; simultaneously, the average flame velocity and the maximum instantaneous flame velocity increase. There is no such a phenomenon in secondary venting, although the flame brightness gradually decreases. Overall, the results may provide a theoretical basis for the safety design of explosion venting and further exploration of the explosion mechanism.
L.-Y. Dong1, Zh.-J. Wang1, Y.-C. Xiao1,2, X.-Zh. Tang1, X.-J. Zhang1, Ch.-Y. Fan2 1North University of China College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Taiyuan, China 2Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, Xi'an, China
Keywords: fuze explosive trains, sympathetic detonation, detonation wave, ignition and growth model, prefabricated fragment
Insensitive munition assessments are required to carry out sympathetic detonation experiments, in which detonation of an explosive charge triggers detonation of another, and a chain reaction subsequency starts. In this paper, a numerical simulation method is developed to predict the sympathetic detonation behavior of fuze explosive trains, which includes the ignition and growth model, the Jones-Wilkins-Lee equations of state, and the constitutive relationship. The sympathetic detonation behaviors of a fuze is studied for a single donor and a single acceptor. The causes of sympathetic detonation of the fuze explosive trains are analyzed for different fragment and shock wave loading conditions. A sympathetic detonation criterion in different modes of loading is established, which provides a theoretical model for predicting the relationship between the detonation sequence and the placement distance of the fuze. The conclusions obtained in this paper can provide a reference for studying sympathetic detonation of fuze conditions.
S. V. Fedorov1, S. V. Ladov1, O. V. Svirsky2, M. A. Vlasova2 1Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia 2RFNC, All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics, Sarov, Russia
Keywords: explosion, shaped charge, shaped charge, hemispherical liner, semi-ellipsoid liner, degressive thickness, penetration, mass-velocity distribution, numerical simulation
This paper presents a comparative computational analysis of the penetration of shaped charges with copper liners in the form of a cone of progressive thickness with a cone angle of 60º, an equal-thickness hemisphere, a hemisphere and semi-ellipsoid of degressive (decreasing from top to bottom) thickness. The polar semiaxis of the semi-ellipsoid liner slightly exceeded the equatorial semiaxis. The parameters of the generated shaped jets were determined by numerical simulation within the framework of a two-dimensional axisymmetric problem of continuum mechanics, and the depth of their penetration into a steel target was determined using an engineering technique that takes into account the influence of the manufacturing accuracy of charges. The parameters of the liners of degressive thickness were selected so that the speed of the head of the jets formed from them was close to the speed provided by conical liners. In this case, the penetration of the shaped charge with a hemispherical liner of degressive thickness was significantly lower than that of the charge with a conical liner, and the latter, in turn, was slightly inferior in the maximum depth of penetration to the charge with a semi-ellipsoidal liner. The physical reasons for the results are discussed.
M. V. Kurlenya
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: subsoil, depth, mining, mineral mining systems, process flow robotization, mining machines, mineral processing and conversion
The author proposes an R&D program for deep-level mineral mining in Siberia and Russian Far East. The article exposes the formulation and solution of the problems connected with the analysis of physical state of the subsoil, and describes the concept of engineering and modernization of mining machines, as well as development of resource-saving technologies for mining coal, metallic and barren minerals, including justification of process flow diagrams and robotization of operations involved in mineral mining, processing and conversion, and subsoil management.
A. R. AKHMEDOVA1, O. V. SEREBRENNIKOVA2, O. V. SHIGANOVA1 1Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: Siberian platform, Eastern Siberia, crude oil, hydrocarbons, steranes, hopanes, aromatic hydrocarbons
Pages: 381-390
The oils of the Central part of the Siberian platform are very diverse in their physicochemical properties. The studied oils were divided into four groups relying on the data on the group composition of hydrocarbons and the content of resin-asphaltene substances. Physicochemical properties of oils were determined in each group. The features of the individual composition of saturated hydrocarbons ( n -alkanes, isoprenoids, 12- and 13-monomethylalkanes, cyclopentanes, cyclohexanes, terpanes, and steranes) and aromatic hydrocarbons (alkylbenzenes, naphthalenes, fluorenes, biphenyls, phenanthrenes) were determined by means of gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The regularities of changes in the composition and physicochemical properties during the transition from group I oils characterized by rather low content of resinous and asphaltene components to the high-resinous oils of the IV group were determined. These changes are mainly related to the differences in the conditions under which the oil source rocks were accumulated and to the extent of their thermal maturity.
G. E. HAJIYEVA
Institute of Petrochemical Processes named after Academician Yu. G. Mamedaliyev Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
Keywords: norbornene-containing derivatives, biological activity, Mannich bases, drugs
Pages: 391-410
A review of scientific publications and the results of experiments in the area of synthesis and investigation of the biological activity of functionally substituted norbornene derivatives is presented. The high antibacterial, antifungal and antiseptic activity of different derivatives of bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptene was demonstrated, which is explained by the presence of a pharmacophore conformational rigid framework of the norbornene fragment, as well as its saturated analogue. The synthesis of norbornene-containing Mannich bases was carried out through a one-pot three-component aminomethylation participated by norbornenylmethanol, formaldehyde and secondary amines. It is stressed that norbornenylmethanol, synthesized previously on the basis of a diene synthesis reaction between cyclopentadiene and allyl alcohol, was first used as an alcohol component in the Mannich reaction. The synthesized norbornene-containing Mannich bases were tested for antimicrobial and antifungal activity against various microorganisms. It was established that the synthesized compounds exhibit high antimicrobial activity against gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ), gram-negative ( Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria, and antifungal activity against the fungi of Candida genus. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of these compounds against some of the above-listed microorganisms were determined. Comparative characteristics of the antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the synthesized norbornene-containing Mannich bases with respect to well-known reference drugs widely used in medical practice (carbolic acid, rivanol, furacilin, chloramine) were determined. It was shown that the synthesized compounds possess higher biological activity than the reference preparations.
K. F. HASANOVA
Institute of Petrochemical Processes named after Academician Yu. G. Mamedaliyev Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
Keywords: ethers of the norbornene series, lubricating oils, antimicrobial preparations
Pages: 411-422
The results of the studies into the synthesis of ether derivatives of nornornene series, their properties and application areas are analyzed. The main directions of the use of ether derivatives of norbornene, as well as the ways and prospects of their further application, are shown. A broad application of norbornene ethers as additives to synthetic oil and fuel compositions, plasticizers, modifying agents and hardeners, as components in the perfumery industry, antimicrobial and antifungal preparations, catalysts and cocatalysts are highlighted. It is demonstrated that adding these esters to diesel fuel leads to a significant improvement in its thermal oxidation stability, a decrease in its pour point and an increase in the flash point. The ethers of norbornene series are considered as new functionally substituted monomers for the synthesis of modified norbornene-containing polymers and co-polymers. It has been established that fluorine-substituted norbornene-containing ethers are applied as a matrix material for photoresists used in microlithography.
M. A. ELEUOV1,2, A. B. TOLYNBEKOV1,3, A. ZH. ABDIKERIM3, T. V. CHERNOGLAZOVA1, G. T. SMAGULOVA1,3, Z. A. MANSUROV1,3 1Institute of Combustion Problems, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan 3Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Keywords: iron oxide, anodic dissolution of iron, pigment, brick, steel scrap
Pages: 423-429
This work deals with the problem of utilization of iron-containing waste and its processing into a pigment with improved colouring properties. Steel scrap has been used as an alternative raw material for the electrochemical synthesis of pigments based on iron oxide for use in the production of construction materials. Investigation of the samples by means of X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy showed that the conditions of electrochemical synthesis have no effect on the phase composition and morphology of the samples. It was established that iron oxide powders after thermal treatment at 750 oC are composed of hematite α-Fe2O3, are characterized by pure and bright colour, and by the absence of impurities. To determine the colouring properties of the pigment, the resulting iron oxide was mixed with clay rock in various proportions and heated to high temperatures.
F. S. KERIMOVA
Institute of Petrochemical Processes named after Academician Y. G. Mamedaliyev Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
Keywords: dicarboxylic acids, esters, linear and cyclic derivatives of dicarboxylic acids, lubricating oils
Pages: 430-442
A brief review of the results of studies in the area of obtaining linear and polycyclic derivatives of dicarboxylic acids is presented. Attention to the indicated compounds is due to the broad and diverse areas of their application in technology, in agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries, as biologically active agents, fragrances, additives to lubricating oils, plasticizers, stabilizing and modifying agents for polymer materials, etc. Biologically active compounds - the derivatives of bisamides of dicarboxylic acids possessing antibacterial, antiviral, anticonvulsant, antitumour, analgesic, fungicide properties are used for prophylactics and treatment of cardiovascular, viral and oncological diseases. The high thermal and thermal-oxidative stability of the adamantine derivatives based on dicarboxylic acids is also of great interest. These compounds, due to their properties caused by the presence of the framework fragment, are used for the synthesis of high-molecular compounds, in the production of fuel and lubricants or as additives to them. The rational use of more available, cheap raw material and the possibilities to use it for obtaining the derivatives of dicarboxylic acids in higher yields define the relevance of the studies aimed at the search for new promising methods to synthesize these compounds.
A. R. NIYAZMETOV1, V. I. VINOGRADOVA1, B. TASHKHODJAEV1, K. K. TURGUNOV1,2, S. A. SASMAKOV1, S. F. ARIPOVA1, V. P. BRUSKOV1 1S. Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Keywords: amides, 6'-aminodubamine (2-(4',5'-methylenedioxy-2'-aminophenyl)-quinoline), quinoline, aliphatic acids
Pages: 443-448
The reaction of 6'-aminodubamine (2-(4',5'-methylendioxy-2';-aminophenyl)-quinoline) with various aliphatic acids was studied. Amides were obtained in the yields of 23.0-64.9 %. The structure of amides was established on the basis of the analysis of spectral data and X-ray diffraction analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained amides was studied.
D. A. NOVIKOV1,2, T. V. KORNEEVA1, YU. G. KOPYLOVA3, A. V. CHERNYKH1, F. F. DULTSEV1, A. A. KHVASHCHEVSKAYA3 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: natural waters, uranium, thorium, migration forms, the Crimean Peninsula
Pages: 449-459
The early data on the distribution and the forms of uranium and thorium migration in different geochemical types of natural waters of the Baydar Valley (the Crimean Peninsula) are obtained. Fresh and ultrafresh waters, mainly with hydrocarbonate calcium composition with total dissolved solids from 208 to 1269 mg/dm3, widely occur in the region. Fracture-karst waters, which are best protected from the continental salination, relate to weakly alkaline (pH 7.7), fresh with total dissolved solids 444 mg/dm3, and not very high Si concentrations (2.23 mg/dm3), hydrocarbonate calcium by composition. The waters of the zone of regional fracturing and fissure-vein waters are prone to the influence of continental salination processes and anthropogenic load. They are characterized by pH from neutral to alkaline (7.1-8.6); they are mainly fresh (269-1269 mg/dm3), with average Si content of 4.61-4.70 mg/dm3, their composition is hydrocarbonate calcium with increased concentrations of SO42-, Mg2+ and Na+. The surface waters are prone to continental salination; they are weakly alkaline (рН 8.3), moderately fresh (207-364 mg/dm3), with the average Si concentration of 1.18 mg/dm3, hydrocarbonate calcium composition and increased concentrations of Cl-, Mg2+ and Na+. The determined concentrations of uranium (238U) vary within the range from 2.64 • 10-5 to 2.25 • 10-3 mg/dm3, thorium (232Th) - from 2.04 • 10-7 to 2.50 • 10-5 mg/dm3. The nature of radioactivity of the studied objects is due to 238U, because the waters are characterized by the oxidative parameters of the geochemical environment with pH 7.1-8.9, Eh 67.2-209.3 mV and the concentration of dissolved oxygen 3.19-12.25 mg/dm3. The ratio 232Th/238U is (1.09 • 10-3)-0.71. Waters enriched with 238U to the highest extent are the waters of regional fracturing zone, mainly related to sodium aluminosilicates, subjected to continental salination under the conditions of anthropogenic impact, and waters enriched with 232Th are those of the regional fracturing zone, mainly related to sodium silicates (long-term interaction in the water - rock system) subjected to continental salination. 238U migrates in the form of anion complexes UO2(CO3)34- and UO2(CO3)22-, to a lower extent (<1 % of the total content) in the form of Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) and CaUO2(CO3)32-. Results of calculations over 232Th revealed its presence only in the form of complex Th(OH)3CO3-.
N. V. PETROVA, A. L. BUDANTSEV, I. V. TELITSYNA, V. V. SHVANOVA 1Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
npetrova@binran.ru 2Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Pyatigorsk, Russia
telitsyna_i@yandex.ru
Keywords: Polygala sibirica L., xanthone, triterpenoid saponins, chemical constituents, biological activities
Pages: 460-471
This review combines and clarifies data from studies which have examined the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of Polygala sibirica L. Detailed information on molecular diversity is presented, including selected structural formulas. These include: xanthones, triterpene saponins, new flavonol glycoside compounds, acetophenones, phenolcarboxylic acid derivatives, and other secondary metabolite groups. Data from studies examining the antioxidant, antibacterial, and other types of biological activity of extracts, their fractions, or individual components are also presented. The overall data confirm the possibility of using P. sibirica as an additional source of medicinal raw materials.
KH. A. RASULOVA, Z. CH. ABRAEVA, K. K. TURGUNOV, B. TASHKHODJAEV
S. Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Keywords: Dictamnus angustifolius plant, Rutaceae family, quinoline alkaloids, angucine, NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis
Pages: 472-475
The component composition of the chloroform fraction of the ethanol extract of Dictamnus angustifolius plant of the Rutaceae family , collected in the Tashkent Region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, is investigated. Alkaloids skimmianine, γ-fagarine, haplamine, and the new base angucine were isolated using column chromatography as a separation method. The obtained compounds were identified by means of 1Н, 13С NMR, IR Fourier spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.
L. L. SEDELNIKOVA, T. A. KUKUSHKINA
Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Hemerocallis, Regal Air sort, leaf, rhizome, sugar, starch, catechins, flavonols, pectins, protopectins, saponins, ascorbic acid, the Novosibirsk Region
Pages: 476-481
The content of reserve and biologically active substances in the leaves and rhizomes of the Regal Air variety of Hemerocallis hybrida species cultivated in the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, was determined. Comparative data on the specific features of the accumulation of reserve substances (sugar, starch), phenolic compounds (catechins, flavonols), pectin substances (pectins, protopectins), saponins, and ascorbic acid in the vegetative organs of this variety during the years 2013-2015 are presented. An increase in the content of ascorbic acid in the leaves by the fruiting period by a factor of 1.2-2.5 was determined, depending on the growing season. The highest content of ascorbic acid in the leaves was determined in 2014, varying from 81.30 • 10-3 to 202.91 • 10-3 %. A stable concentration of flavonols in the leaves (0.75 - 0.83 %) was detected during the growing season of 2015. The highest amount of saponins in the rhizomes was detected during the spring growing season and fruiting, which was 2 times more than in the leaves. The high content of catechins (0.89-1.00 %) was detected in the leaves of the Regal Air variety during the early summer growing period. The amount of starch in the rhizomes in different phenophases and years of development varied from 24.12 to 43.54 %. It was determined that the content of ascorbic acid, sugars, flavonols is higher in the leaves than in the rhizomes, while the rhizomes contain higher amounts of starch, pectins, protopectins, saponins. The content of reserve and biologically active substances in the leaves and rhizomes of H. hybrida , Regal Air variety, adapted to the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Novosibirsk Region, depends on the features of development and the year of vegetation of the plants.
V. N. SILNIKOV1, L. S. KOROLEVA1, E. O. KRIVKINA2, L. S. BARBARASH2 1Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: polymeric materials, surface modification, antibacterial peptides, quaternary ammonium salts, amphiphiles
Pages: 482-494
A brief review of low molecular weight compounds used to impart antibacterial properties to polymeric materials is presented. The main methods of introducing these compounds into the structure of polymers are considered. The prospects for the use of various antibacterial agents are analyzed from the point of view of creating materials capable of acting on antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms.
E. A. FURSENKO1,2, A. I. BURUKHINA1,2 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: geochemistry, crude oil, condensate, hydrocarbons, Yamal Peninsula, West Siberia
Pages: 495-510
For geochemical typification of oils and condensates from the fields of the Tambey group (the Yamal Peninsula) and determination of their assumed sources, the data on the organic geochemistry of the major oil-gas-source rock masses were generalized and compared with the results of geochemical interpretation of the analytical data on the composition of the studied naphtides. In accordance with the genetic hydrocarbon indicators (concentration ratios based on the composition of n -alkanes, acyclic isoprenanes, steranes, terpanes) and with the isotopic composition of carbon, three genetic types of naphthides are distinguished in the considered collection. The mixed genotype predominates, one sample corresponds to the aquagene genotype, and several samples correspond mainly to the terragenic genotype. Maturity indices with respect to the composition of steranes, terpanes and arenes provide evidence of the formation of the analyzed samples under the conditions of the main oil generation zone. Relying on gas-liquid chromatographic data (the naphthenic hump, the absence of n -alkanes or their lower content compared to acyclic isoprenanes), condensates from the Albian-Cenomanian and, partially, from the Aptian deposits underwent microbial oxidation of the moderate and initial stages, respectively. The features of the physicochemical properties indicate the condensation type of most of the studied samples. This is consistent with the localization of the deposits in the zone of predominant gas-condensate accumulation.
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Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: iron, mechanochemical synthesis, lithium aluminates, lithium carbonate, atomic absorption spectrometry
Pages: 511-516
Procedures for the control of iron content at all stages of the mechanochemical synthesis of lithium aluminates were developed. The procedures were proposed to determine iron content using two independent methods: molecular and atomic spectroscopy. Atomic absorption spectrometry should be used for iron content lower than 10-3 mass %, as well as for aluminium-containing samples. It was found that lithium content in the sample up to 1 g/L does not affect the analytical signal of iron in the sample with iron concentration 2-5 µg/mL of iron when analyzing lithium carbonate by means of atomic absorption.
