Home – Home – Jornals – Journal of Mining Sciences 2021 number 2

An approach to the mathematical description of signals and jamming as multidimensional spatiotemporal signals is considered. The algorithm for signal processing in the presence of internal noise and active noise jamming is proposed and described. The algorithm is applicable for the cases of receiving a signal with completely known parameters and a signal with a random initial phase. The variant of a linear digital antenna array is investigated.

For the classification of fragments of a hyperspectral image, a preliminary transformation of its spectral features to the principal components and subsequent recognition using a convolutional neural network trained on a sample composed of fragments of this image are demonstrated to be very effective. High percentages of the correct classification are obtained with a large-format hyperspectral image, despite the fact that some of the classes into which the hyperspectral image is divided are very close to each other and, accordingly, are difficult to distinguish by hyperspectra. The dependences of the correct classification on the size of the fragments, from which the training and validation samples are composed, and on the parameters of the convolutional neural network are investigated.

A new approach to calculating the characteristics of the gradient of a grayscale image as an array of features of the object of interest is considered. It is proposed to design a model of a reconfigurable computing environment that can simultaneously process each pixel of the source image in a parallel mode and form an array with gradient characteristics. Owing to the architectural principles of model construction, the gradient calculation is performed in one clock cycle of the elementary calculator of the reconfigurable computing environment.

A method for visualizing multi-volume data and functionally defined surfaces using graphics processing units is proposed. The method provides visualization of a large number of volumes, a set of translucent and functionally defined objects, and complex translucent volumes, including volume intersections in constructive solid modeling. Rendering different volumes at the same time is a more complex problem than rendering a single volume because intersecting and mixing operations are required. Functionally defined surfaces are well suited for embedding external objects into volumes.

A new method is proposed for testing a hypothesis on independence of two-dimensional random variables. The method under consideration is based on the use of a nonparametric pattern recognition algorithm that meets the maximum likelihood criterion. In contrast to the traditional problem statement, there is no training sample a priori. The initial information is represented by statistical data, which are the values of two-dimensional random variables. The distribution laws of random variables in classes are estimated according to the initial statistical data for the conditions of their dependence and independence. In choosing the bandwidths for nonparametric probability density estimation, the maximum of the likelihood functions is used as a criterion. Under these conditions, the estimates of the probability of an error in pattern recognition in classes are calculated. Based on the minimum value of the estimate of the pattern recognition error probability, a decision is made whether the random variables are dependent or independent. The effectiveness of the developed technique is confirmed by the results of computational experiments with testing the hypothesis on independence or linear dependence of two-dimensional random variables.

Statistical characteristics of a narrow-band signal in the presence of modulating noise are considered, including the case of determination of the univariate density of the signal distribution. The relationship between the characteristic function of the instantaneous signal values and the probability distribution density (PDD) envelope with a uniform phase distribution law is determined. Expressions describing the PDD of the instantaneous values of the signal and additive noise under the action of modulating noise are obtained. Cases without and with a functional relationship between the amplitude and phase fluctuations are analyzed. With the phase distribution law other than uniform on the interval [0, 2π], the signal is demonstrated to be a non-stationary random function tending to stationary as the depth of phase distortions increases. With a uniform phase distribution, the signal is a stationary random function. In the case of functionally connected amplitude-phase distortions, the PDD signal is described through the statistical characteristics of its envelope.

The redundancy of universal encoding of Markov sources defined by transition probability matrices with a fixed number of different strings by non-uniform symbols is found. As a corollary, redundancy estimates are obtained for Markov sources with memory s and Markov sources of Miley defined by a graph. The rate of redundancy decreasing is determined depending on the graph characteristics, the encoded block length, and the channel bandwidth.

For analytical work with the electronic structure of atomic systems and for the purposes of training specialists in the field of spectroscopy, scientific visualization of levels and transitions in an atomic system is important, which usually implemented in the form of Grotrian diagrams. Currently, such diagrams can be generated programmatically from spectroscopic databases. Unlike printed graphic images, the graphics processed and presented in a machine way may have interactivity and dynamics properties, which significantly affects the efficiency of specialist's work with it. It may be assumed that the possibilities of machine visualization can give rise to new types of graphical representations of the electronic structure, which were not used previously because of their laboriousness or other reasons. In this paper, a new type of diagrams of the electronic structure of atomic systems, called quantograms by the authors, is proposed. It is focused on computer generation combined with an interactive dynamic presentation of the results. The idea of the new diagrammatic technique, its main features, the experience of software implementation, and working with quantograms automatically generated from a spectral database are described.

The challenges of the x-ray inspection of steel objects with a thickness of 100 mm and more are discussed. In the classical readout method, semiconductor photosensors are located directly on scintillators. As a result, the background interaction of gamma radiation with the photosensor material is responsible for image noise and causes negative effects in the readout electronics. The method proposed to design registration system with using the wavelength shifters is free from disadvantages of the classical method. This method allows one to achieve smaller noise of the image as compared to the classical method, avoid the gamma radiation impact on electronics, and enhance the inspection efficiency. Various ways of implementation of the proposed method are experimentally studied, and optimal methods are chosen. Based on the investigations performed, a design of the registration element is proposed, and results of measuring its parameters are reported.

Partial discharges (PDs) appear in defects in the basic insulation of high-voltage electrical equipment (HVE) elements, which are inaccessible for direct measurements, but are the main diagnostic sign. The aim of this study is to build a correct diagnostic model of a defect in HVE insulation as a source of PD series and to study the problem of differential diagnosis of individual defects based on the interpretation of the integral picture of PD as a set of time instants of individual elementary PDs available for measurement. The idea of a mathematical problem of covering a set is used for diagnostics. A model example is considered.

The vibroactivity of micro-cryogenic machines is an important factor determining the resource characteristics of photodetector arrays (PDAs) operating in the IR range. The article describes the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the vibration activity of PDAs with different service lives produced by different manufacturers. The vibroactivity is measured by a strain sensor rigidly connected with the PDA base. The influence of centrifugal and compression forces on the PDA vibroactivity and the possibility of their mutual compensation are analyzed.

In the present paper, we propose a statistical algorithm of radio pulse energy estimation in measuring the superconducting qubit-resonator system. The algorithm uses complete sufficient statistics, and it does not require a priori information about the level of additive white Gaussian noise and the radio pulse amplitude, initial phase, and time position. The obtained estimates are efficient and consistent. The algorithm performance is evaluated by computer simulation methods.

A quasi-distributed resistive sensor with a tree structure is proposed. The sensor makes it possible to measure the distribution of physical quantities when switching measuring circuits only to external terminals. It is shown that the use of a tree structure provides high accuracy with low computational costs.

A new version of the reflective interferometer for S-polarized light consists of a thin metal film placed in front of a multilayer dielectric interferometer. The appearance of narrow extrema (maxima or minima) in the spectral or angular dependence of the reflection coefficient depends on the location of the metal film in the node or the antinode of the standing wave reflected from the interferometer.

The mathematical model of vertical penetration of a steel pipe in soil with a shock pulse generator is described. The influence of the external problem parameters on the attenuation of the shock pulse propagating along the pipe is described, and the process generalities are found. The attenuation law of the mass velocity amplitude in the shock pulse along the pipe during vertical penetration in soil is revealed.

The authors study the ground surface displacement in the area of Zhezkazgan copper ore field now subjected to extraction of ore reserves from rib pillars. The high-precision leveling procedure using digital leveling instrumentation and invar leveling staffs is proposed for the application in arrangement of a geodynamic test site at the settlements of Zhezkazgan and Lermontovo. The steel control survey points are firmly connected with rock mass by means of grouting. The observation results made it possible to detect and evaluate the ground surface displacements.

The author proposes a problem formulation for the capillary rise process when one of the capillary ends is connected to the atmosphere and the other end is put in a liquid-filled tank with walls subjected to vibrations. The calculations show that pressure surges essentially reduce the time of capillary imbibition. Given no vibration in the liquid flow from the tank to the capillary, the water rise height found from the numerical solution of the formulated problem coincides with the calculation from the Lukas-Washburn equation and agrees with the test data. The generalization algorithm for the problem to be applicable to capillary imbibition in porous media saturated with immiscible liquids is presented.

In this research, firstly, the literature review of the most kinds of toppling failure is presented, and then using the fictitious horizontal acceleration technique, an analytical approach is suggested for the stability analysis of block toppling failure. This method is compared with the Goodman-Bray method through a typical example. The results of the methods have an acceptable agreement.

The blasting experience in Zapolyarny Mine is described, and the actual oversized/undersized fragmentation of blasting from haulage drift is presented. The drilling-and-blasting pattern parameters provide insufficient fragmentation quality, which elevates the blasting cost and reduces its efficiency. It is shown that the actual oversized/undersized fragmentation agrees with the Kuz-Ram fragmentation model. This allows adjusting the calculation parameters of uniformity index for the prediction and optimization of grain-size composition in broken muck. Possible causes of oversized/undersized fragmentation are discussed.

The field investigation were planned and implemented in some of the coal mines at Central India. Based on the field investigations, the detailed parametric analysis was done with respect to sinkhole depth against each critical parameter. A sinkhole model has been developed by using statistical approach to understand the collective influence of all critical parameters and also to calculate sinkhole depth under different conditions.

The paper presents a case of a sinkhole located in a hard coal mine within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland and attempts to explain the causes of its formation. The calculations and analysis of geological and mining conditions carried out within the area of the sinkhole allowed to formulate conclusions that can support the decision-making process related to construction investments and environmental protection in the area of the decommissioned mine.

The theory of the lag modeling approach to optimizing design capacity of an open pit gold mine by the criterion of maximized integrated economic performance over the mine life is given. The geology of Brekchia gold field in the Altai Krai is described, and the open pit mine design is shown. The optimization results on the open pit mine design capacity by the integral criterion of maximum economic indices using the lag modeling approach are given. The influence of the market prices of gold on the optimized design capacity of the open pit mine is analyzed.

The authors address the problem connected with gradual rise of sludge level in Aikhal open pit mine. It is found that sludge level has been rising gradually in the course of underground mining under the safety crown meant to prevent inrush of watered mud from the open pit bottom to the underground excavations. The promising approaches to steadying of watered sludge to ensure safe and convenient underground mining are developed.

The study analyzes the influence exerted by the body, guide and their materials on the pull strength of electromagnets in electromagnetic hammers. The pull strengths of electromagnets without positive and negative poles are evaluated.

In order to ensure the safety of the autopilot system, this article analyzes the causes of motion blur from the perspective of camera imaging principles and uses the relationship between the coordinate systems to determine the position of a certain point in the three-dimensional space in the pixel coordinate system. Finally, the degree of motion blur is determined by calculating the displacement of the pixel points per unit time and assigning weights to them using a Gaussian function. The results show that the degree of motion blur increases from the center of the image to the sides, and it is positively correlated with the motion speed in general. This is used to determine the critical speed of safe driving, providing a way to improve the safety of the open-pit mining autopilot system further.

The study focuses on stability of particle-bubble attachment versus the size of particles attached to bubbles, design of a flotation cell and the input energy. The main force to tear away a particle from a bubble is assumed to be the inertia force conditioned by undulation of the gas-liquid interface. It is examined how the bubble surface oscillations influence detachment of particles. The oscillation amplitude is a function of the energy dissipation rate. The energy dissipation rate is determined using the methods of computational hydrodynamics in Ansys Fluent. The calculated sizes of particles produced in frother flotation with regard to coalescence in the froth bed agree with the existing and new experimental data.

The aim of the research is to verify the association with sudden cardiac death (SCD) of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs10867772 and rs4700290, identified as new molecular genetic markers of SCD in the own genome-wide pooled allelotyping. Material and methods. Case-control study. The SCD group is formed using the criteria of the European Society of Cardiology from the DNA bank of suddenly deceased residents of the Oktyabrsky district of Novosibirsk (n = 437, average age - 53.1 ± 9.0 years, men - 73.5%, women - 26.5%) The control group (n = 405, average age 53.2 ± 9.2 years, men - 70.0%, women - 30.0%) is formed from the DNA bank of participants of MONICA and HAPIEE projects. DNA was isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction from myocardial tissue in the SCD group and venous blood in the control group. Genotyping was performed by the PCR-RFLP method. Results. No statistical significance was found in allele and genotype frequencies of rs10867772 and rs4700290 between groups, even in separating in sex and age (p> 0.05). Conclusion. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs10867772 and rs4700290 are not associated with SCD.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Despite the wide choice of antihypertensive drugs, according to epidemiological studies, just over 20% of patients demonstrate effective control of hypertension. Failure to achieve the target values of blood pressure (BP) determines a high probability of developing cardiovascular events, which is also true for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). However, there is evidence that individuals who have undergone PCI show a higher percentage of achieving the target blood pressure levels. Aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of blood pressure indicators in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus, depending on the fact of performing PCI. Material and methods. The study was conducted at federal state budgetary scientific institution research institute of complex issues of cardiovascular diseases as a prospective, open, not comparative. The study included 75 patients with stable CAD and type 2 diabetes who regularly received therapy for at least 1 month prior to the start of participation in this study. The majority of patients 45 (60%) are represented by males. The median age was 52.64±6.96 years. 44 patients (58.81%) had a history of myocardial infarction, and 46 patients (61.33%) had previously undergone myocardial revascularization, history of stroke had 5 patients (6.66%). All patients according to the daily blood pressure monitoring at the 1st visit had average daily blood pressure values above 130/80 mmHg. Participants were divided into 2 groups: 43 patients had indications for routine PCI at the time of inclusion in the study, 32 patients had no indications for revascularization. The groups did not have significant differences in clinical and anamnestic characteristics, and regular significant differences were noted in relation to previously undergone revascularization (46.51 and 81.25%, respectively, p=0.0022) and the SYNTAX Score (14.39±9.20 and 6.13±8.28, respectively, p=0.0001). During 4 visits (1 visit, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months), ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed using the BiPiLAB system. Results. Initially according ABPM parameters group without the alleged PCI had greater variability in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the daytime, higher values of mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at night, more time index of hypertension DBP at night. After 1 month of follow - up (for the group with PCI 1 month after the procedure), there were significant differences in the average daily SBP and DBP, the index of the time of hypertension DBP in the daytime, and the average daily SBP. Patients who underwent revascularization had lower ABPM values. The previously described differences in the night time DBP and the index of hypertension time at night were preserved. After 3 months of follow-up, significant differences were observed only in the indicators of night time SAD and DBP. At the end of the study (6 months of follow-up), the groups had differences only in the indicators of mean diastolic pressure at night. Conclusion. Patients who underwent PCI for 1 month after the procedure have a significant tendency to normalize (compared to the group without revascularization) blood pressure indicators. However, over time, the effect «escapes». Most likely, the short-term improvement in blood pressure is due to a temporary improvement in treatment adherence after an invasive procedure

Aim of the study was to evaluate the serum concentrations of three marker lysosomal hydrolases (cathepsin D, acid phosphatase (AP) and acid DNase (aDNAase)) in women with coronary heart disease (CHD) depending on the level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), age and find if those parameters associated with anthropometric parameters, glycemia, insulinemia and HOMA-IR index, biomarkers of atherosclerosis. The study included 285 women aged 35-65 years (median age was 54.4 years (25% and 75% percentiles - 43.2 and 61.3 years, respectively) who had had myocardial infarction no earlier than 30 days before the examination. Patients were divided into the following age groups: 35-55 and 56-65 years (first and second age groups, respectively), and into groups according to the levels of sex hormones: FSH ≥ and <30 mIU/mL and testosterone ≥ and <3 nmol/L. Results of comparative and correlation analyzes demonstrates that in women 35-65 years old with FSH ≥30 mIU/mL, the levels of cathepsin D are higher (p <0.05) than in patients with FSH <30 mIU/mL, and in women 35-55 years old, the content of AP was also higher (p=0.025). Associations of a high level of androgen with lysosomal hyperenzymemia were demonstrated only in the second age group, where at a level of T ≥3 nmol/L, higher values of all three lysosomal enzymes were recorded. Multivariate analysis in both age groups is confirmed direct impact of peri- and postmenopausal periods on the levels of lysosomal enzymemia and, accordingly, a negative effect on the state of lysosomal membranes. Thus, FSH levels directly determined the concentrations of AP and cardiotropic cathepsin D. The levels of aDNAase in women with CHD of 56-65 years of age were positively correlated with indicators that determine insulin-glucose homeostasis: glycemia (p <0.001), HOMA-IR index (p <0.001). Such associations of three marker lysosomal enzymes demonstrate the primary contribution of FSH ≥30 mIU/mL to an increase in the concentration of lysosomal hydrolases in women with CHD35-65 years old and the correlation of aDNAase with the processes triggered by insulin resistance.

Factor V, encoded by the F5 gene, is a procoagulant blood clotting factor that increases the production of thrombin, the central enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which leads to the formation of a blood clot. The F5 gene is localized to 1q24.2 chromosome and consists of 25 exons. There are various mutations in the F5 gene that lead to resistance of activated protein C (APC) (elimination of the APС cleavage site in factor V and factor Va), which can lead to arterial and venous thrombosis. The aim of the present study was to analyze variants of the F5 gene in patients diagnosed with coronary atherosclerosis without acute coronary syndrome with stable functional class II-IV angina pectoris, confirmed by coronary angiography data, using the method of whole exome sequencing. Material and methods. The study was conducted in the framework of the Program of joint research work IIPM - branch of the ICG SB RAS and the FSBI «Research Institute of Circulation Pathology named after E. N. Meshalkin» Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. The study included 30 men aged 40-70 years with coronary angiography-verified coronary atherosclerosis, without ACS, with stable angina pectoris of the II-IV FC. Patients were admitted for coronary bypass surgery, and endarteriaectomy from the coronary artery (s) was performed during the operation according to intraoperative indications. Whole exome sequencing (SureSelectXT Human All Exon v.6+UTR) was carried out on an Illumina NextSeq 500 instrument (USA). Results. In 30 patients, 29 single-nucleotide variants were found in the F5 gene. In patients with coronary atherosclerosis, rs9332701 of the F5 gene is 3.33 times more common, and rs6027 is 1.67 times more common than in the population. And rs184663825 was found in 3.33% of cases, while its occurrence in the population is 0.05%. For variants rs6034 and rs144979314, a possible damaging effect on the protein product is shown. Conclusion. The single-nucleotide variants rs9332701, rs6027, rs184663825, rs6034, rs144979314 of the F5 gene are of interest for inclusion in the genetic panels for the analysis of risk factors for the development of acute coronary syndrome.

The paper presents the lipid and endocrine status of athletes - members of the two Arctic long ski crossings. The aim of the study was to study the main indicators of lipid metabolism, cortisol and insulin content in athletes during long skiing in the Arctic. Material and methods. A survey of sportsmen-participants of two polar long ski crossings. Results. A significant decrease in the concentration of the total fraction of low and very low density lipoproteins in the blood serum was revealed in male athletes - participants of two long Arctic ski crossings. At the same time, a shift in the lipoprotein spectrum of blood towards an increase in the content of high density lipoproteins due to the second type of subfraction was revealed. The dynamics of the concentration of free fatty acids in the blood of participants in ski crossings in the Arctic was of a multidirectional nature, expressed in an increase in the level of free fatty acids compared to the initial level in the training trip and in a decrease in the level of free fatty acids at all stages of the trip to the North Pole of relative inaccessibility. During the training hike an increase in the level of cortisol in the blood was revealed, as well as an increase in the insulin content after the end of the hike. During the transition to the North Pole of relative inaccessibility a significant decrease in blood cortisol concentration compared with the preparatory period was revealed, as well as the absence of significant changes in insulin content at all stages of the transition.

Introduction. The article discusses the problem of using cognitive visceral cardiobiofeedback as a preventive and non-drug method for correcting disturbed regulation mechanisms associated with an increase in blood pressure in adolescents with essential hypertension (EH) against the background of standard antihypertensive therapy with enalapril. Aim of the study was to investigate the indices of the cardiointervalogram (CIG) during a biofeedback session and to evaluate the effectiveness of cardiobiofeedback in healthy adolescents and adolescents with EH living in Novosibirsk. Material and methods. Each participant underwent a 5-minute CIG recording using the hardware and software complex VedaPulse under physiological rest and during biofeedback session. In the course of biofeedback, the subject was asked to lengthen the expiration phase of the respiratory cycle with parallel relaxation of muscle tone and visual feedback on the dynamics of a multimedia plot reflecting changes in the duration of the cardiac cycle. Results and discussion. We found that the effectiveness of cardiorespiratory synchronization (CRS) is characterized by an increase in SDNN indicators by 8.3% and the total power of spectral influences (TP) by 23.6% due to a significant increase in the parasympathetic spectral index of HF by 29.4%. An increase in the power index of the spectrum of low-frequency oscillations (LF) by 51.3% can be considered as an element of CRS within 0,1 Hz. In healthy adolescents, the reactivity of the suprasegmental levels of regulation (IC) is preserved and their growth is noted by 7.6%. In adolescents with EH, an increase in the duration of the cardiac cycle by 5.2% and TP by 31.2% was recorded in the course of cardiobiofeedback, which is associated with an increase in the power of the spectrum of high-frequency oscillations (HF) by 2.4%. This phenomenon should be considered as a positive pathophysiological response of the autonomic link of the nervous system, which is recorded by a decrease in blood pressure. Conclusion. We assume that the test with cognitive visceral cardiobiofeedback can serve as an effective marker for the analysis of the rigidity of autonomic mechanisms of regulation in adolescents with essential hypertension. Conscious regulation of the heart rate through the mechanism of controlled respiration (biofeedback) can be an effective non-drug method for correcting autonomic regulation disorders in adolescents with arterial hypertension, which is manifested by a significant decrease in blood pressure.

Aim of the study was to investigate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in individuals with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes (MHO and MUO) and evaluate the contribution of metabolic syndrome (MS) components to the 12-year risk of developing T2DM according to a prospective study. Material and methods. The study included 1958 people with a BMI ≥30 kg/m² and no T2DM, from among those examined at the baseline screening in 2003- 2005 of the HAPPIE project. New cases of T2DM were diagnosed between 2003 and 2018 according to the register of diabetes mellitus and repeated screenings. The median follow-up period was 12.1 years. Were used to define MHO: criteria of the NCEPATP III, 2001 and IDF, 2005. Results . The incidence of T2DM in the MHO group according to all studied criteria is on 1,5 times lower than in persons with MUO, p <0,001. According to the results of Cox regression multivariate analysis, the risk of developing T2DM in individuals with MHO is 2.3 times lower according to the IDF criteria, 2005 and 2,2 times lower according to the NCEP ATP III, 2001 criteria, compared with persons with MUO. The risk of developing T2DM increases in direct proportion to the number of MS components: 3 components - OR = 3,1 (95% CI: 1.0; 9.9), p = 0.048, 4 components - OR = 4.4 (95% CI: 1.4; 14.0), p = 0.011. However, the presence of obesity in a person with one risk factor does not lead to the development of T2DM within 12 years, p > 0.05. When analyzing obese individuals who had abdominal obesity (AO), the risk of developing T2DM is 2 times higher compared to individuals with normal waist circumference (WC), and people without AO demonstrate no risk of developing T2DM, with an increase in the number of MS components, p > 0.05. Conclusions . The incidence of first-onset T2DM during 12 years in the MHO group by any used criteria is on 1.5 times lower than in the MUO group. In individuals with obesity, regardless of its phenotype, the most significant independent predictors of the risk of incident T2DM are AO and fasting hyperglycaemia. In individuals without AO, the risk of developing T2DM does not increase, even with an increase in the number of MS components. In the presence of AO, the risk of developing T2DM increases 2 times already with the appearance of any other component.

This article analyzes the problem of postinfarction myocardial remodeling in the current availability of high-tech methods of coronary revascularization in most countries. The authors discuss both well- studied factors that determine the transformation of acute myocardial injury into chronic heart failure syndrome and new fundamental ones that determine prognosis and treatment. Used information on the topic from publications over the past five years, based on the PubMed, Google Scholar and Russian Science Citation Index databases.

Approaches to stable coronary artery disease (CАD) treatment have been subject to debate for a long time. One of the first and fundamental studies in stable coronary artery disease patients treatment is the COURAGE study, which showed the advantage of rational drug therapy in comparison with percutaneous intervention in such patients. However, CAD high prevalence with medical and social significance cause the need for future development of relationship between conservative and invasive approaches in the problem of this disease treatment. It was particularly the focus of recently completed multicentre ISCHEMIA trail. The aim of review is to analyze the available data on the management of stable coronary artery disease patients based on the ISCHEMIA study data. Results. In the largest multicenter randomized clinical trial ISCHEMIA, the primary outcome (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with effective resuscitation, hospitalization due to heart failure) rate was 13.3% in the routine invasive strategy group and 15.5% in the conservative strategy group (p = 0.34). The main secondary outcome rate also does not differ between groups significantly. Quality of life in the non-invasive group was higher only in those patients who had angina at baseline. Study subanalysis demonstrated that left coronary artery borderline stenosis accompanied by a poor prognosis, and an invasive strategy improves angina symptoms. Also, low density lipoprotein cholesterol target values achievement predictors were determined. In addition, women, participated in ISCHEMIA study had more frequent angina episodes, regardless less extensive coronary artery damage, and less severe ischemia manifestations than men. Among stable CAD accompanied moderate to severe ischemia and severe chronic kidney disease patients, no evidence initial invasive strategy, compared initial conservative strategy, in relation of death or non-fatal myocardial infarction risk reduction was found. Conclusion: ISCHEMIA trial data demonstrated necessity more carefully stable coronary artery disease patients selection for invasive treatment, taking into account angina pectoris severity and modern antianginal therapy possibilities.

This article deals with the hygroscopic properties of the coniferous bark species in Siberia. Isotherms of moisture sorption in the bark of the Siberian larch Larix sibirica Ledeb., the Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L. and the Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., when the relative vapor pressure changes from 0.1 to 0.8 at a temperature of (20.0 ± 1.5) °C practically coincided. Therefore, to analyze the sorption properties of the system bark-water vapor within the framework of the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Guggenheim-Andersen-de Boer (GAB), Frenkel-Holsey-Hill (FHH), Zimm-Lundberg (ZL), Flory-Huggins (FH), and the theory of volume filling of micropores (MVF) used for «generalized isotherm» that approximates experimental data. The isotherms of moisture sorption by bark were used to quantify the most important hygroscopic characteristics. We used BET and GAB to calculate monolayer capacity ( u _m), specific inner surface area ( S _sp) and ZL equation to find water vapor content and relative pressure when water clusters start to form in the bark samples; FHH, FH model and MVF theory to obtain fractal dimension of «sorption surface», sorbent-sorbate interaction parameter and characteristic sorption energy (Е_с), respectively. Based on the precision methods of thermal analysis - thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a fractional picture of thermal desorption of bound water and energy spent on its removal when heating samples at a constant rate. The values of u _m, S _sp indicate differences between these values obtained as a result BET models and the average value of the characteristic sorption energy E _с (MVF) indicates the absence or very small internal mechanical stresses in the cortex. From the analysis of the rate of nonisothermal drying according to the fourth derivative of the DTG circuit with respect to temperature, differences in the temperature ranges and thethermal desorption intensity of bound moisture by samples of bark of the Siberian larch, Scotch pine, and the Siberian fir were established; the heat of thermal desorption of bound water was 38.1, 38.0 and 45.6 kJ/mol Н₂О accordingly.

In the context of intensive replacement of natural forests by plantations, it is important to know how this replacement will affect the productivity of forests and their ability to mitigate the effects of climate change. The aim of our study was to establish: (1) how the ratio of biomass and volume of tree stems of two-needled pines (subgenus Pinus L.) of natural and artificial origin changes in temperature and precipitation gradients in Eurasia and (2) what contribution to the explanation of the variability of stem biomass is made by the tree’s forest inventory indices (stem age, diameter and volume), the origin of a stand (natural or artificial) and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation). To achieve this goal, a database of harvest data on the biomass of pine stems in the amount of 975 and 508 in natural and planted stands respectively, was formed. A positive relationship between the stem biomass and the average January temperature in conditions of sufficient moisture and its absence in dry conditions was established. The positive relation of stem biomass to precipitation in cold regions disappears as the transition to warm ones takes place. The stem biomass at the age of maturity in plantations is 15 % higher than in natural stands, and in young stands, on the contrary, it is less by 4 %. The contribution of inventory indices, the origin of stands and climatic factors to the explanation of stem biomass variability was 72, 10 and 18 %, respectively. The results obtained, tested on other tree species, can be useful in selecting tree species that are most tolerant to climate change.

Investigation was carried out in virgin spruce forests in the upper reaches of the Pechora river in middle taiga condition. It was show that spruce forests of different types are characterized by common features of the structure of stands and undergrowth. There was a large variability of trees in volume of stem and undergrowth height. Investigated stands formed a cyclical-multi-age type of age structure. The calculated data obtained using spatial statistics and analyses of point processes were presented. It was found that in spruce forests is expressed regardless of forest types, the group distribution of young individuals of woody plants, which passes into random distribution at more late stages of generation. The spatial relationships between woody plants tested using the cross-correlation function g_ij ( r ) show that the undergrowth is attracted to each other at distances of up to 1 meter. There were no spatial interrelation between the undergrowth and the trees. Trees demonstrated independent from each other placement in the area. The density of trees in the area and their phytosocial status are determining the intensity of competitive relations between woody plants in the indigenous spruce communities of the upper reaches of the Pechora River.

To date, various aspects of the formation of spruce forests as a result of felling of small-leaved stands with the preservation of the preliminary generation of spruce Picea A. Dietr. have been studied. One that is poorly studied is the question of the development and growth of spruce in connection with the parcel structure of the stands after such felling. The aim of this work is to study formation and growth of spruce forests in parcel structures with the same spruce density after felling a birch forest, but at different stages of age development. The studies were carried out in the sub-zone of the southern taiga (Rybinsk District of the Yaroslavl Oblast) at the Northern Experimental Station of the Institute of Forest Science, Russian Academy of Sciences. The study object is forest stand formed after cutting a 55-year-old birch forest. The felling was carried out using the technology of narrow strips with preservation of the preliminary generation of spruce. The analysis is based on the data of 20 years of observations on permanent sample plots in two groups of parcels: spruce in the young stand stage, spruce in the pole stand stage. The density of spruce in the groups of parcels after birch Betula L. felling is, respectively, 4.53 and 4.58 thousand trees per ha, and the average age is 25 and 33 years, respectively. The response of spruce to birch felling has been observed already in the first ten years. In the considered groups of parcels, the condition of the spruce improves and the growth of trees increases. In the poles, the growth increases more intensively than in the young. The timber stock of the upper layer (trees above 4 m per year of felling) in the first layer increases by almost 30, in the second - by 100 m³. In the pole stand, productivity of the stand increases from class V to class IV bonitet. In the second decade, the state of the population in young trees deteriorates as a result of increased intraspecific competition (the proportion of normal trees decreases from 55 to 40 %). In the pole, the opposite process was observed - the proportion of normal trees increased from 60 to 80 %. During this period, the growth of the wood stock in young stands was more intensive than in the pole ones. However, the wood stock in spruce forest, formed from the perch, reached almost 300 m³ per ha 20 years after felling. In spruce forest, formed from the young stand, wood stock was almost 3 times less. The bonitet of the perch has reached III, the young - IV class. When felling birch forests with preservation of the undergrowth and thin spruce for the fastest recovery of spruce stands, birch forests should be considered the most promising, under the canopy of which the preliminary generation is represented by a spruce pole stand 40 years old. Such stands should be assigned to the felling first.

The created forest plantations of 9424 hectares in the area of nutrition of mineral springs and around the resort towns of the Caucasian Mineral Waters excluded the pollution of ground and surface waters with fertilizers, created conditions for the growth of edible fungi, transferred the surface runoff to the soil, and prevented soil deflation. Soil solution from soils around Mashuk mountain, reaching hot mineral water, increases the formation of hydrogen sulfide by 6 times. The stands created conditions for the accumulation of iron, its migration to Lake Tambukan, which is necessary for the formation of healing mud. To normalize the natural conditions for the formation of healing waters, it is necessary to restore and preserve the native types of vegetation. It is revealed that native and preserved forests grew and grow on the slopes of the hydrographic system. The destroyed forests led to the formation of dangerous geological processes on the slopes and reduced the permeability of soils in the feeding area of the Tithonian stage. Protected are the indigenous subalpine meadows that covered and cover the watershed plateau-like surfaces in the upper reaches of the Berezovaya, Alikonovka and Dzhinalskiy ridge rivers. The Pasture Ridge is a barrier for broad-leaved species, and the upper (southern) climatic boundary of the oak Quercus L. does not exceed 940 m. To the south of the ridge, pine-small-leaved forests naturally grow. To normalize the nutritional conditions of the Tithonian stage it is necessary to restore planted and destroyed stands on the southern slope of the Kabardinsky ridge. Here, the flow (draining the underground waters of the Tithonian and Valanginian) should be directed outside the local underground drainage basin along one of the terraces created earlier for water infiltration by the rocks of the Tithonian. The absence of forest on three diapir mountains is explained by weakly expressed magmatogenic folds and the other forms of relief, as well as by the phytocenotic isolation of meadow and steppe vegetation.