Home – Home – Jornals – Humanitarian sciences in Siberia 2020 number

The article objective is to reveal the features of functioning agriculture in Siberia during the Great Patriotic War to give more objective assessment of the Soviet agrarian system’s effectiveness. The study task is to reconstruct dynamics of changes in main branches of agricultural production and different categories of farms. Authors analyze trends in agricultural production development in Siberia at different stages of the War, changes in its material, technical and personnel bases, evolution of the state tax policy, dynamics of the basic branches of agriculture (plant growing and animal husbandry), functioning of collective farms, state farms and private household plots of population, contribution of Siberian agriculture to the victory, the War’s impact on agriculture. For the first time in historiography, authors provide data on the size of the sown area of main agricultural crops, and the gross grain yield in farms of all categories in Siberia for each year of the War. Data on the total number of livestock in regional collective and state farms and various categories of personal subsidiary farms are introduced into scientific use. The study established that 1943 was the most difficult year for Siberian agriculture. Reducing the labor and technical resources reached a critical level. Due to the inadequate mechanization of work, simplified methods of land cultivation were used everywhere. Drought, poor quality of seeds, poor maintenance of crops led to the yield’s sharp drop. The situation aggravated in the livestock breeding in collective and state farms due to livestock’s surrender to the state in exchange for seeds and at the expense of grain procurement, lack of forage due to crops’ poor harvest. In 1944 and 1945 situation in the Siberian agriculture remained difficult despite some signs of stabilization. The War brought agrarian sector of the regional economy into a deep crisis manifested in a significant decline of quantitative and qualitative indicators.

NKVD abbreviation is associated in Russia’s citizen consciousness, as a rule, with repression and GULAG. However, this department had various competences and duties at different times. For example, NKVD carried out an enormous volume of construction works to erect defensive lines both east and west of Moscow at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. This report introduces into scientific discourse the information about forming a special group in late summer 1941 by NKVD with the responsibility to realize sabotage operations against fascists in the capital in case the Red Army left Moscow. In May 1942 about a half of participants of this group was sent to the Far East, where they were engaged during 8 months in creating partisan units and bases in a case of war against Japan. The report provides evidences that the group successfully fulfilled the tasks assigned to it.

The article is devoted to evacuated scientists who worked in the USSR Academy of Sciences, universities, institutes and technical schools. Based on archival and other materials, the paper shows the research activities of employees of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and higher educational institutions during the Second World War. It describes the scientific and social activities of some outstanding scientists who were evacuated to Alma-Ata and Borovoe resort in the context of their fundamental research. The study methodological basis includes scientific principles of historism and consistency based on reliable sources. The activity of evacuated scientists is studied in the historical context of the war period. The consistency principle is aimed to consider the investigated object related to the Soviet society of the 1940s, including the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Kazakh SSR, party and Soviet bodies, educational and scientific institutions. Scientific results are predetermined by the need to rethink the Soviet experience of evacuating scientific and educational resources from the USSR European part to Kazakhstan taking into account new documents. This should be a step to study facts and events of the history of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

The article examines features of representing the Soviet war-time village in art cinematography. The Soviet village image under war conditions was determined by the propaganda tasks related to mobilizing collective farmers for labor exploits or fighting the enemy, on the one hand, and, by the myth-making purpose, on the other hand. The latter had the great symbolic load as the countryside and village community were associated with the concepts of “victim”, “people” and “homeland”. Based on the analysis of the war-time filmography, the author identified four main variants of the Soviet village figurative presentation: 1) a symbol of the Motherland; 2) a space for the people’s struggle against the enemy; 3) a sacrifice symbol; 4) a “fortress of defense”. The constructed images were determined by the tasks of propaganda and performed mobilization functions. They all were further developed in the cinema of the second half of the XX century, but had a different fate. In particular, the village image as the Mother land symbol was used in cinematography until the 1980s, gradually losing its semantic content under the completion of urbanization. The theme of the countryside as a “fortress of defense” was relevant for historical science, but not for cinematography. The most popular, both politically and cinematically, turned out to be the images of the occupied village as a victim and as a space of the people’s war, which became necessary elements of the heroic military myth. It has been supported by the politics of memory, and in the modern Russian society it gets a new life in remythologizing military history wave. The heroic myth of the war created by propaganda in the second half of the XX century experienced certain transformations related to the war phenomenon’s reflection in public consciousness during “ottepel’” and “perestroika” periods. However, rational rethinking affected to a greater extent science and art, but not political institutions, that is, remained unfinished. As a result, the war propaganda myth was transformed into the propaganda historical myth of the Great Victory, the main instrument of the memory politics.

The article is devoted to studying the national historiography of the problem of workers’ labor incentives in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War in the context of ideological conflict between opponents and supporters of the “Soviet project” in the late XX - early XXI centuries. It shows the evolution of the methodological and source base, research subject field devoted to the desired topic analysis within framework of perestroika, post-Soviet and modern stages. The “totalitarian” approach prevailed in scientific and historical literature at the background of Marxist-Leninist canons’ collapse and the archival “revolution” in the late 1980s - late 1990s. Based on sources of “critical” content, totalitarian historians sought to prove the leading role of non-economic coercion in stimulating military industry workers. At the same time, a “historical and psychological” direction was born, which tried to show the moral and motivational basis of this process. In the late 1990s-2010s, in connection with the end of the “totalitarian” school’s domination, studying incentives of workers in the rear developed along the lines of three-factor, “totalitarian” and historical-psychological approaches. Using a wide range of different sources, the followers of the concept of three factors of the labor motivation analyzed the phenomenon of “turning to compulsion” in the sphere of relations between the state-employer and employees at the war’s eve and during the war. Totalitarian historians continued to investigate the coercive strategies and practices of stimulating the personnel of Soviet enterprises. Historians-mentalists reconstructed the cultural and psychological roots of nationwide labor selfless devotion in 1941-1945, which caused the high value of moral incentives to industrial activity. The author concludes that in the late 1980s-2010s Russian historiography has gone from a heroic and epic interpretation of the labor feat of the victorious Soviet people to forming three explanatory models of the stimulating labor process in the wartime. The “totalitarian” and three-factor approaches correspond to the discourse of “anti-Sovietism”, while the historical and psychological approach corresponds to “neo-Sovietism”. The analysis of historiographical situation confirms the author’s thesis about the historical memory sense split in modern Russia.

Indigenous peoples of Siberia subjugated by the Russian state were obliged to pay a tribute numbered in the sable pelts almost universally in the XVII - first half of the XVIII century. But at the early XVII century the sable population decreased crucially due to hunting, therefore the authorities were forced to accept as payment both less valuable furs and other goods. The article analyzes the amount of yasak payments and their characteristics depending on the ethnicity of the yasak people (those who pay tribute) in different administrative subdivisions (uyezd, volost, ulus) based on materials of the Second Kamchatka expedition of 1733-1743 (registries of local administration offices compiled according to G. Müller’s questionnaires, his travelogue and descriptions of Siberian lands, monographs by S. P. Krasheninnikov and G. V. Steller). The author argues that the number, as well as the hierarchy of prices for sables and other furs, were not regulated by the central government, and were determined by the local authorities at their discretion. The highest payments were set for the poorest and most defenseless peoples (Khanty, Selkups, Kets, etc.). The peoples whose representatives had been serving the Russian state like the Cossacks, as well as the peoples who lived near the southern borders in Transbaikalia (Buryats, Tungus) paid less. The distinctions in the cost of fur of different types in various administrative subdivisions, or depending on particular ethnic groups or even clans, were rather significant. This study confirms that sable and other furs became a minor part of the collected yasak tribute due to the fur animals’ extermination in the second quarter of the XVIII century in many areas. Instead of this, the authorities were forced to accept money in ever growing amounts. Moreover, in the westernmost territories, the local authorities completely replaced sable pelts with cash. The materials of the Second Kamchatka expedition allow the author to state that corrupt practices while collecting yasak were widespread in areas located far away from the provincial centers.

In the industrial system, the organization of labor had to be carried out exactly according to the regulations and instructions written by the designer of the work. In the postindustrial economy, the ideology of labor organization is changing. At the dawn of postindustrialization, such concepts as «decent work», «humanization of labor», «rotation of work», «development of human resources», «enrichment of labor», etc. are widely used. At the same time, the trends of «professionalization of labor» and its autonomy began to appear. Step by step, the multi-disciplinary nature of labor grew, when from the post-operative Taylorist-Ford organization of labor began to move to a multi-operational, based on the combination of functions and professions. The emphasis is on creating holistic models of attractive decent work, reducing the distance between different categories of employees, primarily managers and workers. Unlike in the past, prevention, repair and reprogramming of equipment is assigned to the main staff. This indicates a flexible organization of not only production, but also labor. Thus, the employee is freed from the «dictates of machines» and bureaucratic instruction, and is given the freedom to choose decisions and actions while increasing responsibility and risk for the successful performance of work. It becomes the main link in the technological process. When creating new jobs, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that the employee entering the labor market is changing today. The quality of the labor force is improving: the employee’s educational level and competence are growing, and the process of development and training becomes continuous throughout life. The professional space of the employee is also developing, which is manifested in the emergence of new, sometimes hybrid professions related to receiving, transmitting, and processing information in its various forms and ensuring the sustainable development of the information environment. There is a transformation of the place and role of the employee in social production. These changes allow us to speak about the formation of a new type of employee, characterized by a high educational level, knowledge of information and communication technologies (ICT), having the skills to work with complex intellectual equipment, independent and creative thinking, activity and responsibility in their actions, high ability to self-organization, based on creativity in work, that is, the employee becomes creative. The new nature of work, manifests itself, on one side of individualization, it characterizes the weakening of relations of the employee with a certain social environment (workers become more mobile and less dependent on the firms in which they work), the conclusion of individual labour agreements, the personification of the system of motivation of personnel, and on the other - to increase the creative content of the work and turning it into a means of human self-realization. In this regard, the nature of employee management changes, since it becomes not only the object of management, but also its subject - an individual developing within a certain cultural tradition. Talent management, in contrast to HR processes, through which the operational management of personnel is carried out, focuses special attention on employees as the most important single asset that has a strategic focus. The article discusses the search for talented employees in the organization, highlights the characteristic features of modern approaches to managing them (employees), and in particular, the tools for this work, which are constantly being improved.

The article presents the conceptual basis for institutionalization of economic security of network interaction of economic entities, taking into account their coherence in the aspect of neoinstitutional theory. The study revealed the economic significance and composition of transaction costs of network interaction of economic entities in the context of economic security, which allows us to consider their optimization as one of the main modern directions of ensuring the stability of the formed joint business partnership.

The purpose of the article is to study changes in entrepreneurial activity after the extreme digitalization of economic activity and the introduction of A. Harberger's system. The work uses the methodology of the theory of inventive problem solving, with the help of which the consequences of digitalization of property relations and the implementation of A. Harberger's system are assessed. In accordance with this theory, all objects of entrepreneurial property are subdivided into elements such as "engine", "working body", "transmission", "calculator", "energy source". It is argued that as a result of digitalization, these elements will acquire independence and flexibility in combination. In this case, the "calculator" will be the dominant and most expensive element. As a result of these processes, all technologies for making a profit become generally known, and objects of entrepreneurial property become publicly available. As a result, entrepreneurial activity will remain only in those segments of the economy that can function without the participation of a computer and where the use of a collective form of ownership is possible. To maintain entrepreneurial activity, the article proposes to create internal collective offshore companies, whose residents will use special taxation and property administration regimes. The possibility of maintaining control over them with the help of quantitative dependencies between different functional levels of entrepreneurial activity is substantiated.

The issue of relation between economic growth and state of environment remains one of the debatable in modern economic science both in theory and in terms of making practical recommendations for carrying out economic policy. One of the most promising is the approach based on the idea of the environmental Kuznets curve, suggested by G. Grossman and A. Krueger. Our study is concerned with the assessment of the environmental Kuznets curve for Eastern Europe and Baltic states. The analysis is based on the data covering 16 Eastern Europe and Baltic states. This country group was selected as the target of the research since these countries are relatively similar in their institutional structure of economic management and rarely form target of studies. World Bank Development Indicators and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are data sources.

In order to identify the level of awareness and satisfaction of citizens with the measures taken to regulate public relations in specific areas of legislation, monitoring of the enforcement of existing and newly introduced laws is used. Monitoring is based on a sociological survey and statistical methodology. The first explores the subjective perception of the population of the effectiveness of the mechanism of public administration. With the correct formation of the sample, the data obtained using statistical inference can be extended to the entire population and the general patterns of the process under study can be investigated. The authors carried out a sociological survey on the enforcement of four federal laws. In addition to the obtained section of public opinion on the awareness and satisfaction of citizens with the functioning of the laws under study, the paper also presents an analysis of the territorial differentiation of public opinion on law enforcement, the uneven development of civic activity in the regional context, and the development of civil society in Russia.

Urgency of research is determined by the problem of Russia’s lagging behind in innovative development from the world’s leading countries. The testing of the DEA-model dynamic efficiency toolkit was carried out to assess the innovative development of the SFD regions. The following results were obtained: the DEA-efficiency indicators of the regions based on the aggregate of resource indicators and the results of the 2-stage model «Generation - Knowledge Commercialization»; the simulation space of the regions was built in the coordinates of the indicators of resources and results; the heterogeneity of static and dynamic indicators of the efficiency of regions was revealed.

The article considers models of dependence of income of budgets of regions (subjects of the Russian Federation and PFO) on various factors. The economic factors chosen are types of taxes - income tax of organizations, NDFL, property tax and free revenues. The second part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of GRP, revenues, investments in fixed assets and their relations in the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2010-2017.

The article investigated the factors affecting the value of residential real estate. By analyzing the residential real estate market, private, regional and nationwide factors affecting the cost of housing have been identified. The main criteria characteristics of the object of study are determined. Measures are proposed to increase the efficiency of the implementation of housing policy at the regional level.

The article proposes an analysis and assessment of the resource and economic potential of the municipality in the wirking-out of the Strategy of its socio-economic development. The work was carried out on the basis of reporting statistical and departmental materials of the city of Berdsk of the Novosibirsk region for the period 2008-2017 and materials of the previously approved Strategy of socio-economic development of the city of Berdsk for the period up to 2025. Labor resources, industrial production, road transport complex, investment, land resources, consumer market, tourist and recreational potential, social sphere, in particular, education, health care, culture, physical culture, sports and youth policy, were considered. The analysis made it possible to identify both the potential for further development and the factors that restrain it.

Agriculture and industry are the most important sectors of the world economy, they play an immeasurable role in the national economies in reality of all countries of the world, both developed and developing, and perform such necessary functions as guaranteeing the population with food and industrial production of raw materials. According to the levels of development of the agrarian sector and industry, it is possible to draw a general conclusion about the degree of socio-economic development of the state. The lower the productivity (efficiency) of labor in agricultural production and the higher share of the agricultural sector in the GDP, the more poor the republic. For poor, underdeveloped countries, the agrarian mode of the economy is significant. They are largely dependent on the progress of national agriculture, while possessing not an inconspicuous low level of income per person. But often, the citizens of these countries are not guaranteed sufficient food supply, otherwise they are malnourished, that is, they even starve. The Republic of Tajikistan is one of the countries with an inherent predominant development of the rural sector. Agriculture is and, in fact, remains a key lever of livelihood for more than fifty percent of the population of the state. It accounts for almost a quarter of GDP and over a quarter of export earnings.

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the impact of trust between participants in the fashion supply chain on consumer risks. The purpose of the research is to develop a conceptual model of the system of interaction between participants in the supply chain of fashion products using blockchain technology to ensure technically expressed trust. Blockchain technology is promising for use in the economy and business, which is confirmed by existing research. However, there is currently insufficient research on the use of blockchain technology as a method of ensuring trust in the interaction systems of supply chain participants in the fashion industry, which in practice leads to the use of an empirical approach and leads to the implementation of inefficient solutions. In this work, the authors expand the methodological tools for creating systems for interaction between participants in the supply chain of fashionable goods using blockchain technology to ensure technically expressed trust. The results of the work are a conceptual model of such a system and a scenario for using blockchain technology to ensure technically expressed trust.

The paper presents the analysis of the information process of current academic performance records and interim attestation of academic personnel for modeling of the subsystem of monitoring of efficiency of their postgraduate training. The structure of the subsystem of monitoring of training and methods of integrated assessment of postgraduate working efficiency considering the influence of various activities on overall performance during the whole training period were suggested on the basis of the analysis of current approaches and composition of indicators of research and educational postgraduate activity, structure and content of report documents.

Both the management model and the IT product architecture, defining its success or possible difficulties at the later stages of development, depend on the selection of project management methodology. The article considers the stages of development of project management methodology starting from ITIL\ITSM, Waterfall, creation of Agile and DevOps. The paper studies the origins and process of establishment of the DevOps methodology meant to resolve a conflict between developers and administrators. In a decade of its existence the DevOps methodology successfully went through one transformation and one more is expected in near future. Even now DevOps is divided into NoOps, ChatOps, AIOps and other methodologies. The article considers possible ways of further development of the methodology as well as its possible impact on the IT Field in general.

This article deals with the aspect of national security including mind control and methods of influence on collective consciousness, which appears to be relevant and enshrined in the regulatory state documents. The main content of the article considers both the process of mind control by which the hidden methods of socio-psychological influence are used and the instrumental methods themselves. Various interdisciplinary national scientific studies on this issue (sociology, psychology, political science, law, etc.) identified the key methods such as coercion, suggestion, conviction, propaganda, agitation, stereotyping (programming) and problematization. It is noted that the methods in their content and by type of influence are complementary and substitutable, and include variety of types and techniques. One also mentions the fact that there is no single integrated typology (classification) of these methods in modern scientific research field. Further broadening this line of scientific research and its thematic continuation, and integrating the most widespread but divided methods of influence on collective consciousness in the academic literature, the author proposes a structural integration of these methods into a single visual scheme.

Professional dynasty as a social monopoly study rises the actuality of renewal strategies which are used to transfer capital between family’s generations. We consider special groups with special dynasty status transfer formation to be the most interesting. The essay is an attempt to classify strategies of smack business status transfer such as inheritance, educational, and economical, social and symbol investment according to bio interview of representatives analysis. The author’s idea is that the described social practices are just in the formation phase. The reasons are that the founders and business owners are active in the business operation, very high level of business personification and institutional path dependence.

This article deals with the general theoretical foundations for the institution of propaganda as part of the current area for the protection of the country’s national security enshrined in the regulatory state documents. The content of the article considers both the method itself, its key characteristics (mind control and compulsory structural elements, clear underlying logic, the total usage of a number of methods to influence collective consciousness and the focus on an emotional-volitional level, etc.) and the main approaches to the scientific classification of propaganda integrated into the authors’ scheme. The authors note that the research direction contents a considerable research potential within the preservation of the country’s national security.

The article examines the changes in the volume and structure of the money supply of the Russian Federation for 2011-2019. The аuthor analyzes the correspondence of monetary indicators to global trends on the basis of comparisons with similar foreign data. The study of the level of the monetization coefficient in Russia and economically developed countries allows the author to draw conclusions about the degree of provision of settlements with cash and prospects for the development of the domestic economy as a whole.

The article deals with the system of statistical indicators that assess the stability of regional budget revenues from the positions of the stability of levels and the stability of the trend. The system of statistical indicators of the stability of the time series adapted by the authors is considered for regional budgets items on the example of the budget structure of the Orenburg region for 2015-2019. The methodology of statistical analysis of the dynamics of the budget structure can also be used in other regions of the Russian Federation, as well as municipalities, to assess the viability of income.

This article shows the analysis results of various approaches to the integration of strategic and tactical management systems based on hoshin planning (Japanese management model), knowledge management system (American management model), and controlling (German management model). Based on controlling the relevance of the mechanism of strategic and tactical management integration was explained for Russian entities. A model of organization management that employs controlling was developed facilitating strategic and tactical management integration by reducing intra-organizational barriers and harmonizing business processes, shaping core skills to rapidly respond to new challenges owing to the fast development of new relationships. The stages of controlling implementation were defined: preparatory one, targeted both at identifying the actual need of the company to integrate strategic and tactical management and quantifying the required amount of work; the intervention one that specifies system organizational alterations; the final one that determines the alteration rate of implementation results and the completion of controlling integration into the company’s management system. A technique to assess the implementation efficiency of the mechanism to integrate strategic and tactical management based on an integral performance indicator and a system of integrated indicators was developed, those indicators in turn, determined the sets of particular indicators. Matching of organizational design to the facility functions, the development level of the relations between the structural elements of organizational design, the development level of corporate culture, quality level of development and managerial decision-making, the development level of the information space were shown as integrated indicators. Particular indicators were viewed by the integrated indicator of organizational design matching to the facility functions. The suggested methodological approach to estimate the implementation efficiency of the mechanism to integrate strategic and tactical management was exemplified by the subsidiary operation of the AO WBD Sibirskoe Moloko , a joint stock company under the laws of the Russian Federation .The dynamics of these integrated indicators was shown at the initial and two intermediate stages, and the results of the financial and economic activities of the subsidiary were estimated while the controlling implementation.

The mathematical methods of structural design optimization using the optimality criteria are reviewed. The resultant and nearly optimal design of a fan bade ensures the design goals at the selected criterion. The optimal design based on topology optimization was carried out in ANSYS. The optimization problem solution provided optimal distribution of the impeller blade mass for axial mine fans. It is validated to be possible to decrease the the blade mass by 60% as compared with a monolithic blade at the preserved rotation speed and ratio of flow path diameters.

The aerothermodynamic parameters of air are studied in shafts of mines of NorNickel’s Polar Division. The total pressure and temperature measurements, as well as the air density calculations in KS-2, GS and VC-4 shafts in Oktyabrsky Mine show the linear total pressure dependence on the shaft depth and the essentially nonlinear dependence of air temperature and density on the depth of shafts at intersections with ventilation channels and horizons. The lengths of sections of leveling of air parameters behind the intersections are estimated. The authors propose a new method to determine aerodynamic drag coefficients in mine shafts and calculate ADC for 28 mine shafts in the Norilsk Region. The calculation results are used in mathematical modeling of mine ventilation networks and in ventilation designs for new mine sites.

The article presents the analytical research data on the convective motion dynamics and air temperature variation in a mine tunnel after cutoff of a drag source during fire. The single-valued prediction is only possible based on the stability theory of convection currents. The mathematical modeling of advection currents of counter air flows in a tunnel is performed at longitudinal gradient of temperature. The analytical formulas are obtained to calculate advection vortex and air flow velocity in vortex as function of burning time and temperature at the source. The range of hot airflow weakly depends on the burning temperature, insignificantly grows within a day and makes 850 m at the temperature of 1000 °С. The developed procedure allows evaluating the fire size and duration, as well as the air flow velocities in tunnels after the drag source cutoff.

The authors put forward a concept of modeling objects within a mining technology. The concept integrates the technology content and state change of an object, and allows processing and storage of temporal data on digital mine twin. A set of such models shapes a joint dynamic model of evolution of all mine objects in the course of mineral mining. Using this approach, the time-variable vector, triangulation and block models can be synchronized via transactions in data bases, and can be used to describe the life cycles of individual objects or their sets within a mining technology. Implementation of this concept can help handle problems connected with digital twining of mines.

The article presents the manufacturing procedure and the test results for a synthetic layered and jointed medium with a preset internal structure and the pronounced anisotropy of properties. The test bench for hydraulic fracturing of large-size cubic models under independent triaxial loading, the test bench hydraulics and the measurement-and-recording equipment are described.

Results of modernisation of an on-line X-ray fluorescent analyser are presented, and its new capabilities are considered when investigating the composition of materials on the conveyor. The metrological characteristics of the analyser are improved owing to the use of modern electronic components in the instrument part and new analytical software.

The article provides a philosophical and methodological study of the problem concerning the meaning of the idea of proof in scientific knowledge. Features of the development of the idea of scientific proof are described and explained; five stages of its development are marked out: naive, dualistic, normative, criterion-based and model ones. The explanation is produced why there are no absolute and a priori ideals of proof in science. A reference method for researching specific evidence is applied and a philosophical and methodological concept of a dynamic model of scientific evidence is put forward. A significant difference in the procedures of proof and justification is shown.

The main point of the article is that the Russellian analysis of the concept of existence does not provide a significant economy of ontology in comparison with the Meinongian one. The reason lies in the unavoidable need to preserve the possibility of numerical distinguishing between various nonexistent (unrealized) objects. For example, Sherlock Holmes is definitely not the same as the largest prime number. At the same time, in order to distinguish these two objects unrealized in the actual world, we need something which can be distinguished. It is this need for truthmakers for a vast class of true statements about nonexistent objects that prevents us from obtaining a more economical ontology. In particular, the refusal to treat these truth factors as objects in favor of treating them as unrealized combinations of properties only serves to revise their categorization (we transfer them from the individual level to the level of properties). However, such unrealized combinations of properties themselves can be considered as typical abstract objects, which nullifies all efforts to build a more economical ontology.

The article considers a scientific discussion developed in relation to the criticism of epistemological programs in modern sociology of science: relativism (H. Collins), constructivism (K. Knorr-Cetina, R. Krohn) and discourse analysis (M. Mulkay, G.N. Gilbert). The discussion between Th. Gieryn, H. Collins, M. Mulkay, G.N. Gilbert, K. Knorr-Cetina and R. Crohn organized in the form of reply articles in a scientific journal is presented. In responding to criticism, the authors focus not on certain studies, but on the key features of the program methodology, which makes it possible to analyze the specific character of modern programs of the sociology of science.

The article discusses the opposition of the normative function of the ideal of deductive proof and the diversity of the practice of mathematical research, which includes inactive elements. On the example of the analysis of the explanatory function of proof, it is shown that its implementation requires the conceptual content of the proof, which is not provided only by the deductive inference. The example of research in the field of foundations of mathematics shows that the implementation of the explanatory function is provided by the coexistence and interaction of inductive and deductive elements in mathematical research.

The article considers some possible correlations of two of the key concepts in the philosophy of science and contemporary epistemology - those of understanding and explanation. Special attention is paid to an attempt of a number of modern researchers to justify alternative ways to get understanding, which are not based on standard explanatory models. The most promising contexts for this kind of work are highlighted. The author gives proof of the advantages of this approach, especially when working with objects and processes influenced by a complex network of causal forces, as well as in practical problem-solving contexts where understanding is not propositional but is a matter of skill.

The work shows that modern philosophers underestimate the importance of the methodology of science. In particular, due to the analysis of requirements for the use of statistical methods, the following hypothesis was provided: the acceptance of the concept of holism has no ideological grounds, but is based on the impossibility of verifying the conditions for applying methods within contextual theories. In addition, contrary to Popper, the example of the method of testing statistical hypotheses shows that falsification and verification are not fundamentally different operations.

The article considers the relationship between double-aspect theories of phenomenal consciousness, which have gained popularity today, and such a philosophical concept as informational realism. When interpreting mental experience in information and computing terms, many modern philosophers come to the conclusion that it is necessary to further develop metaphysical foundations of their theories by clarifying the ontological status of information structures. However, while the informational explanation of consciousness is combined with the concept of structural realism, it faces a number of complex conceptual problems relating primarily to the possibility of an anti-realist interpretation of information, as well as to the problem of finding the substantial basis of the underlying system of differences. Moreover, the question of the epistemological status of the concept of information still remains open and that also adds to the complexity of the conceptual analysis of the said theories. Despite this, there are certain prospects for the further development of both double-aspect theories of consciousness and an information-oriented terminology, which is a kind of link between modern natural sciences and philosophy.

Elementary temporal experience is often presented as the «specious present» that combines the experience of the present and the recent past, as well as the content of this experience. J.D. Mabbott criticizes such an approach, because it involves a belief in discontinuity of the perception of time and hence discontinuity of consciousness. There are several temporal models of consciousness, within which attempts are made to explain the peculiarities of our temporal perception through the specious present. Among the most popular models is the one developed by F. Varela who proposes to use a «frame», which is most similar to a frame of visual perception, as the specious present. The article shows that F. Varela's concept is still not protected from criticism by J.D. Mabbot, but avoids it when the concept is used only as an explanation of particularities of perception.

The article states a thesis that at their core, all modern physical theories rest upon not only empirical bases, which are largely mediate, but also on metaphysical assumptions and hypotheses.