V.V. Ivanova1,2,3, M.A. Erbaeva4, A.A. Shchetnikov5,2,6,7, A.Yu. Kazansky8,3, G.G. Matasova3,9, N.V. Alekseeva4, I.A. Filinov5,7,3, M.I. Kuzmin2
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:1136:"1I.S. Gramberg All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ocean, Angliiskii pr. 1, St. Petersburg, 190121, Russia 2Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, ul. Favorskogo 1a, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 3Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 7, Moscow, 119017, Russia 4Geological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Sakh’yanovoi 61, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russia 5Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lermontova 128, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 6Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lermontova 134, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia 7Irkutsk State University, ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia 8Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia 9Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Pleistocene, Pliocene, geochemical composition of loose deposits, environmental changes, lithology, Tologoi key section, Transbaikalia
This paper presents new data on the structure and lithologic, geochemical, and granulometric features of the Quaternary deposits of the Tologoi key section (upper Cenozoic, Transbaikalia). These data made it possible to determine the location of paleosol horizons throughout the section and their thicknesses. Four main sedimentation cycles have been identified; each of them terminated with the formation of soil horizons. It is shown that the climate during the formation of the deposits had a cyclic nature: Wet periods were changed by dry epochs of different durations. During warming and the formation of soil horizons, distant and medium-range provenance areas prevailed. In situ biochemical postsedimentary transformations of the deposits dominated in the periods of the most intense pedogenesis, as reflected in the changes in their chemical composition. It is shown that the warmest climate and the activation of weathering and leaching processes during the Pleistocene were in the period of the accumulation of a paleosol horizon in the section interval 16.4-15.0 m. It was a period of pedogenic and biologic activity and reduced salinization and carbonation. Stages with prevailing cryogenic environments are clearly recorded in the studied geochemical profile as involutions, pseudomorphs after ice wedges, and thick carbonate lenses. The deposits formed at these stages are characterized by minimum salinization, high calcification, and low leaching (hydrolysis) and oxidation indices as well as a positive Eu anomaly and high ΣCe/ΣY and low La/Sm values.
N.V. Sennikov1,2, R.A. Khabibulina1, T.V. Gonta1,2, O.T. Obut1,2 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090. Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090. Russia
Keywords: Carboniferous, Visean, stratigraphy, lithology, Northern Kharaulakh
The origin and biostratigraphic constraints of the Krestyakh conglomerate remain among most controversial issues in the Late Paleozoic history of the North Kharaulakh basin. The Krestyakh conglomerate is a sequence of coarse sand to pebble-size sediments at the base of the Late Paleozoic Verkhoyansk clastic complex. According to geological, lithological, and sedimentation data, the Krestyakh conglomerate in the Atyrdakh Formation is composed of debrites: deposits carried by debris flows that fill submarine canyons. The Verkhoyansk clastic deposition began in the middle Visean stage of the Early Carboniferous.
V.A. Kashirtsev1,2, B.L. Nikitenko1,2, E.B. Pestchevitskaya1, E.A. Fursenko1,2, N.P. Shevchenko1 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Jurassic and Cretaceous, organic geochemistry, biomarkers, microfauna, terrestrial and marine palynomorphs, Arctic Siberia, Lena-Anabar basin
The organic-geochemistry data reveal two levels in the reference Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous section of the lower reaches of the Olenek River: lower (Volgian-lower Boreal Berriasian (diasterene)) and upper (Boreal Berriasian-Valanginian (hopane)). The Volgian beds are composed of clays with abundant prasinophytes Leiosphaeridia and Tasmanites and various dinocyst associations and have the highest content of organic carbon (Corg), up to 9 %. Isoprenoids, in particular, pristane and phytane, are highly predominant among aliphatic hydrocarbons; their content is more than three times higher than that of coeluting n-alkanes, which is typical of buried chlorophyll-containing plankton (dinocysts and prasinophytes). Sedimentological, biofacies, and paleoecological analyses show that the highly carbonaceous beds of the Buolkalakh Formation formed under oxygen deficit conditions. An integrated analysis demonstrated that the pristane/phytane ratio not always reliably reflects the reducing or oxidizing conditions of organic-matter accumulation and diagenesis. The discrepancy between the geochemical identification of organic matter according to the pristane/phytane ratio and the biofacies and sedimentological data is due to the low catagenetic maturity of OM. The Volgian was marked by a significant transgression of the Anabar-Lena sea, which was gradually changed by a successive regression of its basin at the end of this stage and in the Boreal Berriasian. The Corg contents in the coastal and subcontinental sediments decreased. Diasterenes and 4-methyldiasterenes disappeared from the balance of biomarker molecules, and the portion of hopanoids increased. Aerobic environments prevailed in the subbottom waters. Earlier, three biomarker horizons were identified according to geochemical criteria in the synchronous sections of Anabar Bay (Laptev Sea coast): terpane, diasterene, and hopane ones. In the section of the Olenek basin, the upper two horizons are well identified by specific biomarkers, and the lower one is absent because of the sedimentation break. Stratigraphic analysis of the location of these geochemical levels in different parts (and bathymetric zones) of the Anabar-Lena basin shows their diachronous formation. According to all geological and geochemical criteria, the Volgian Stage and the lower beds of the Boreal Berriasian Stage of this basin have a high petroleum potential. In the axial zone of the basin and, especially, on the Laptev Sea shelf, there were probably favorable conditions for the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons genetically related to the Upper Jurassic highly carbonaceous rocks.
V.A. Kontorovich1,2 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090. Russia
Keywords: Shelf, seismic cross section, reflecting horizon, megacomplex, complex, clinoform, Achim member, shelf formations, structure, oil- and gas-promising object, Arctic regions of West Siberia, Kara Sea
The paper presents a model of the geologic structure of Neocomian (Berriasian-lower Aptian) sediments in the Arctic regions of West Siberia and on the shelf of the Kara Sea. The southern part of the Kara Sea is the northern end of the West Siberian sedimentary basin and is identified as the South Kara regional depression of the West Siberian oil and gas province (OGP). Structural and tectonic analysis was performed, and 97 oil- and gas-promising anticlinal objects (structures of ranks III-IV) were identified in the Neocomian megacomplex relief, including 61 on the continent and 36 on the shelf. In the Yamal and Gydan oil and gas areas (OGA), the Neocomian complex of sediments has a structure typical of West Siberia. The megacomplex includes clinoform and shelf complexes. Clinoforms resulted from the ablation of terrigenous material from the eastern and southeastern edges of the plate and are tilted in the northwestern direction; the depocenter within which the eastern and western clinoforms converge is located in the Urals zone, west of the Nurmin megaswell. In the South Kara regional depression, the Berriasian-lower Aptian megacomplex is also represented by clinoform and shelf complexes. On the Kara Sea shelf, Neocomian clinoforms are tilted in the southern, western, and eastern directions; they resulted from the ablation of sediments from the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago and the Siberian Sill. Throughout most of the South Kara regional depression, clinoforms have a typical structure and contain shelf and Achim sandstones that can concentrate significant volumes of hydrocarbons; in the northeast, in the pre-sill zone, clinoform deposits will be represented by poorly sorted «dump» sandstones.
Results of magnetic-variation sounding on the opposite shores of the Tatar Strait are presented. The resulting frequency dependences of tippers serve as a basis for 3D inversion carried out using the ModEM software. The inversion yields horizontal and vertical sections of the Tatar Strait in a 400×400×400 km area along the x , y , and z axes, respectively. A conductive zone is revealed near the continental shore, and its central part has an electric resistivity of 0.5 Ohm·m at a depth of 5-7 km. The zone reaches 20-40 km across and vanishes in the lower crust. Along the shore, an anomaly begins north of the Datta Village and extends to the area south of the town of Sovetskaya Gavan. There is a similar anomaly that is isometric in the horizontal plane and less contrasting, which exists near Sakhalin Island at depths of 8-12 km, where the crust resistivity is 15 Ohm·m. The position of the anomaly matches the nearby zone of local М = 4-6 earthquakes in the upper crust. At depths greater than 10 km beneath the strait, these anomalies merge and the electrical resistivity increases. In the lower crust and in the upper mantle beneath the strait, the section is characterized by a resistivity of 30-60 Ohm·m. At depths greater than 100 km, there is a conductive layer submerging beneath the Tatar Strait from the Sea of Okhotsk, with conductive branches running from it beneath the Tatar Strait south and north of the Datta Village. The possible causes of near-shore conductive anomalies are discussed.
E.A. Kolomak1,2, A.O. Nezavitina1 1Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: city, agglomeration, urban system, externalities, housing market, market potential, Russia, empirical analysis
A question of whether large cities make a positive impact on the balanced development of Russian territories remains open to debate. This article aims to assess the role of large cities and urban agglomerations in the development of the Russian urban system. Using housing prices as an indirect indicator of economic activity, we study how neighboring large cities and the fact of being included in an agglomeration affect the housing market of small and medium-sized cities in Russia. The main tested hypotheses of the analysis are the following: 1) agglomerations have a positive impact on the small cities that are part of them; 2) large cities have a positive impact on their neighboring territories; 3) the influence of a large city is determined by the size of its market and distance to it. We have chosen empirical and regression estimates to be the methods. The analysis results confirm the prevalent positive externalities of both large city's influence and inclusion in an urban agglomeration affecting small cities. The importance of the institutional component associated with the agglomeration status is comparable to the role of the market component formed due to cooperative relations between producers and consumers of the agglomeration center and small cities in a region. In Russia, taking advantage of urban system capabilities requires political decisions, including recognizing agglomeration status and removing barriers to inter-municipal interactions.
A.A. Khrzhanovskaya1,2 1Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: heterogeneity, population, religion, welfare, regions, Russia
The article raises the problem of growing religious heterogeneity of the population as a result of present-day globalization. We discuss studies that have analyzed the influence of diversity, inter alia in religion, on social welfare and the ambiguity of their conclusions. This paper continues their work in this area, evaluating the religious diversity in the population of Russian regions with indices that are the most accurate to reflect opposing views on the societal heterogeneity up to date. The first is the Simpson's Diversity Index, which treats diversification as the expected exchange source; the second is the Polarization Index, which captures polarization as the source of conflict. The calculation relies on the data from the Atlas of Religions and Nationalities of Russia and the website of the Federal Agency for Nationality Affairs. By analyzing the influence that the specified indices have on gross output and investment in the private sector, we confirm their statistical significance for the models under consideration: religious heterogeneity affects economic growth indicators positively, while polarization exerts a negative impact.
T.Yu. Cherkashina1, N.L. Mosienko2 1Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: spatial mobility, transport infrastructure, social inequality, digital inequality
The article presents the results of a 2018-2019 study on residents’ spatial mobility in Novosibirsk Oblast. It focuses on regular daily trips (in a weekly cycle) and occasional trips outside the region. We reveal how the population’s spatial mobility differs within the region and the extent to which it arises from infrastructure, social and technological (use of digital technologies to organize and plan trips) factors. We also consider how a new aspect of social inequality - digital inequality manifests itself in the differentiation of spatial mobility and inequality in mobility opportunities. For the analysis, Novosibirsk Oblast’s territory was conditionally divided into eight areas: the city of Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk agglomeration periphery, the Southeast area, the Northeast area, the Central area, the Barabinsk-Kuibyshev agglomeration, the Northwest area, and the Southwest area. Here are revealed the differences in spatial mobility between the areas by the following parameters: frequency, directions, targets, and types of transport used. We also describe the differences in perception of regular daily trips depending on the vehicles people use; age and settlement patterns of Novosibirsk Oblast residents with dissimilar spatial mobility experiences.
M.M. Nizamutdinov, V.V. Oreshnikov
Institute for Social and Economic Research, UFRC RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: econometric model, social infrastructure, demographic processes, regions of Russia, principles, grouping, scenario forecasting, ratings
This article deals with accounting for the impact that the level of social infrastructure development has when forecasting demographic processes in the regions of the Russian Federation. The study’s methodological base is comprised of works by contemporary Russian and international authors. To solve the problems, we have used methods of indicator standardization, data grouping, economic/mathematical modeling, and rating. In the study, we have developed a set of econometric models to assess the impact of social infrastructure on specific demographic process indicators in Russian regions: they take into account both the level of social infrastructure development across various areas of demographic processes and the results of grouping regions by the level at which social infrastructure is delivered. The second component included made it possible to make the models more adequate, as they started to reflect the regional characteristics of reproductive behavior in different Russian regions. In particular, we have created equations that describe the influence of these factors on birth, death, and net migration rates. Having evaluated the quality of the equations obtained, we claim they may be applied to analyzing the situation and subsequent forecasting. We have examined the established econometric model set and, using it as a basis, formed a forecast for changes in the Russian regions ’ demographic parameters according to three scenarios. An analysis of the results shows that a medium-term increase in the birth rate is unlikely; together with slowed down mortality and a difficult migration situation maintained in many regions, the threat of a national demographic crisis is intensifying. The findings can be used in drafting a state demographic policy.
The study aims to analyze current trends in rural development and provide recommendations for their transformation. The object is rural settlements in Volgograd Oblast. The subject of the study is socio-economic processes taking place in municipal areas of Volgograd Oblast. The research methods are system logic analysis, correlation analysis, and statistical analysis. We have also conducted an (online) survey among rural dwellers from five municipal areas in Volgograd Oblast. We have identified trends in the socio-economic development of rural settlements against changes in the region’s population, age-sex structure, in- and outflow dynamics, the number of urban and rural settlements, as well as population dynamics in municipal areas and urban districts. It is established that population changes in Volgograd Oblast’s municipal areas are decreasing. However, municipal areas with a high share of the rural population are generally characterized by fewer residents. We have also identified and ranked the main problems of socio-economic development for rural settlements in terms of how attractive they are for residence and doing business. We provide recommendations on shifting the current situation and addressing specific issues that rural areas have. The study’s theoretical significance is that its results can be considered a stage of a broad research program to develop a methodological basis for rural areas’ strategic development built upon newly established creative centers as “controlled growth points." The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results when shaping spatial strategies for rural development.
O.P. Fadeeva1,2, V.I. Nefedkin1,2 1Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: land reform, farmland, agrarian land use, inventory, information systems, Altai Krai
The article discusses agricultural land-use problems in Russia and Siberia and the opportunities to grow its value thanks to digital transformation. An analysis of land statistics, collected from censuses and annual reports of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, shows that the present data are incomplete and inconsistent. Low quality of information on agricultural land availability and use is one of the main factors hindering a full-fledged land market and an increase in land-use efficiency. Semi-formalized interviews with heads and specialists of district administrations in Altai Krai show that most land registration and inventory decision-making have been delegated to local authorities. Unified geographic information systems and databases with up-to-date information on the quantity and quality of available land resources, distribution of land rights and the nature of land use could bring changes to the monitoring of land use in the agricultural sector. However, using digital technologies alone does not guarantee any improvement in data quality. It may be obstructed by various institutional, legal, economic, organizational, technological, and social factors that substantially determine local practices developed under inconsistent land reform. We conclude that minimizing the difficulties and costs of the next land-use innovations, which are already evident at the moment, involves transforming the entire system of relations between regulators, landowners and land users: from rules of state support for producers to legal mechanisms for the accumulation of land resources (primarily unclaimed) from efficient land users. Otherwise, rather costly measures initiated from above will not give the expected effect and instead of streamlining the system of land relations may bring even greater “digital chaos”.
A.A. Bykov
Regional Agricultural Economies at Siberian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: agri-food market, organizational and economic mechanism, food commodities, agricultural production, Siberia, environmental factors
The article presents how primary agricultural products ’ production and consumption are at equilibrium in the Siberian Federal District. We give basic food commodities consumption forecast until 2025. The article offers a methodology for researching external environment factors and determining their impact on the state and development of the Siberian agri-food market. To bridge the gap between economic-statistical and situational analyses, we have defined the force off actors’ impact on the agri-food market development with a scoring method and engaged experts from the largest organizations in the region. Monographic, economic, statistical, expert and analytical methods have been used in our research. The study has resulted in finding economic, social, institutional and technological factors which affect the state and development of the agri-food market in Siberia. The novelty of our study is assessing the degree of impact that environmental factors have on the development of the Siberian agri-food market. We have concluded that the development of the Siberian agri-food market requires an effective organizational and economic mechanism. The article proposes measures to minimize the negative impact of environmental factors and ensure the Siberian agri-food market’s efficiency. Our findings can be used by government officials in republics, krais, and oblasts, agro-industrial managers and specialists, researchers, higher and secondary education teachers.
The article deals with the development features pertaining to agricultural organizations, peasant farms, and subsidiary household plots in the Republic of Tatarstan and Penza Oblast. The research is based on the context of the regions’ development strategies and agricultural policies. We put forward a hypothesis that, despite the agricultural policy uniformity nationwide, the dynamics of agriculture in these regions are ensured, among other things, by economic entities changing economic priorities. To analize these strategies, we use data on production specializations and resources of economic entities from the 2006 and 2016 All-Russian Agricultural Censuses. The examination of regional agricultural policies relies on their estimates given by experts over interviews. Here findings may serve state authorities in establishing agricultural industry regulations. One conclusion is that regions conduct distinct agricultural policies. Tatarstan’s agricultural sector experiences soft intensification, while the government intends to support as many economic entities as possible. By contrast, Penza Oblast aims to lower the number of economic entities and strengthen individual industry participants economy-wise. We find useful learning the trends in enhancing the production specializations of the regions, as well as discovering that they have common problems in the agricultural sectors which are the federal center’s responsibility.
I.P. Glazyrina1,2, L.M. Faleychik1, A.A. Faleychik2 1Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chita, Russia 2Transbaikal State University, Chita, Russia
Keywords: institutional transformation, cross-border cooperation, foreign direct investment, economic diversification
This article may be viewed as another chapter in an ongoing discussion among researchers about the role of the Far Eastern institutional transformation after 2013 in Eastern Russia’s development against the background of cross-border economic relationships. We consider the dynamics off oreign direct investment (FDI), including that for the major industries. Our calculations show no correlation between FDI volumes and economic growth rates in the eastern regions of Russia. During the period under review, FDI-based cross-border cooperation had little effect on economic diversification in the eastern regions. In most, the majority of investment was allocated to the mineral resources sector. Since 2015, the FDI share in manufacturing, agriculture, construction, trade, hotels and restaurants, and the entertainment industry has generally been no more than 1% of the national total in the relevant sectors. There is no reason to believe that by now, FDI, stimulated by the creation of new institutions in the Far East, has contributed significantly to a modern high-tech economy in Eastern Russia. The “Far Eastern ” institutional transformation has not changed the “extractive ” nature of economic (and political) institutions. Economic preferences for the Russian East help attract investment, to some extent, but mainly if supported by the federal budget and state guarantees. We believe that the gradual transformation of institutions toward their “inclusiveness” is becoming a primary task. Institutional design in the eastern regions requires, besides political will, active involvement of the scientific community.
S.I. Mishulina1, N.I. Matova2 1Federal Research Center The Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia 2Branch of the Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, Sochi, Russia
Keywords: socio-environmental responsibility, region specializing in recreational tourism, tourism industry, “green” tourism, small business
The article considers the formation and manifestation features of business socio-environmental responsibility (SER) in regions specializing in recreational tourism as a tool for regional economy greening. The complex nature of the actively emerging SER concept, its interdisciplinarity with philosophical, sociological, phycological, economic, environmental, and other aspects, as well as its practical value, all foster scholarly discussion and contribute to the degree of how defined the terminological and methodological apparatus is. The fiercest debates surround the factors and environment for business social responsibility, socially admitted forms of its manifestation. It makes the research topical and timely. By analising the SER’s role in the sustainable development of recreational touristic territories and various aspects of the actual activity of business units in resort regions, we determine the prerequisites for socio-environmentally responsible business and draw out specific aspects of the tourism industry representing a challenge for active development of SER entities. We have identified factors and environments for SER growth, in particular within the tourism industry. Operational directions and instruments of state and public effect on business SER will make it possible to apply this social, philosophical, phycological, and economic phenomenon to the sustainable development of domestic tourism and regions specializing in recreation.
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:119:"N. V. Oreshkova1,2,3, T. S. Sedel’nikova3, S. P. Efremov3, A. V. Pimenov2,3";} 1FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: microsatellites, genetic diversity, heterozygosity, Kuznetsk Alatau
The DNA polymorphism of 7 coenopopulations of Siberian stone pine ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour), growing in the region which is typical for mountain taiga pine forests - the north-eastern part of the Kuznetsk Alatau, was studied. According to the data of 11 nuclear microsatellite loci, 44 allelic variants, which significantly differed between the studied cenopopulations in composition and frequency of occurrence were identified. The highest level of allelic diversity is found in the Ps_80612, Ps_1502048 loci, in which 8 and 7 alleles were detected, respectively. The calculation of the main parameters of genetic diversity showed, on the whole, a relatively low level of polymorphism of the studied samples ( NA = 3,078; NE = 1,877; HE = 0,445; HO = 0,401). An analysis of the degree of subdivision of cenopopulations revealed that about 95 % of the total genetic diversity is concentrated within populations, while the interpopulation component accounts for only about 5 % ( FST = 0,049). The diagnosed differences in the level of P. sibirica genetic polymorphism are determined by several factors: the presence of orographic and phytocenotic barriers between the coenopopulations which defined the directions of seed propagation vectors along the watercourses of river basins that formed the Chulym river in the eastern sector of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Tom river in the western sector; a significant level of bioclimatic and environmental extremeness of habitats of coenopopulations in accordance with the height above sea level; anthropogenic pressure, including periodic deforestation and recreational impact on coenopopulations located near settlements. These factors, which have a significant microevolutionary component, determine the adaptation trends of cenopopulations of P. sibirica , morphological singularities and reproductive potential of trees and, ultimately, control their genetic polymorphism in the studied part of the Kuznetsk Alatau.
Yu. S. Ravkin1,2, V. G. Babenko3, M. S. Stishov4, V. V. Pronkevich5, M. I. Lyalina1 1Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia 3Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia 4A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, Russia 5Institute of Water and Ecological Problems Far Eastern Branch of RAS, Khabarovsk, Russia
Keywords: bird, ornithocomplexes, cluster analysis, environmental factors, correlation
Bird counts were carried out in 794 habitats over 59 years (in separate seasons) from 1960 to 2018. 71 bird watchers participated in the collection of material. Based on the results of bird counting, a hierarchical classification and structural similarity graph of ornithocomplexes in the Pacific part of Russia, including Wrangel Island, were compiled. The hierarchical classification contains 3 overtypes, 16 types and 17 subtypes of the bird assembllje. The similarity graph is built at the type level and is represented by seven series (trends), two of which relate to undeveloped land communities of mainly the North Pacific and Amuro-Sakhalin physiographic countries. One series consists of ornithocomplexes of residential and recreational territories, and four - of water-near-water communities (mainland and marine). The given characteristics of classification taxa contain information on the five most numerous bird species (leaders in abundance), their part in communities, assembllje density, as well as background species richness and prevailing abundance of avifauna types. The composition of taxa revealed 10 environmental factors and 32 natural and anthropogenic regimes that correlate with spatial heterogeneity of ornithocomplexes. The strength and generality of the variability of bird communities and their habitats was estimated.
S. E. Cherenkov
Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: South Siberian mountains, Northern Altai, low-mountain mixed (Pinus-Betula) forests, Baikal Region, dark-coniferous taiga, forest-nesting birds (Passeriformes, Piciformes), nesting density, area of habitats, saturation of habitats, maximum density, carrying capacity of habitat
In 2016 and 2017 from April to July the bird individual nesting home ranges were regularly mapped along the permanent census route (2.8 km) in the Altai low-mountain forest dominated by pine and birch. Based on the mapping results, for each bird species the nesting densities and average sizes of the bird individual nesting home range were estimated. Raster maps of spatial allocation (MSA) at the scale of the raster grid of 50 × 50 m were obtained for each species. The degree of spatial conservatism (DSC) for each local population was inferred from the pairwise comparisons of the specific MSAs obtained at the same area (28 hectares) in different years with the use of the Gamma rank correlation method. Dependence of the population habitat area on DSC was demonstrated earlier [Cherenkov, 2017]. The more habitat area is found, the less dependent the individual spatial allocation within a population is observed in the different years. Based on the specific habitat areas, average sizes of the individual nesting home range and nesting densities estimated, the maximum possible nesting density and habitat saturation are calculated for each species. The significant DSC estimates ( p < 0,05) were obtained for 15 species, their habitat areas and habitat saturation were found. The population status was inferred from the degree of habitat saturation. Average estimates of the degree of habitat saturation were close in migratory and non-migratory species (49 % and 45 %, respectively). The Altai birds wintering in Southeast Asia did not differ in the degree of habitat saturation from those wintering in Southern Europe and North Africa. A comparison of avifauna status of the Altai and Baikal regions revealed the substantial differences. Number of the most common migratory species nesting in Altai is almost twice higher than that nesting in the Baikal region. For these species, in Altai the average nesting density is four times higher and habitat saturation is twice higher than in the Baikal region. The latter difference evidences for the twice more intensive pressure of some factors limiting the population numbers of migratory species in the Baikal region compared to Altai. At the same time, there were no significant differences in ecological population status of the non-migratory species between these regions. Close estimates of the degree of habitat saturation in the non-migratory species in the Altai and Baikal regions support a suggestion that the integrate influence of factors limiting their population numbers is similar in both regions. Close estimates of the degree of habitat saturation and nesting density in the migratory and non-migratory Altai species show that neither of the two strategies of surviving gives a pronounced advantage. Difference between the Altai and Baikal regions in the degree of habitat saturation in the migratory species is seemingly determined by the different mortality levels in the wintering areas and on the routes of migrations.
V. S. Botalov1, L. G. Perevedentseva2, A. S. Shishigin2 1Perm State Agricultural and Technological University named after Academician D. N. Pryanishnikov, Perm, Russia 2Perm State University, Perm, Russia
Keywords: agaricoid basidiomycetes, spruce forest, monitoring, Perm Region, fungal ecology
The results of 40-year monitoring of biota of agaricoid basidiomycetes in spruce forests (spruce spruce, acid spruce) in the subzone of the southern taiga of the Perm Territory are summed up. To date, 336 species and intraspecific taxa of agaricoid basidiomycetes belonging to 73 genera and 16 families have been found in spruce forests. The species of the families Tricholomataceae , Cortinariaceae and Russulaceae predominate, which is typical for the boreal zone of Eurasia. The largest number of species is found in the genera: Cortinarius (43 species), Mycena (39), Russula (25), and Lactarius (13), which is typical of the southern taiga subzone. It was noted that the species composition of agaricoid basidiomycetes changes with time to a greater extent (Jacquard’s coefficients ( J × 100): tame spruce forest, J = 44-50; acidic spruce forest J = 43-47) than the species composition of higher vascular plants ( J = 69-88). Many common features were revealed between the species composition of fungi of spruce forests ( J = 49). Over the entire period of observations in spruce forests, 16 species dominating in the number of basidiomas and 19-21 species dominating in the biomass of basidiomas were identified. As a result of the analysis of the ecological-trophic structure of the studied biogeocenoses, mycorrhiza forming agents predominate (37.4-43.5 %). The relationship between the diversity and productivity of agaricoid fungi with the main climatic indicators (May-September) was studied. It was found that an increase in the average monthly air temperature in August leads to a decrease in the number of xylotroph basidiomas in the spruce fir forest ( rs = -0.7) and the basidiom litter saprotrophs biomass in the spruce fir forest ( rs = -0.7). Heavy rainfall in August contributes to a reduction in the number of basidiomas of litter saprotrophs in the spruce fir forest ( rs = -0.7).
T. V. Makryi1, I. F. Skirina2 1Central Siberian Botanical Garden of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Pacific Institute of Geography of FEB RAS, Vladidostok, Russia
Keywords: lichens, epiphytes, monsoon climate, oak and coniferous-broad-leaved forests, Primorsky Territory, Jewish Autonomous Region
The environmentally related patterns of occurrence of 14 species of collemiform lichens ( Collema s. l. sensu Degel.: C. ( Rostania ) callibotrys var. callibotrys Tuck., C. complanatum Hue, С. ( Enchylium ) conglomeratum var. conglomeratum Hoffm., C. ( Arctomia ) fasciculare var. fasciculare (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg., C. japonicum (Müll. Arg.) Hue, C. leptaleum var. leptaleum Tuck., С. ( Enchylium ) ligerinum (Hy) Harm., C. nepalense Degel., C. pulcellum var. pulcelllum Ach., С. ( Enchylium ) pycnocarpum Nyl. (= C. conglomeratum var . crassiusculum (Malme) Degel.), C. shiroumanum var. shiroumanum Räsänen, C. subconveniens Nyl., C. subflaccidum Degel., C. substipitatum var. substipitatum Zahlbr.) on trunks of various tree species in different types of forests, as well as their distribution in the south of the Russian Far East, have been analyzed. It was established that the greatest diversity of the species of collemiform lichens (10 and 9) was registered on the oak ( Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.) and the linden ( Tilia mandshurica Rupr. et Maxim., T. amerensis Rupr.), while the lowest diversity was found on deciduous trees with smooth thin bark. The oak-broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved (with Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) forests are best suited to the ecological needs of the collemiform lichens; in these forests, 8 and 11 species, respectively, have been registered. The three most thermophilic oceanic species, C. complanatum , C. japonicum , and C. subconveniens , have been found only on the coast of the Sea of Japan in the narrow zone of direct influence of the monsoon climate.
E. A. Borovikova1,2, J. V. Kodukhova1, A. V. Semenova3 1Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of RAS, Borok, Russia 2Institute of Biophysics Siberian Branch of RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: coregonid fish, craniological features, anadromous form, lacustrine form, plasticity, allometry, species status
Skull features variability was investigated for anadromous and lacustrine forms of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) from waterbodies of the Karelsky Coast of White Sea. Significant phenotypic plasticity depending on the environmental conditions was revealed for craniological parameters of the whitefish. Moreover, a correlation between indexes of the craniological traits (except for index of the length of the snout) and the length of the body and/or the length of the head was identified (allometric effect). The results obtained suggest unreasonable separation of anadromous and lacustrine forms of C. lavaretus in distinct taxonomical units and refute the species validity of C. pidschian and C. oxyrinchus .
I. V. Bashinskiy1, T. G. Stoyko2, V. A. Senkevich2, A. O. Svinin3, E. A. Katsman1, V. V. Osipov4,5 1A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, Russia 2Penza State University, Penza, Russia 3Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola,Russia 4The State Nature Reserve Privolzhskaya Lesostep, Penza,Russia 5Saratov branch of VNIRO, Saratov, Russia
Keywords: mollusks, envirmental factors, oxbow lakes, forest-steppe
The structure and dynamic of mollusk communities, as well as environmental factors influencing them, were analysed under conditions of small oxbow lakes in the forest-steppe zone (a case of the Khoper river valley, Penza region). 19 species of mollusks were found in the studied water bodies. The oxbows were characterized by relatively low alpha-diversity (number of species 4 ± 2) with relatively high beta-diversity (Jacquard index 0.26 ± 0.18), which is typical for floodplain ecosystems. Lake communities was dominated by Planorbis planorbis (40 %), Lymnaea stagnalis (15 %), Anisus spirorbis (14 %), Lymnaea saridalensis (9 %), Anisus vortex (8 %). The results of our analysis showed that the group of factors that determined the type of water body (stability, light intencity, water temperature, oxygen concentrations) had the greatest impact on the structure of malacocenoses. The seasonal dynamics of mollusk communities was determined by the number of adjoining water bodies, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. The number of adjoining oxbows influenced species diversity the most, as well as the total number and biomass - isolation was more favorable for mollusk communities. The factors influencing the highest number of mollusks species (seven) were the light intencity and the presence of fish. Other significant factors were the stability of lakes (five species of mollusks), the number of oxbows and the transparency of the water (four species). Aquatic vegetation positively correlated with only one species - Anisus vortex . Our data suggest that the presence of fish could influence the abundance of Lymnaea saridalensis . The mollusks themselves, apparently, had a positive effect on the number of leeches in water bodies. The most sensitive to the factors were Lymnaea stagnalis , Lymnaea saridalensis , Aplexa turrita , Anisus spirorbis and Anisus leucostoma , the most tolerant were Bathyomphalus crassus , Anisus vortex , Planorbis planorbis , Planorbarius corneus.
D. Yu. Rogozin1,2, A. O. Bulkhin1,2, V. V. Zykov1, E. A. Ivanova2, A. V. Darin3, I. A. Kalugin3, O. A. Baturina4, M. R. Kabilov4 1Institute of Biophysics of SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 4Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: long chain alkenones, haptophyte algae, meromictic lakes, water level, climate, paleo-limnological reconstruction, 18S rDNA
Long chain alkenones are temperature-sensitive and in some cases salinity-sensitive lipids with great potential for reconstruction of past climate because they are well preserved in sediments for a long time. These lipids are produced only by some species of Haptophyta algae. The chain length and degree of unsaturation of alkenones vary depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and salinity. We examined for the first time the sediments of saline meromictic lakes Shira and Uchum located in arid steppes of North-Minusinsk Depression (southern Siberia) for long-chain alkenones. We found the uneven vertical distributions of C37-C40 alkenones with different unsaturation indices on the sediments of both lakes. In hypolimnion of Lake Uchum the highly abundant population of the haptophytes of the order Isochrysidales was detected both by 18SrDNA deep sequencing and microscopy. The haptophyte species and composition of alkenones were similar to saline stratified lakes of northern Great Plains of North America (Sasketchewan, Canada) with similar climate and dissolved ion composition of the lakes water. The relative abundance of the C37:4 alkenone in the sediments of lakes Shira and Uchum have been changing in accordance with the water-level and salinity changes documented for the recent ca. 100 years. Therefore, we have shown that long-chain alkenones can be used as a proxy of the climate-driven water-level changes in the saline lakes of southern Siberia.
N. Yu. Egorova
Professor Zhitkov Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming, Kirov, Russia
Keywords: cowberry, coenopopulation, replacement index, recovery index, Kirov region, southern taiga
Vaccinium vitis-idaeа L. is a widespread and dominant species of the boreal forests. It has an important ecological role as food source for human, many animal and birds species. The aim of this study was to determine ecological features, ontogenetic structure of V. vitis-idaea populations in forest ecosystems of the southern taiga (Kirov region, Russia). V. vitis-idaea is a gemyeurybiotic species which ecological space amplitude in Kirov Region does not exceed the limits of Tsyganov’s scales ecological range [1983]. Discomfort index calculated with phytoindication data allowed determining the level of favour. We have determined that conditions of swampy pine forest (CP 2, 5) with optimum ecological parameters for the species growth. The least favourable conditions for V. vitis-idaea development are formed in the herbaceous birch forests and green moss spruce forest (CP 4, 10) where maximum discomfort indices are marked: 1.08. All studied populations are normal and incomplete. Pre-generative individuals are stable and often dominate. Less constant are generative plants which are absent in some populations (CP 10). Dominating spectre type of the populations is bimodal. Index of substitution states that prospective populations prevail in the study, excluding population 3 which was unstable and ineffective in self-renewal. Delta-omega classification shows that young populations prevail in the study. The ecological conditions of the studied phytocoenoses affect the ontogenetic parameters of V. vitis-idaea plants. The quantity of the young generative age group depends on the soil moisture ( r = 0.76) and the soil moisture variability ( r = -0.68); pregenerative age groups depend on illumination ( r = 0.74). The significant effect on the age index replacement index, coefficient of vegetative self-support have such parameters as illumination.
I. N. Kurganova1, V. O. Lopes de Gerenyu1, N. A. Galibina2, E. A. Kapitsa3, E. V. Shorokhova2,3 1Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science of RAS, Pushchino, Russia 2Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia 3Saint Petersburg State Forestry University named S. M. Kirov, St. Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: coarse woody debris, carbon dioxide emission, temperature coefficient, incubation experiment, chemical composition of bark
In a temperate climate, temperature is a key abiotic factor controlling the decomposition of coarse wood debris, one of the components of which is the bark. Using the aspen bark (AB), we carried out a 12-month laboratory experiment at three contrasting temperatures (2, 12 and 22 °C) and constant sufficient moisture to quantify the effect of the temperature on the decomposition rate (DecR) and decay constant (k) of aspen bark. The temperature influence on the total loss of C-CO2 and changes in the chemical composition of AB during the entire experiment were also estimated. An increase in the incubation temperature from 2 to 12 °C and from 12 to 22 °C caused a similar increase in the average (over 12 months) value of DecR: Q10 values in these temperature intervals were 1.30 to 1.41, respectively. The most significant effect of temperature on the dynamics of DecR was revealed during the 1st and 2nd months of the experiment. The maximum losses of С-СО2 (284 ± 16 mg С g of bark-1 or 55.2 ± 3.2 % of the initial С content) were observed at 22 °C. The decay constants of AB calculated by the one-component exponential model increased significantly with the rising of incubation temperature: from 0.46 ± 0.01 year-1 at 2 °C to 1.02 ± 0.09 year-1 at 22 °C. Changes in the chemical composition of aspen bark due to the processes of biogenic decomposition included a significant reduction in alcohol-soluble organic compounds and cellulose to 18-32 % and 41-57 % of their initial amount, respectively. Lignin losses were much less and amounted to only 9-18 % of their content in AB before the incubation. The quantitative changes in the chemical composition of aspen bark were similar at 2 and 12 °C and less pronounced than at 22 °C. It may be explained by the growing activity of destructive organisms that are actively involved in the decomposition of the bark at 22 °C.
B. P. ADUEV1, D. R. NURMUHAMETOV1, Y. V. KRAFT1, Z. R. ISMAGILOV1,2 1Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia 2Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: coal, laser ignition, combustion, glow kinetics, ignition thresholds, ignition stages
Pages: 518-526
Laser ignition (1064 nm, 120 μs) of the dispersed particles of different coal marks was studied. For all coal marks, three consecutive ignition stages with characteristic threshold radiation energy densities ( H cr) for each stage were discovered. With an increase in the rank, the values of the first ignition limit H cr(1) remain almost constant, the second ignition limit H cr(2) decreases, while the third ignition limit H cr(3) increases. Results of the investigation of kinetic dependencies of flame glow at different ignition stages arising under the action of laser pulses on coal particles are presented. The glow duration at the first ignition stage slightly exceeds the duration of the laser pulse and reaches 150 μs for all marks of coal. The glow duration at the second ignition stage at H = H cr(2) is in the millisecond time interval. With an increase in the energy density of laser radiation, the glow duration at the second ignition stage decreases to the submillisecond range as a result of an increase in the rates of thermochemical reactions. At the third ignition stage at H = H cr(3), the glow duration is 10-100 ms for different marks of coal. It was established that for the studied coals, the glow intensity increases from the moment of exposure to laser pulse. In the submillisecond range, a decrease in glow intensity was observed. The glow amplitude of coals increases linearly with an increase in the energy density of laser radiation.
S. I. ZHEREBTSOV, K. S. VOTOLIN, N. V. MALYSHENKO, Z. R. ISMAGILOV
Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: brown coal, humic acid, modification, biological activity, index of phytoactivity
Pages: 527-532
The samples of native and n -butanol-modified humic acids isolated from brown coals of the Kansk-Achinsk and South Ural coal basins (Russia) were obtained. Their composition and properties were characterized using the methods of elemental, spectral, technical analysis and testing for biological activity. Changes in the structural group parameters of modified humic acids were revealed by means of 13C NMR (CPMAS), IR and Raman spectroscopy. The biological activity of native and modified humic acids was evaluated by means of phytotesting with the seeds of Iren wheat. It is shown that modified humic acids are characterized by increased biological activity. This is due to an increase in the relative content of aromatic structural fragments, which is accompanied by an increase in aromaticity index f a and the ratio of aromaticity to aliphaticity f ar/al of humic acids.
N. N. IVANOV, I. YU. ZYKOV, V. E. TSVETKOV, YU. N. DUDNIKOVA
Federal Research Center for Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: phenol adsorption, carbon sorbents, chemical activation, adsorption isotherm
Pages: 533-539
Phenol adsorption from aqueous solutions on carbon sorbents was studied. The carbon sorbents were prepared from Kuzbass coals by means of chemical activation of raw coals using potassium hydroxide. Coal and potassium hydroxide were mixed by means of impregnation (with a mass ratio of coal/alkali 1 : 1), followed by mixture carbonization at 800 °C with isothermal exposure for 1 h. Phenol adsorption on thus prepared sorbents was shown to be described by Langmuir equation ( R 2 ≈ 0.999). Sorption parameters point to the high efficiency of phenol adsorption on carbon sorbents, especially on the sorbent obtained from D coal. It was established that phenol adsorption from aqueous solutions by the sorbents is described by the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model, and the limiting stage is the diffusion of phenol molecules in the microporous space of the sorbent.
A. S. KABAK1,2, E. I. ANDREIKOV1,2 1Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia 2JSC VUKhIN, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Keywords: thermal solvolysis, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, fiber reinforced plastic, recycling
Pages: 540-547
The thermal solvolysis of epoxy diane resin (ED-20) and glass and carbon fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) in the medium of coal tar pitch and petroleum pitches was studied. The components of liquid-phase decomposition products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; solvolysis residues were characterized. The mechanism of thermal solvolysis of epoxy resin in coal tar pitch and in petroleum pitches was proposed. The possibility of carbon and glass fibre recycling as a result of thermal solvolysis of FRP in coal tar pitch and in petroleum pitches was demonstrated. Coal tar pitch and petroleum pitches were compared as solvents for thermal solvolysis.
T. A. LARICHEV1, YU. A. ZAKHAROV2, N. M. FEDOROVA1, G. Yu. SIMENYUK2, V. M. PUGACHEV1, YU. V. LOKTIONOV1, V. E. NIKIFOROV1 1Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia 2Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: zinc cobaltate, cobalt oxides, cobalt hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites
Pages: 548-559
The structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of nanocomposite materials obtained by thermal decomposition of cobalt hydroxides and mixed cobalt-zinc hydroxides on the surface of a carbon matrix formed by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated. The interaction of the solutions of cobalt and zinc sulphates with sodium hydroxide results in the formation of the solid phase which includes cobalt hydroxide and zinc oxide. Subsequent thermal treatment in the air leads mainly to the formation of zinc cobaltate Zn x Co(1 - x )O y , in which the relative content of cobalt and zinc can vary within a broad range. The electrochemical properties of synthesized nanocomposite materials were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Investigation of the electrochemical properties of the synthesized nanocomposite materials by means of cyclic voltammetry showed that the introduction of cobalt oxide into carbon matrix causes an increase in electrical capacitance within the whole range of potential scanning rates (10-80 mV/s). Application of electrode materials based on the carbon/zinc cobaltate composite for manufacture allows an increase in specific capacitance of supercapacitors by a factor of 1.5 and saves cobalt, a material in short supply.
V. YU. MALYSHEVA1, N. I. FEDOROVA1, Z. R. ISMAGILOVI1,2 1Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia 2Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk , Russia
Keywords: brown coal, elemental composition, fixed carbon, IR spectroscopy, aromaticity index
Pages: 560-565
Results of the IR spectroscopic investigation of brown coal from different deposits of Russia and Mongolia are presented. The obtained IR spectroscopic data indicate the presence of complex structures in brown coals containing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fragments, fragments of oxygen-containing heteroaromatic compounds, as well as oxygen-containing functional groups (carbonyl, hydroxyl, ether). It was found that the aromaticity index f a calculated from the results of IR spectroscopy has a linear correlation with the quality indicators of brown coal - the yield of volatiles (Vdaf), fixed carbon (Cfix ) and the H/C atomic ratio.
L. B. OKHLOPKOVA, O. S. EFIMOVA, L. M. KHITSOVA, Z. R. ISMAGILOV
Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: carbon nanomaterial, bimetallic oxide nanoparticles, catalyst, thermal analysis, FTIR spectroscopy
Pages: 566-575
In order to develop new catalysts based on carbon nanotubes (Taunite) with deposited bimetallic oxide nanoparticles for oxidative desulphurization, a series of samples with the composition M1M2O x /Taunite (M1M2 = CeMo, CuMo, CeCu) was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The properties of the catalysts were studied by means of FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis combined with mass spectrometry. The effects of the nature of a metal precursor and the oxidative treatment of the support on the functionalization of the support surface and support thermal stability were studied. Decomposition of supports with deposited bimetals was determined to start at a temperature lower by 210-285 °C than in the case of non-modified support. The stability of Taunite support against thermal decomposition increases in the following series of metal cations: CuMo < CeMo < CeCu < support without M1M2. The optimal precursors of bimetals for the synthesis of a promising nanosized catalyst M1M2O x /Taunite were selected.
A. F. RYZHKOV, T. F. BOGATOVA, G. E. MASLENNIKOV, P. V. OSIPOV
Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Keywords: coal-fired power plant, CO utilization, ash and slag wastes, mineralization, carbonation, chemical recycling
Pages: 576-581
The utilization of ash and slag from coal-fired power plants to ensure their environmental safety was considered. A comprehensive technology is proposed to utilize wastes of solid fuel combustion from thermal power plants and regional industrial wastes along with CO2 emissions produced at thermal power plants, which is relevant under the Paris Climate Agreement signed by Russia. A low-waste process of energy generation and the production of substituents of natural materials for various purposes may be arranged by combining the production of free calcium and magnesium oxides from the mineral part of fuel burnt in the steam boiler, dry ash removal from the boiler and electrostatic precipitators, chemical saturation of the oxides with carbon dioxide from coal combustion products leading to the formation of thermodynamically stable carbonates. Integrated carbonation of basic components of ashes from the power plant during the mineralization of CO2 emissions enhances the consumer properties of ash and slag and provides the reduction of CO2 emission by 3-5 %, which is equivalent to an increase in power plant efficiency by 1.5-2 %. Involvement of regional resources (power plant ash and slag and other facilities, construction waste from housing renovation programs, etc .) in the chemical recycling process can increase the degree of power plant wastelessness up to 70-90 % without turning to expensive technologies of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The possibility to solve the multifactor utilization task for solid and gaseous products of different kinds within a single technological process ensures the commercial attractiveness of this proposal.
V. G. SURKOV, G. S. PEVNEVA
Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: brown coal, coal-water systems, mechanical treatment, temperature, composition, combustion
Pages: 582-586
The composition of the products of mechanical treatment (MT) of a mixture of brown coal and water (1 : 1) at MT temperature of 80, 120, 160, 200 °С was investigated. MT of the water - coal system was carried out with the help of AGO-2 installation in the atmosphere of argon. Mechanical treatment at increased temperatures promotes the destruction of the organic component of brown coal. It is demonstrated that an increase in MT temperature causes a decrease in methane yield and an increase in the yield of bitumoid. The content of resins and asphaltenes in bitumoids was determined to increase with an increase in MT temperature. The ignition and combustion characteristics of the products of mechanically treated coal-water mixture were studied.
N. I. FEDOROVA1, N. A. GRABOVAYA1, Z. R. ISMAGILOV1,2 1Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia 2Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: sapropelite coal, petrographic analysis, macerals, liptinite, alginite, vitrinite
Pages: 587-592
The petrographic composition of sapropelite coal from different deposits of Russia was investigated. It was revealed that the studied samples contain more than 75 % of macerals of the liptinite group, 8 to 24 % macerals of the vitrinite group, and minor amount of the group of inertinites (mainly fusinite), not more than 1-2 %. To determine the genetic maturity of the studied sapropelite coal, the reflectivity of vitrinite was determined. It was established that the vitrinite reflection index in the samples varies within a relatively narrow range from 0.27 % (the sample from the Charchik deposit) to 0.41 % (the sample from the Taimylyr deposit).
N. N. YANCHAT, L. KH. TAS-OOL
Tuvinian Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyzyl, Russia
Keywords: coal, coal ash, ash carrier, ash-forming element
Pages: 593-598
Statistical analysis of the material according to the composition of ash-forming elements in coal from the Kaa-Khem deposit ( n = 43) including the data previously obtained by other researchers was carried out. The study samples of coal have a low ash content on average (ash content Ad is 11.8 %), with a relatively high content of CaO (17.4 mass %) and Fe2O3 (16.6 mass %). Regression analysis of the data by means of the least-squares allowed us to reveal correlations between ash content and the content of elements. The dependences of the element’s contents in coal [E i ] and ash [E i ]A were estimated over a broad range of ash content values Ad (3-51 %). The types of diagrams for Si, Al, Ti, K, Na differ from those for Fe, Ca, Mg, S. It is demonstrated that the main carriers for Si, Al, Ti, K, Na in the studied coals are mineral inclusions of allothigenic origin. The authigenic mineral formations of coals contain mainly the carriers of Fe, Ca, Mg, S.
S. R. Kuzmin1,2, N. A. Kuzmina1 1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation 2Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: forest seed zoning, climatic ecotype, tree mean height, growth success
The purpose of the work is definition of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. seed transfer range in Siberia on the basis of growth success of 40 year-old provenance trial established in Boguchany forestry of Krasnoyarsk region. In the provenance trial 83 climatic ecotypes are studied in different growth conditions. More than 40 % of climatic ecotypes originally are from Siberia. Long-term observations of complex of traits (survival, height and diameter growth, stock of timber, plant pathology conditions and form of tree trunk) in the provenance trial allowed making analysis of rank stability of climatic ecotypes. Analysis of climatype stability in selection indexes was conducted in different ecological and climatic conditions. Perspective climatypes within each experimental plot were revealed and differences between plots were shown. Average index of complex of traits was obtained. This index is a final assessment of growth success at the present age and the basis of comparative analysis of similarity and difference of climatypes. Recommendations of seed transfer and highlight of forest regions were suggested on the basis of comparative analysis. Seed transfer in latitudinal and longitudinal directions are recommended in definite limits, direction of world’s sides must be taken into account during creation of forest plantations. Five forest regions are recommended for practical usage within definition of forest seed zoning of Scots pine and for forest stations involved in growing of forest plantations on the territories of Krasnoyarsk region, Khakasia, Tuva and Irkutsk region instead of eleven active in present time, their borders are presented in the map in present paper.
V. A. Usoltsev1,2, I. S. Tsepordey1 1Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation 2Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Keywords: regression models, stand biomass, biomass structure, climate change, average January temperature, average annual precipitation
Human economic activity has led to significant global changes in the functioning of the biosphere, and the observed warming of the climate has a significant impact on the vegetation cover of the planet. Due to the species-specific responses of forest ecosystems to climate change and the complexity of their morphostructure, changes in biological productivity within biomes and continents are modeled using compiled databases of empirical data on individual tree species, taking into account their morphostructure. At the same time, priority is given to changing the biomass of forest ecosystems under the influence of annual temperatures and precipitation. However, the results of modeling responses of forest biomass to global changes in temperature and precipitation are contradictory and are characterized by significant uncertainties in the forecasts of climate-related dynamics of forest cover. This article is devoted to the study of transcontinental climate-related trends in the structure of forest biomass formed by species of the genus Quercus spp. Based on the database of 663 sample plots established from France to Japan and China, statistically significant changes in the structure of forest stand biomass associated with shifts in winter temperatures and average annual precipitation are revealed. When the temperature is expected to increase, the biomass of total, aboveground and stems may be increasing, but the biomass of foliage, branches and roots increases only in regions of sufficient moisture, but when there is a lack of precipitation, it may be decreasing. If precipitation is expected to increase at a constant temperature, the total, aboveground, underground and stem biomass may decrease, but the biomass of foliage and branches will decrease only in cold regions, and in warm regions it may increase by up to 20-30 %.
V. A. Savchenkova1, N. A. Korshunov1, R. V. Kotelnikov2, A. V. Perminov1 1All-Russian Research Institute of Forestry and Forestry Mechanization, Pushkino, Russian Federation 2The Center of Forest Pyrology, Development of Forest Ecosystem Conservation, Forest Protection and Regeneration Technologies - Branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: forest, fire, communications, management, automated systems
The article is devoted to the assessment of the interaction and communication system for extinguishing large fires in order to create a more effective system for managing the forces and means of extinguishing and ensuring a reliable quality control system for decisions and work performed. Research on the state of the issue described in the article is planned to be used to prepare methods for managing forces and strategy in large fires, this technique can be adopted normative legal acts of the corresponding Federal state Executive bodies. Most of the Russian Federation’s forest resources are located in remote and inaccessible areas. This leads to the fact that some forest fires turns into large ones. Despite the fact that large forest fires in the Russian Federation account for only about 8-18 % in number, the total area covered by fire is about 90 %. Improving the effectiveness of fighting large forest fires is of primary importance and the amount of annual damage to the budget of our country will depend on the correct organization of this work. To date, timely and reliable formation of scientific and analytical information for making operational management decisions in the organization of extinguishing large forest fires is extremely important. The article is based on the results of evaluating information support for extinguishing large forest fires based on the analysis of the use of the most effective technological solutions in the field of managing the forces and means of extinguishing that are used in the elimination of large forest fires. This made it possible to make sure that modern effective models of decision support systems (both in the military and civil sectors) are available in Russia and they can be successfully adapted to the tasks of fighting large forest fires. Modern capabilities of Rosleskhoz should be actively used in the Russian decision-making system for predictive modeling of the spread of a large fire and the presentation of other actual and calculated parameters.
