Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2020 number 3

Homogenized melt inclusions in olivine were studied in Archean komatiites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Weltevreden Formation in South Africa (3.3 Ga), Abitibi Greenstone Belt in Canada (2.72 Ga), and the Belingwe Greenstone Belt in Zimbabwe (2.69 Ga). Contamination of the komatiite melts with crustal material enriched in Rb, Cl, and H2O during the crystallization of olivine is demonstrated. Uncontaminated melts have mantle Rb/Nb ratios but are significantly enriched in Cl and H2O relative to K and Ce, respectively, exhibiting similar incompatibility during crystallization and partial mantle melting. These observations suggest the presence of a chlorine- and water-enriched mantle source before 3.3 Ga. The excess Cl and H2O contents in the komatiites are assumed to result from the interaction of partially molten mantle plumes with the mantle transition zone. The most likely source of Cl and H2O enriching the deep mantle is the oceanic lithosphere that endured a seafloor alteration. We conclude that the recycling of the altered oceanic lithosphere into the mantle, probably via subduction, began in the first billion years of the Earth’s history. Delamination of the Archean crust could not cause transport of chlorine and water into the deep mantle.

We performed geological, geochronological, geochemical, and isotope-geochemical studies of igneous rocks of the Ust’-Ignok gabbrodiorite massif in the Urik-Iya graben of the Siberian craton and summarized the obtained and published data on early Proterozoic mafic igneous rocks in the South Siberian postcollisional magmatic belt. It has been established that the Ust’-Ignok massif is composed of rocks of the continuous series from biotite gabbro via gabbrodiorites and diorites to quartz diorites. U-Pb zircon dating of quartz diorites of the Ust’-Ignok massif yielded an age of 1836 ± 10 Ma, i.e., the massif rocks might have originated at the final stage of the formation of the South Siberian postcollisional magmatic belt. The rocks of the Ust’-Ignok massif are of normal and medium alkalinity. All igneous rocks from gabbro to quartz diorites show distinct negative anomalies of Nb-Ta and Ti in their multielement patterns, and their εNd(T) values vary from +0.3 to -0.9. The geochemical indicator ratios in the gabbroids point to insignificant contamination of their source with continental-crust material and to their formation through the melting of an enriched lithospheric-mantle source. Gabbrodiorites-quartz diorites of the Ust’-Ignok massif resulted, most likely, from the fractional crystallization of gabbroids. Analysis of the geochemical and isotope characteristics of mafic igneous rocks of the South Siberian postcollisional magmatic belt shows that most of them resulted from the melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle with suprasubductional geochemical features. This mantle might have formed during subduction processes preceding the formation of the Siberian craton.

Gold-bearing dumps of processed pyrite-polymetallic ores of the Ursk ore field (Novo-Urskoe and Beloklyuchevskoe deposits, Salair Ridge) have been studied. Physicochemical modeling of the gold behavior in wastes allowed us to describe quantitatively the gold precipitation process in different horizons of the dumps. In the upper part of the sulfide-rich section, sulfide minerals undergo intens oxidation accompanied by the dissolution of structural and surface-bound gold. Gold redeposition on the pyrite surface (sorption reduction barrier) as a result of electrochemical processes is accompanied by the formation of heavy-metal sulfates and barite. Under the sorption barrier, there is a loose leaching horizon with high humidity, where gold is present in pore solutions as thiosulfate, hydrosulfide, and hydroxo complexes; its content reaches 68 mg/L. In the middle part of the section, composed of compact siliceous sandstones (hardpan), high-grade (up to 973 ‰) gold forms through the disintegration of thiosulfate complexes, but its content decreases to 10^-6 mg/L (lithologic reduction barrier). No visible gold was found in the lower part of the section (soil bed), but its high contents (up to 0.35-0.42 g/L) might be due to the sorption by organic high-molecular compounds, such as humic acids. The morphology and chemical composition of native gold from the gold-containing dumps of processed pyrite-polymetallic ores have been first studied. It is shown that the gold surface has traces of supergene transformations, e.g., gold nano- and microparticles as sponge overgrowth on the gold or barite particle surface or as newly formed gold phases in Fe, Mn, and Al hydroxide films.

Comprehensive geological and geophysical investigations were conducted to obtain new data on the structure and physical nature of the discharge site of steam hydrothermal fluids by the example of the Pauzhetka geothermal deposit (southern Kamchatka). An isometric concentric zonal structure has been identified within the temperature, geoelectric, magnetic, and gravimetric fields. It spatially correlates with an elevated tectonic block previously detected in the area of the Upper Pauzhetka thermal field. The central part of this structure includes a consolidated rock block composed presumably of quartz-adularia metasomatites formed at the pre-Holocene stage of evolution of the Pauzhetka hydrothermal system. The rocks form a physical heterogeneity within the structure of the aquifer, which greatly contributes to the distribution of flows of ascending thermal, mixed, and meteoric waters beneath the Upper Pauzhetka thermal field. The central area of the isometric concentric zonal structure is outlined by a zone consisting of local anomalies of positive magnetic field values. The wide occurrence of subintrusive bodies (sills, dikes, and extrusion roots) of intermediate to rhyolite composition suggests the magmatic nature of the identified anomalies. The peripheral areas correlate with large discharge sites of high-temperature fluids. Thus, it is demonstrated that the structure of the circulation zones of waters of various types in the area of the Upper Pauzhetka thermal field is governed by the concentric zonal structure of the elevated tectonic block and the distribution of physical heterogeneities, both primary (of magmatic or volcanosedimentary nature) and resulted from the hydrothermal metasomatic alteration of the source rocks.

We present the results of gas-geochemical surveys in the sea surface water layer, water column, and bottom sediments of the Tatar Strait (north of the Sea of Japan) in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2018. The distribution of methane fluxes at the water-atmosphere interface is examined, and its relationship with the geologic structure of the Tatar Strait area is discussed. Methane emission has been revealed throughout most of the Tatar Strait area. The most intense methane fluxes at the water-atmosphere interface, up to 482 mol/(km2×day), are observed on the gas-bearing southwestern shelf and on the gas hydrate slope of Sakhalin Island. The high concentrations of methane in seawater and the high contents of methane, hydrogen, and helium in the shelf and slope bottom sediments are probably due to the seismotectonic activity in the region, the presence of gas hydrates, gas concentration zones, gas migration channels, and the regional deep structure. Application of the model for calculation of the flux and impurity transfer fields to the studied water area has shown high methane emission from the sea surface in areas of vertical gas migration from lithospheric sources. The contribution of hydrodynamic factors to the formation of such zones of high methane emission is less than that of geologic factors. The obtained data on methane flux at the water-atmosphere interface for a shallow sea gave a detailed insight into the main gas discharge zones in the southern Tatar Strait.

We present data, collected in 2016, on the concentration of n -alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bottom sediments as well as the abundance and composition of the cultured microbial community in the area of the oil seepage near Cape Gorevoi Utes. Since its discovery in 2005, the development dynamics of the oil seepage has demonstrated a decrease in the total concentration of normal hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil slicks and bottom sediments, partial degradation of oil entering the water surface, and an increase and subsequent reduction in the number of microorganisms in water and bottom sediments with the maintained structure of the cultured microbial community. From 2006 to 2016, there was a low total concentration and a narrow range of detected concentrations of n -alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column, which indicates the preservation of water purity in the lake near the oil seepage.

The Anyue gas field is located in the middle part of the Sichuan Basin, SW China. It occurs in the oldest marine carbonate strata and is characterized by the highest degree of thermal evolution and the largest gas reserves in China. A significant breakthrough was made with the Gaoshi-1 risk-taking exploration well deployed in 2011. As of 2015, the proven geologic reserves of natural gas were 657.4 billion m³, and the total gas reserves including proven reserves, controlled reserves, and predicted reserves exceeded 1.5 trillion m³. A total of three sets of gas-bearing strata are developed in the Anyue gas field in a descending sequence: The gas reservoir in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation (Ꞓ₁l) is treated as a structure-lithologic gas reservoir; the gas reservoir in Section No. 4 of the Dengying Formation (Z₂dn⁴) is a structure-stratigraphic gas reservoir; and the gas reservoir in Section No. 2 of the Dengying Formation (Z₂dn²) is a structural gas reservoir. A comparative analysis of the gas sources has shown that the gas Cambrian of reservoirs was mainly from mudshale of the lower Cambrian Maidiping and Qiongzhusi formations and the gas of the Dengying Formation reservoirs was from mudshale of the Qiongzhusi Formation and mudstone of Section No. 3 of the Dengying Formation. All gas reservoirs are referred to as reservoirs of dry gas with medium or low contents of sulfur and medium contents of CO₂. Gas reservoirs in Ꞓ₁l are characterized by a large burial depth, a high temperature, and a high pressure, while the gas reservoirs in Z₂dn² and Z₂dn⁴ are characterized by an ultralarge depth, a high temperature, and a normal pressure. The accumulation of gas reservoirs is controlled mainly by two factors. The distribution of hydrocarbon generation centers is controlled by the late Sinian-early Cambrian intracratonic rift, which acts as effective updip sealing conditions for gas reservoirs in the Dengying Formation. The late Sinian-early Cambrian Gaoshiti-Moxi paleouplift experienced a long-term inherited development, which controlled the generation and distribution of three sets of large-scale high-quality reservoirs in Z₂dn⁴, Z₂dn², and the Longwangmiao Formation and the generation of three sets of high-quality reservoir-caprock assemblages. An inherited giant structural trap with a long-term stable development is always a favorable zone for petroleum accumulation.

Magnetostratigraphic data from wells in southern West Siberia that strip the Upper Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary strata in three areas (three wells in the Omsk Basin, two wells in the Bakchar Iron Basin, and two wells in the southern Kulunda Basin) are used to compile the respective regional magnetic-polarity scale. According to the available biostratigraphic constraints, the deposition spanned the period from Albian to Bartonian. The reported regional polarity scale is based on integrated paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic data from the seven wells and comprises four Upper Cretaceous zones of normal (NK_1-2(al-st) and NK₂mt) and reverse (RK₂km and RK₂mt) polarity corresponding to the C34, C33r, C31r, and C30n Chrons of the global magnetic polarity scale and four Paleogene zones of reverse polarity: R₁E₁zl, R₂E₁t, R ₁E₂t-i(?), and R ₁E₂l-b, with the first two correlating with the C26r and C25r Chrons. Some of the Upper Cretaceous magnetozones enclose thin intervals (microzones) of the opposite polarity. The regional Cretaceous-Paleogene magnetic polarity scale of southern West Siberia reveals several deposition gaps from 6 to 28 Myr long. The magnetostratigraphic data can be used to determine deposition rates and can make reference for local, regional, and global correlations of geologic events given that polarity reversals are of global extent.

We consider results of magnetotelluric and magnetovariational soundings in the period range 10 < T < < 20 000 s in the North Vietnam area. The simple structure of magnetovariational responses is shown, which generally reflects the electrically conductive quasi-two-dimensional structure of the Earth’s crust. Impedance responses form as a superposition of responses of local complex subsurface and quasi-two-dimensional regional deep-seated structures. Separation of local and regional effects made it possible to construct a geoelectrical depth model of the regional tectonosphere, whose main elements are electrically conductive subvertical trans-lithospheric faults and high-resistivity disturbances of the conductive asthenosphere. These elements, favoring the flow of telluric currents induced in deep-seated electrically conductive systems into the sedimentary cover, form zones of abnormal apparent-resistivity curves. The apparent resistivity monotonously increases with increasing the period up to 20 000 s. We called the combination of such elements of the geoelectrical model a ultradeep fluid-fault system (UDFFS). The modeling has established the location of three orthogonally intersecting UDFFS of NE and SE strikes in the North Vietnam area. It shows that conductive (fluid-saturated) translithospheric faults extending to the base of the sedimentary sequence control the location of petroleum fields and ore deposits. A method for separating local and regional magnetotelluric effects is proposed. It permits one to determine reliably the main strikes of a regional two-dimensional structure and the configuration of the apparent-resistivity curves along them.

The East European Platform (EEP) is characterized by a rather weak seismicity. The south of the Komi Republic is the most seismically active territory in the northeast of the EEP. The 1939 Sysola earthquake (grade 7), one of the strongest earthquakes in the European north of the 20th century, occurred there. Many world’s seismic stations recorded an earthquake in the Priluzsky region of the republic on 9 November 2002, but it was not thoroughly studied and is not considered in literature. In this work we recalculate the parameters of the earthquake hypocenter, substantiate its tectonic nature, construct its focal mechanism, and describe its tectonic position. For processing, we used data on 86 seismic phases from 58 stations with epicentral distances from 5.9 to 57°, azimuth angles from 1.5 to 341.7°, and the maximum azimuthal gap of 70°. The following parameters of the hypocenter were obtained: t ₀ = 06 h 47 min 17.9 s, 59.93° N, 49.76° E, R_minor = 7.7 km, R_major = 10.7 km, Az_major = 20°, h = 16 km, and M_S = 3.4. The earthquake is localized in the upper crust and is confined to the zone of the junction of the eastern slope of the Sysola arch and the western flank of the Kirov-Kazhim aulacogen of the Volga-Ural anteclise of the Russian Plate. We have established a strike-slip fault focal mechanism of the earthquake, which corresponds to the latest stress field of the region. The estimated axis parameters (value, azimuth, plunge) are as follows: T = 0.707, 90.0, 0; N = 0, 0, 39.792; and P = -0.707, 180.0, 50.208. The plane parameters (strike, dip, slip) are estimated at 327, 57, -140° for the first plane and 213, 57, -40° for the second plane. The recorded seismic events in the northeast of the Russian Plate indicate that the platform area is not seismically passive. The performed research shows that recent seismotectonic processes are related to the structure and state of the Earth’s crust within the platform.

The article presents an overview of the activities and generalization of the experience of five-year work of the Crimean Museological school “Museum Studio” opened in Koktebel in 2016. The history of Russian museology, which is closely connected with creating the first public museums at the early XIX century, was a great importance in organization of M. Voloshin House as a center of culture of the early XX century. The Russian Institute of Cultural Studies became the basis for the School’s museological activities. Based on the existing traditions of Russian Museum studies, the School functions as a research and discussion platform to hold annual events with the participation of leading experts from Russia and foreign countries. It has proposed and developed an innovative model of interaction with specialists aimed to improve their skills and competence.

Studies of communities of ground beetles (Carabidae) and black beetles (Tenebrionidae) were conducted in Central Kazakhstan along 70°E. Investigations were made in typical, dry and deserted steppe subzones in 1976-1978 and 2018. In parallel, soil cover studies were conducted and climate indicators of the studied areas were compared. Considerable change of a climate for 50 years expressed in rise in temperatures with simultaneous increase of precipitation. The basic features of soils have not undergone essential changes, but keep or get strong potentials to salinization. The generality of local fauna of carabids in 1976-1978 was 48-62 %, in the beginning of XXI century it decreased in dry steppe to 16 %, in deserted steppe - to 7 %. In tenebrionids which are more adapted to aridity the faunal similarity decreased from 70-75 % to 37 % in the typical steppe, and increased to 87 % in dry steppe. There are more “southern” subarid species in the communities and fewer relatively “northern” boreal and polysonal species, which disappear completely in dry and desert steppes. As an integral zoo-indicator of changes in aridity of the environment, the Tencar index, expressing the ratio of the number of individuals and species of arid tenebrionids and more humic carabids, was used. In the typical steppe the index values are low and change little in the long-term dynamics and along the catena. But in the dry steppe Tencar Index values in 2018 increased by 5 times compared to the middle of the XX century, and in deserted steppe - by 2 orders of magnitude. The trigger for changes in the composition and structure of local communities of beetles is not a change in atmospheric humidity, but the rise in average annual temperatures, which exceeded the global trend values and activated salinization of soils, creating the conditions for desertification of the territory and biota.

Accurate predictions of species’ range shifts in response to ongoing climate change is, in our opinion, a key starting point in an assessment of a species vulnerability to climate change. In this study, we used Maxent 3.4.1 to construct a Daurian pika climatic niche distribution model using 273 species presence points throughout its whole distribution range, together with 19 bioclimatic layers, and examined the pika vulnerability to the effects of global climate change under two emission scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. It was found that the models chosen using statistical selection criteria (AUC and AIC) displayed reduced transferability to new territories, which can substitute for time in predicting climate-change effects on biodiversity. To obtain more transferable model we used cross-validation in which data were assigned non-randomly to 3 groups that were spatially distinct. The constructed model was validated using two completely independent field-collected datasets. (1) Of the three unexplored previously areas with optimal climatic conditions, only one was inhabited by the pika. Other areas were revealed to have edaphic factors unsuitable for pika living. (2) Comparison of range projections for time periods of 140-120 Ka, 21 Ka and 6 Ka with pika fossil locations in the corresponding periods showed good fitting. The climatic niche range changes in the year 2070 do not look critical for Ochotona dauurica due to the significant overlap between current and predicted ranges. However, the internal structure of species’ range is predicted to change significantly, especially pronounced in the RCP 8.5 scenario, when the largest deviation from the current distribution is expected along with an increase in fragmentation within the predicted range

Studies of spider communities (Arachnida: Aranei) were carried out in Central Kazakhstan along 70°E in subzones of typical, dry and deserted steppe on the catenas (drainage series), including eluvial, transitive and accumulative positions. 79 species of spiders belonging to 33 genera and 11 families were identified. The basis of the spider population is formed by wandering gnaphosid spiders - a group typical for arid zones and dry stations. A significant role in the population of the study area is also played by wolf spiders (Lycosidae), the most numerous on the lower, wetter positions of the catenas. In the direction from typical steppes to desert ones, there is an increase in the proportion of Salticidae species in spider faunas and taxonomic diversity of this family. In contrast to the species richness of the ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae), which decreases from north to south, the number of spider species increases, and thus it is similar to the species richness of tenebrionid beetles. At the latitudinal gradient from north to south at the upper positions of the catenas there is a decrease in the spider abundance, while the ecological diversity of taxa of spiders is increasing. Usually, positions of catenas being similar in faunistic composition, are similar in the structure of spider population. When moving from typical steppes to desert, there is a decrease in the number of wide-area species with subboreal distribution and an increase in the number of species typical of steppe, semi-desert habitats and salt marshes.

The steppes occupy an important place in the vegetation of the mountains of Southern Siberia. However, they significantly differ in the mountains of various climatic facies, these features are especially pronounced in the spatial and phytocenotic structure of extrazonal steppe phenomena - on the ecotones in adjacent altitudinal belts. In the geography of Inner Asia, these steppe manifestations in landscapes entered under the concept of “uburs” meaning warm insulated slopes. The expositional combinations of forest and steppe communities in the vegetation of the mountain forest-steppe belt are the most complex, the structure of this transitional belt is differentiated into two categories of sub-belts: “peristeppe” and “periforest”, with the differentiation into lower and upper variants. The role of the steppes in the structure of vegetation of expositional forest-steppe in the mountains of a semi-humid climatic facies is not limited to the boundaries of the “peristepppe” and “periforest” sub-belts, steppe communities as extrazonal phenomena penetrate deep into the forest belt in the form of mosaics of steppes, stepoids on the insolate slopes. The participation of the steppes during forest domination is very insignificant (from 20 to 5 % or less). They include both the formed steppe communities and steppe groups with the inclusion of forest shrubs, subalpine and mountain-tundra species. The imposition of gradients - high-altitude and expositional displays in the specificity of the species and coenotic diversity of the steppes, in the spatial structure. In these original ecotones of the mountain steppes, processes of speciation are intensely manifested, often combined with populations of relict plant species.

The Southern Urals is a unique region of Eurasia with high variety of flora and vegetation. Mountain relief predominates in the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes. Stony habitats and petrophytic vegetation are widespread here. It is characterized by a high diversity of flora and numerous endemic, rare and endangered plants. The dataset of 3,614 relevés of forb and shrub communities from the territory of the Southern Urals and adjacent regions was analyzed. Formalized methods of cluster analysis, assessment of moistening using ecological indices of plants, and definition of indicator species were used. Change patterns in petrophytic communities species composition along the moistening gradient were determined. It was found that with moisture increasing, the number and cover of petrophytic species in communities on rocky habitats decreases. On the contrary, the proportion of indifferent species is growing. Five groups of species indicating different gradient segments were determined. Based on the cluster analysis results, 4 large units of petrophytic vegetation were identified. Desert-steppe communities have the greatest floristic originality among vegetation on rocky habitats. In their diagnostic combination obligate petrophytes predominate, many of which grow on limestone outcrops. These communities are found in the south of Orenburg region mainly in the dry steppe landscapes of the Southern Urals. Dwarf semishrub-bunchgrass steppes are widespread within the steppe landscapes and are common in the forest-steppe of the Urals. Forbs-bunchgrass petrophytic steppes are widely represented in the northern part of the steppe zone and in the southern forest-steppe regions, as well as in the forest-steppe landscapes of the Middle Urals. Meadow petrophytic steppes are found in forest-steppe and forest landscapes.

Halophytic vegetation is typical for the west of the Caspian lowland. It is confined to solonetzs and solonchaks, occupying a fairly large area in the region. The phytocenotic diversity of halophytic vegetation depends on environmental factors such as the total amount of salts in the soils, as well as on soil moisture. According to literature sources and our research, halophyte communities in the region belong to 21 formations, of which 9 are widely distributed (Artemisieta pauciflorae, Artemisieta santonicae, Camphorosmeta monspeliacae, Leymeta ramosi, Halocnemeta strobilacei, Salsoleta dendroidis, Salicornieta perennantis, Suaedeta salsae, Petrosimonieta oppositifoliae). Communities of 12 formations are rare (Anabaseta salsae, Halimioneta verruciferae, Kochieta prostratae, Limonieta suffruticosi, Salsoleta laricinae, Frankenieta hirsutae, Petrosimonieta triandrae, Petrosimonieta brachiatae, Climacoptereta crassae, Spirobassieta hirsutae, Salsoleta sodae, Puccinellieta distantis). Some of these formations are located on the western or north-western border of their areas. In the steppe zone is dominated solonetzs. Communities are associated with them euhalophytes dwarf semishrubs Artemisia pauciflora , Artemisia santonica , Camphorosma monspeliaca and rhizome cereals Leymus ramosus are common on solonetzs. Solonchaks are not so common, they are marked with communities: Salicornia perennans , Spirobassia hirsuta , Suaeda salsa , Petrosimonia oppositifolia . In the desert zone, solonetzs occupy small areas only in the north. Dominated by solonchaks, which are confined community hyperhalophytes dwarf semishrubs ( Halocnemum strobilaceum , Salsola dendroides ); and annuals saltwarts ( Salicornia perennans , Suaeda salsa , Petrosimonia oppositifolia ). Halophytes communities are characteristic of fallows and pastures on light chestnut saline soils, along irrigation channels, pipelines, and around artesian wells.

Results of long-term monitoring (from 2008 till 2018) of thermic conditions have been applied to assessments of eco- and topological differentiation of vegetation in exposure-related forest-steppe of Transbaikalia. As a result significant differences were revealed between thermic conditions at northern and southern slopes as well as between different kinds of forest-steppe along the aridity and continentality gradients. The temperature conditions at the southern slopes are relatively unified and this is a basis for the vegetation of the only steppe class of Cleistogenetea squarrosae occurred there. Despite, the temperature conditions at the northern slopes are more heterogeneous that result in plant communities of different classes are developed, namely steppe of Cleistogenetea squarrosae , and forests including the hemiboreal class Rhytidio-Laricetea and boreal class Vaccinio-Piceetea . Additional contribution to soil temperature differences is inputted by the size of forest patches in forest-steppe.

The significance of the systematic position for the traits of the leaf, mesophyll, chloroplasts, and pigment complex in steppe plants of the three main families Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae from different geographical regions of Russia and Mongolia was examined. The species belonging to a particular family affects, first of all, the parameters of the whole leaf - the thickness and density of the leaf, as well as the size and number of mesophyll cells. In contrast, mesophyll parameters as well as pigment content independent of the taxon and both reflected the convergent response of plants from different taxa to climate.

The approach to modeling spatial dynamics of forest-steppe ecosystems under climate change is proposed. It based on using morphometric analysis of the digital elevation model (SRTM). The forecast is grounded on the analysis of the geological and geomorphological ecosystems framework. At the same time the functional significance of landforms and their impact on the static and dynamic properties of ecosystems are considered. The obtained results show flat areas are the most resistant to climate change, while lake areas are vulnerable to intensification of humidification or aridification. Predictive mapping based on GIS and RS confirm the existing ideas about the discrete mosaic character of changes in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia under different climate trends.

The paper analyzes the specifics of modern science, which is due to the development of megascience and the active dissemination of scientific knowledge in society. Megascience is the science of huge teams of scientists using the expensive equipment. Research in this field is a collective activity carried out by the collective subject of scientific knowledge. To some extent, it can be identified with the core of a research team. It includes highly professional scientists responsible for the implementation of the project. An active penetration of science into the life of society resulted in the formation of citizen science and counter-expertise practices. In these two areas, the collective subject of scientific knowledge also emerges. In the case of citizen science, it is similar to the collective subject of megascience and includes scientists managing the project. In the case of counter-expertise, the collective subject may include both groups of non-scientists and professional scientists. In counter-expertise, scientists no longer take the lead in the collective subject of knowledge. They are the same participants in joint research activities as other social groups.

We assert that M. Kush's «sensitive relativism» may be «favorably» interpreted or modified as contextual realism. We also conclude that neither absolutism nor relativism is an unequivocally epistemically virtuous or vicious position («stance»). Genuine epistemic virtues, namely tolerance, open mind, intellectual humility, courage and autonomy, curiosity, the pursuit of truth and knowledge, and others, are inherent in Wittgenstein's non-metaphysical (contextual) realistic position. Unlike realism, relativism, as well as dogmatism and absolutism, lacks a genuine commitment. The persistence of relativism is not due to the fact that it is a stance, but due to its critical attitude to absolutism and dogmatism. The ambiguous analysis of the epistemic merits and vices of relativism carried out by M. Baghramyan and M. Kush is because they lacked the analysis of the concept of reality.

The article discusses changes in the principle of falsification in the course of interdisciplinary interaction of theories. We show that for closely related disciplines the falsification principle works without restrictions and that counterexamples discovered in one field result in a revision of theoretical positions in neighboring fields. However, for sufficiently distant fields, the revealed counterexamples do not bring to a revision of the theory and are behind the scenes.

The article analyzes a common view that philosophy of science is useless for science. We show that the question of the benefit that philosophy of science could provide to its object, i.e. science, is put similarly to the question of the benefit that science could provide to its object, i.e. the nature under study. The expected neutrality of nature towards the one who studies it is projected on the attitude of science to philosophy which studies it. But nature responds to our efforts to study it by forcing us to reconsider our ideas of a controlled benefit. Whether this not the case of relations between science and philosophy of science? When science shows disregard of philosophy it breaks in the territory of philosophy and thus demonstrates its non-neutrality towards philosophy, allowing for a productive dialogue of the parties concerned.

The paper analyzes a method of explication of detection and explication of intensionality of mathematical discourse by means of possible worlds semantics. Although there is an idea about extensionality of mathematics, mathematical results, particularly Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem, essentially depend on how the meaning of mathematical terms is interpreted. The authors show that this difficulty can be overcome by means of possible worlds semantics. At the same time, the thesis is substantiated that Kripke’s possible worlds semantics does not solve the mentioned problem because it assumes extensionisonalization of the intensional content. Whereas Hintikka’s possible worlds semantics and his concept of impossible possible worlds are a fruitful approach for discovering and explaining the intensionality of mathematical discourse.

The article presents a porismatic model of the development of scientific knowledge and shows its applicability to the reconstruction of the emergence of scientific, logical and mathematical theories. It demonstrates how the porismatic model can be used in reconstructing the emergence of one of the important applied branches of mathematics which is operational calculus.

The article dealing with foundations of Łukasiewicz’s causal model of logical fatalism defines a relation of global transitivity. This relation means that in a succession of causes, each new event is the cause for all following events. We substantiate that Lukasiewicz's interpretation is not quite adequate for describing fatalism, since it does not take into account the influence of background factors, which may be neutral with regard to the occurrence of new events or prevent them, but they do not necessarily contribute their occurrence. We show that the solution of the problem of logical fatalism on the basis of ineffability of the smallest number following one half through real numbers proposed by Lukasiewicz has an ad hoc character. Thus, in Robinson's non-standard analysis, hyper-real numbers are closer to positive numbers than real numbers, so the unknown number equals the sum of one half and a hyper-real number.

The article discusses the basic approaches to modeling weak artificial intelligence. The concept of intelligent agents is one of the promising approaches proposed by M. Minsky. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct his ideas regarding principles of consciousness and principles of creating artificial intelligence. The article considers the basic notions of the concept, the structure of consciousness and the structure of memory. Minsky's concept is classified from a philosophical perspective. The conclusion is made that in the ontological terms, with regard to the structural analysis, the concept is a set of approaches of connectionism and elementarism, while with regard to the system analysis, it is a set of a network model and a hierarchical one. Methodologically, the concept is based on the approach of reductionism and the approach using a computer metaphor.

The article considers a hypothesis about rapid geological processes, which, according to the group of scientists, cause electromagnetic emission from rocks and the output of plasmoids (electromagnetic systems) to the Earth's surface. The hypothesis, developed at the end of the Soviet period by researchers from Tomsk, is a specific object of philosophical and methodological study not only in the field of general philosophy of science, but also in the field of philosophy of geology. It integrates results of laboratory research (registration of electromagnetic emissions from some rocks and minerals when heated), eyewitness field accounts and our own observations of electromagnetic systems in the atmosphere, as well as results of geological area studies. The main methodological problem of the hypothesis is the impossibility to prove accurately the direct cause-effect relationship among its three mentioned components. The purpose of the article is to analyze the possibility of using alternative methods of verification and legitimation for a considered hypothesis, and it is necessary to raise the question of the boundaries of scientific discourse as such in this regard.

August 2020 marks the 110th anniversary of the birth of Sergei Snegov, a science fiction writer, philosopher, physicist, and astronomer. Milestones of autobiography are interpreted by the writer as chimeras and mirages.

Introduction. Today the development of artificial intelligence and the expansion of its «functional field» in all spheres of social life are one of the most important trends. State policy is focused on providing technology with exclusive prerogatives and preferences in changing the educational space. This study is aimed at identifying the legitimacy of providing digital educational technologies with such extended functionality, firstly, and the relevance of this process to those changes in the human capital of educational systems that occur under their influence, and secondly. Methodology and methods of the research. Methodologically, the work is based on a functional analysis of changes in modern educational systems, theories of human capital by foreign and domestic authors. Also involved are statistical materials obtained by the authors as a result of pilot studies on the problems identified in the introduction. The results of the research. The direct and indirect impact of digital educational technologies on the change in the human capital of educational systems is considered. Human capital itself is presented as a set of subjects of educational interactions, the main among which are individuals (educators and learners), family, civil society and the state. The structure of the human capital of educational systems also includes a network of relationships between these subjects, that is, their social capital. Artificial intelligence in its volume is deliberately limited by digital educational technologies, and the volume of objects of their influence by junior students of higher education. On the basis of the conducted theoretical and applied analysis, it has been established that the process of transformation of educational interaction changes radically under the influence of digital devices and the expansion of their «functional field». Human capital also changes as a result of the intensification of the use of digital technologies towards the formation of new semantic and value orientations both on the part of the trainees and on the part of the trainers. Conclusion. The authors consider the main vectors of incipient changes to be a radical change in generation «Z» ideas about such a case as «traditional education», an increase in independence (responsibility) in choosing the future vector of its development; the need for better quality vocational guidance from the school and state vocational guidance structures.

Introduction. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the role of categorical methodology in the development of the integral human nature, starting from infancy. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the implementation of the links of modern education with the theory of knowledge and the system of dialectical categories that simultaneously perform the function of the object to which the activity of the subject is directed, and the means that organizes this activity. The essence of the research problem is mastering the process of development of the integral human nature, the unity of affect and intelligence through universal forms - categories as a result of 1000 years of experience in the development of humanity and the historical path of culture. Methodology and methods of the research. A historical excursion into the literary and philosophical heritage, starting from the Ancient East, the Pythagorean, Platonic and Aristotelian schools and the analysis of modern scientific research has allowed us to determine the object of research: universal forms of thought. Subject of research: the system of categories as a means of developing the integral human nature. Methodological basis of the research: categorical-dialectical approach. The study of the dynamics of mastering affect, mediated intellectual processes and multiple connections was carried out in the process of understanding the literary, scientific and pedagogical content of subjects of the educational process at the age of 4 to 55 years. The semantic structure of consciousness was studied using the «method of limiting meanings» by D. A. Leontiev, the process of mastering mediated intellectual functions and operations through the method of «Limiting transitions» by L. I. Krupina. The results of the research. The use of categorical methodology in understanding the studied content provided mastering by students of the 11th grade in the course of studying the topic «Electromagnetism» the completeness of the connections of universal concepts of the scientific electromagnetic picture of the world through the development of affect, which controls mediated intellectual operations; transition from one affect to another in children from 4 to 13 years old in the process of understanding the content of ancient Greek myths, initial encounter with categories and self-identification of a new system of categories; understanding the conditions for the transition from the classical to the categorical approach in the formation of scientific concepts for students and teachers. Conclusion. The theoretical and practical significance of the research is to identify criteria for the development of the mental process of educational subjects, the implementation of mechanisms for the development of mediated mental functions, the synthesis of ontogeny lines as the basis for the development of a child’s personality. The novelty of the research is the implementation of categories as thought forms in the development of the integral human nature. The category system as a means of developing conceptual thinking also contributes to mastering one’s own behavior. Further implementation of the categorical approach focuses on the creation of new methods and programs for the development of the integral human nature in various areas of professional activity.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is associated with the presence of many concepts that determine professional success as a result of an external or internal assessment disposition. Existing approaches do not allow studying and predicting the development of professional success in a dynamic context. The purpose of the study is to formulate a new approach to the essence of professional success - its description not as a static state set by subjective or objective factors, but as a dynamic process associated with the stages of professional development. Methodology and methods of the research. The study was carried out on the basis of a critical review of literary sources, as well as an analysis of the results of scientific and applied research, revealing the phenomenon of professional success of military personnel. The dynamic model of professional success is built on the basis of the principles of a system and activity approach using the method of theoretical modeling. The results of the research. The formation and development of professional success can be presented in the form of a dynamic model that includes three key stages, the effectiveness of which depends on the action of a complex of factors. The first stage involves the formation of professional competencies in the process of training. The success of the first stage is determined by the level of professional suitability and is evaluated through the academic performance of the cadets. The qualitative result of this stage is professional readiness. The second stage of professional development is associated with the formation of professional competence, the basis of which is professional qualification. This stage is characterized by individual professional successes that allow to accumulate experience and to form an individual style of activity. At the third stage, the professional competence is built up during which the subject achieves stable high results, i.e. professional excellence, which allows us to talk about professional success. The increasing complexity of the requirements of professional activity involves the increasing complexity of factors of professional success in the transition from one stage to another. There is a tendency towards a shift in significance from morphophysiological to personal factors of labor success, as well as the complication of these factors in the direction of integration and complexity. Conclusion. In the course of the study, a dynamic model of the development of professional success was formed, and morphological, functional, psychophysiological and personality factors of professional success were identified, which have different values at different stages of professional development.

Introduction. The research aimed at studying the features of distance learning implementation at different levels of education is extremely relevant at the present time. The study of the process of building an optimal model of distance learning for educational activities realization on professional retraining programs for teachers is becoming an independent direction in the scientific field. This paper considers the basic concepts in accordance with the stated research problem. The paper demonstrates the classification of existing models of distance learning. The authors present models of distance learning used in the field of additional professional education of teachers, taking into account the trends of modern society and science. Methodology and methods of the research. Different classifications of distance learning models offered by foreign and Russian authors are analyzed. The focus of the research is to present the experience of designing and implementing models of professional retraining of preschool educational organizations teachers using distance learning technologies. The research was conducted at the State Autonomous educational institution of additional professional education «Arkhangelsk Regional Institute of Open Education». The effectiveness of the tested models is confirmed by the results of the survey. The results of the research. The main concepts of the research topic used in scientific papers and in Russian legislation are considered. An overview of the authors’ classifications of distance learning models based on various classifying factors is presented. The criteria for analysis of implementing additional professional programs are listed. To select the criteria, the author’s didactic constructor was used. The paper describes the weak positions of organization and implementation of teachers’ distance education system in the field of professional retraining programs. The experience of such designing an implementing professional retraining programs as «Pre-school education: theory and practice in the conditions of the Federal state educational standard implementation» and «Theory and practice of physical development and education of early and preschool age children» is demonstrated. The survey results of students are described. Conclusion. Conclusions about the factors that determine the choice of distance learning model are formulated. The directions for further research and practice work are defined in order to improve the implementation quality of teachers’ professional retraining programs using distance education technologies.

Introduction. The scale and depth of the problem of mutual understanding and self-understanding at the worldview level is shown by referring to the experience of famous thinkers, scientists and cultural figures. Underestimation of the severity of this problem takes place in the field of education. This study suggests ways to solve it based on the plot-game concept of reality. Methodology and methods of the research is based on the categorical apparatus of the plot-game paradigm, the main feature of which, novelty, is the proposal to add to the space-time model of the world a third parameter - an individual who perceives the first two aspects in his/her own way - space and time, as a certain plot. Thus, the art history concepts of the plot, script and game are generalized to the level of philosophical categories and at the same time natural-scientific terms - «through» units of Being. On the basis of attitudes, mainly uncontrollable by consciousness, the behavior of many people is formed, which usually leads to conflicts and catastrophic consequences for society and nature. Typical operating subconsciously patterns of thinking are revealed here, which makes it possible to reflect on the process of formation of certain conclusions with their help. The results of the research. Nine stereotypes of thinking are considered, which create fundamental obstacles to mutual understanding and self-understanding: automatic imposition on almost any situation of the «law of the excluded third» based on an uncontrolled choice of only two alternately arbitrarily and unconsciously drawn out alternatives; faith in the «objective» truth of one’s preferred alternative; un recognition in the formulation of one’s own ideas; the effect of the not receptivity of another; syndrome of overestimation of the degree of mutual understanding due to the use of seemingly the same words without taking into account their individual interpretation; non-vision of the total processuality of reality; the failure to see the connection between thinking and reality, which is carried out through attempts to implement their scenarios, including automatically without control of consciousness. Conclusion. The knowledge of these uncontrollably working stereotypes makes it possible to turn them into a consciously used tool that is adequate to specific situations, which is achieved by the practice of maintaining attention on the process-plot integrity of different spatio-temporal scales with the obligatory inclusion in the script of the author himself with his picture of the world, which ultimately determines, his thoughts and actions.

Introduction. Despite a fairly large number of works devoted to the theoretical aspects of the formation of civic identity, the methodology for the training and education of geography does not currently offer a methodological system for the formation of civic identity, which would take into account the specifics of the content and educational potential of this school subject. The purpose of the paper: to disclose methodological and methodological approaches to building a methodological system for the formation of civic identity in the process of teaching geography in a comprehensive school. The paper discloses approaches to the process of constructing a model of a methodological system, describes the classification features of the developed model of a methodical system. Methodology and methods of the research. In the process of developing a model of the methodological system for the formation of civil identity, mainly theoretical research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization, system-structural, modeling, etc. The research methodology was based on a systematic approach, expressed in identifying both components of the methodological system and in building interdependent relationships between them. The results of the research. The result of the study was the development of an author’s model of a methodological system for the formation of civic identity in the process of teaching geography in a comprehensive school. This model included: theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of civic identity in the process of teaching geography, namely, concepts, approaches, principles, ideas, functions, as well as a description of the structural components of the methodological system: target, substantive, organizational, effective components. Conclusion. Geography as an educational subject has exceptional educational potential in terms of the formation of civic identity, since the study of this subject provides familiarity with the nature, population, economy of the native land, one’s country, and other countries of the world. We believe that the substantial component of the methodological system has an exceptional role, since it is socially-oriented content that determines the further choice of forms, methods, technologies, techniques, teaching aids. The scientific novelty of the study is to develop a methodological system for the formation of civic identity in the process of teaching geography in a comprehensive school. The theoretical significance consists in summarizing approaches to the design of methodological systems and their components, approaches to determining the specifics of school geographical education, expressed in determining the key content lines that are significant for the formation of civic identity. The practical significance of the study is to generalize methodological approaches to the construction of a methodological system for teaching geography, taking into account the educational component of the learning process.

Introduction. The paper raises the issue of the role of education in the formation of inter-ethnic solidarity. Inter-ethnic integration is considered as a process, contributing to the achievement of inter-ethnic solidarity; its various socio-philosophical concepts are given. The purpose of the paper is to explicate various modern domestic educational strategies aimed at the formation of interethnic solidarity and integration, and the identification of their socio-philosophical foundations. Methodology and methods of the research. The object of the study is interethnic solidarity and integration in the educational process, and the subject is the features of their foundation by social and philosophical concepts. In the work, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis were used. Clarification of the concepts of «solidarity», «interethnic solidarity» and «interethnic integration», as well as consideration of socio-philosophical concepts highlighting the different sides of these concepts, were carried out on the basis of the analysis of a number of publications from the field of social philosophy. The study of a number of regulatory documents at the federal and regional levels of the educational system of the Russian Federation and publications from the field of educational philosophy made it possible to identify the main directions of interethnic integration implemented in the educational system, as well as to synthesize the idea of their socio-philosophical foundations. The results of the research. It was revealed that the key areas of educational strategies, that form inter-ethnic solidarity, include civil integration as a supra-ethnic solidarity foundation of identity, the formation of knowledge about the culture and values of representatives of different ethnic groups and measures, aimed at developing of inter-ethnic communication skills. It is shown that in the vast majority of educational strategies are based on the value concepts of inter-ethnic integration, while in its culturally accented expression. It has been suggested that such integration model can lead to a distorted understanding of the value system of another culture, and therefore should be supplemented with a component aimed at intensifying direct communication practices in interethnic interaction. Based on the application of the non-functional approach to the analysis of educational practices, it is shown that the formation of civic identity serves the purpose of supra-ethnic consolidation, which can lead to a loss of balance in the identity matrix of the individual. Conclusion. It is concluded that the socio-philosophical concepts of interethnic integration are reflected both in modern publications from the field of educational philosophy and are implemented in educational practice. This suggests that the education system comprehensively works for interethnic integration and the achievement of interethnic solidarity. At the same time, to increase the effectiveness of work in this direction, the significance of educational practices aimed at revealing not only the axiological and cultural components of ethnic identity, but also those that will enable it to become the basis of ethno-political integration, is substantiated.

Introduction. Russia’s entry into the global scientific and educational space is accompanied by the intersection of the potentials of various social systems. The vector of social development is largely determined by the level of scientific and educational potential, which is especially pronounced at the turning points of the historical development of society, when there is a change in civilizational guidelines. The development of regional scientific and educational potential is directly related to the possibility of attracting highly qualified motivated university graduates to the scientific and educational sphere. The work shows the dynamics of updating the personnel potential of regional scientific and educational systems and identifies factors affecting the formation of priorities for the employment of graduates of research universities in the regional labor market. Methodology and methods of the research. The philosophical conceptualization method used by the author made it possible to present a new level of analysis of the formation of the regional scientific and educational potential and overcome the fragmented approaches to its research. With the help of sociocultural and sociological approaches, a secondary analysis of sociological research data aimed at identifying the priorities for the employment of graduates of research universities has been carried out. The results of the research. It is proved that the presence of educated motivated youth involved in the scientific and educational process is one of the most important competitive advantages of the development of any regional systems. On the example of a large regional university integrated into a world-class research center, the negative dynamics of youth involvement in the regional scientific and educational sector is shown. Attention is drawn to the fact that there is an outflow of university graduates, one of the main goals of which is to train personnel for basic science and education. Conclusion. As a result of the work, the main reasons for the decrease in the number of university graduates who are ready to engage in scientific and educational activities at regional sites are revealed: a serious decrease in the prestige of scientific activity in the public mind; low material support of youth in the regions at the initial stage of scientific activity; limited social conditions (social infrastructure, housing problem, etc.), while the absence of a normally developed social infrastructure may be the result of a rather high level of geographical localization of research centers.

Introduction. The problem of the formation of national identity is one of the key in the global sociocultural discourse. A key role in this process is played by modern universities. Following the logic of science, the modern university is returning to its original idea: to give holistic, fundamental knowledge, to be the intellectual center of the nation and the generator of new ideas. Only under this condition is it possible to form highly qualified specialists capable of withstanding fierce competition in the world of the digital economy. Responding to the spirit of the times, the modern university puts on its agenda the problem of preserving national identity, broadcasting cultural traditions and producing new cultural meanings. The solution to this problem involves focusing on a specific theoretical matrix of national construction. The article analyzes the matrices of the ethnic and civil nation and argues that Kazakhstan, like most countries in the world, follows the matrix of the civil nation in politics. Methodology and methods of the research. The preferred model for the implementation of such a matrix in Kazakhstan is, as the authors believe, the recognition of the Kazakh culture and the Kazakh language as an integrating principle of Kazakhstan identity. This model is implemented in the educational space of the al-Farabi Kazakh National University, whose experience is analyzed in this article. However, the formation of Kazakhstan’s identity presupposes entering into a multicultural dialogue, since national self-knowledge is carried out in the process of mutual understanding. In this regard, the article discusses the results of the New Humanitarian Knowledge Project «100 new textbooks in the Kazakh language», the purpose of which is to master the best world examples of educational and scientific literature in the Kazakh language, which will contribute to strengthening the Kazakh identity. The results of the research. The University as a form of spiritual perception and transfer of knowledge from generation to generation has always contained the essential idea of integrity, unity of natural Sciences and Humanities. At a certain historical stage, when the concept of differentiation of knowledge was on the agenda, the idea of the University was called into question. The needs of the new technological wave and digital reality are reviving the idea of integrity inherent in University education, which should provide a fundamental scientific basis, teach the ability to think creatively, and be innovators and developers rather than adaptors. Integrity is based on the spiritual essence, the priority of moral and humanistic values, the education of humanity, the ability to understand and cooperate. All these qualities are included in the totality of national identity, the foundations of which are laid in the works of the classics of Turkic philosophy. Conclusion. The article analyzes the experience of the al-Farabi Kazakh national University, which based its innovative project on the national model of education associated with the legacy of the outstanding Eastern thinker Abu Nasr al-Farabi. Two principles of the University are United in this great name: encyclopedic, integrity, fundamental and priority of spiritual and moral principles, high humanistic values of human existence in the world.

Introduction. The upbringing and socialization of modern children and adolescents are increasingly influenced by constant changes in social reality. Research in the field of social pedagogy, which makes it possible to understand what new patterns arise in the relationship between the child and the social environment, is becoming in demand. The academic Master Degree program in social pedagogy is one of the essential factors that allow quickly finding answers to the socio-pedagogical questions posed by time. The problem is that the disparate, particular topics of individual undergraduates should be combining into complex scientific research and the organizational conditions for the effective work of the research teams of undergraduates should be identifying. Methodology and methods of the research. The study was based on a phraseological methodological principle that allows drawing theoretical conclusions about comprehensive studies of undergraduates based on studies of real life, human activity and social relations. The research method is the analysis of the experience of organizing integrated scientific work of undergraduates. Comprehensive scientific research refers to the joint activities of a group of undergraduates aimed at solving the problem with the help of a single methodological and various theoretical approaches that allow comprehensively revealing multifaceted, constantly changing socio-pedagogical phenomena and processes. Distinctive characteristics of complexity are adherence to scientific ethics, authorship of scientific ideas, a constant exchange of information and empirical data and the obligatory external examination. The results of the research. Pilot work on the organization of comprehensive scientific research of undergraduates was due to the appearance of previously non-existing social and pedagogical phenomena, the subjects of which were graduate students themselves. The first such problem was the activity of foster families. The research group included undergraduates with the status of foster parents, and undergraduates of support services for foster families. Analysis of the activities of research groups of undergraduates allowed us to highlight the following conditions for the organization of complex scientific: recruitment into groups of undergraduates not only for the general theme of the program, but also for the general production problem that requires immediate solution; the inclusion in the solution of the research problem of all teachers of specialized programs in order to constantly stimulate the search and exchange of new knowledge; organization of a scientific methodological seminar under the guidance of the head of the master’s program; constant testing of the results of scientific research. Conclusion. Compliance with organizational conditions stimulates the constancy and consistency of the organization of integrated research; holds various research topics within a single research field; intensifies the research process and ensures a constant exchange of information; creates a unified educational research space based on the scientific school of the department.