Home – Home – Jornals – Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves 2020 number 5

Absorption in the 1-0 CO band wing broadened by He at different temperatures is regarded within the asymptotic line wing theory. It presents absorption as a sum of the absorption coefficients of individual line with a special shape at far distances from the line center. The line shape parameters pertaining to quantum and classical interaction potentials are found as a result of fitting to the experimental absorption data in the 1-0 CO band wing and the temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient.

The ¹³CH₄ absorption spectra in the range between 7400 and 7600 cm^-1 have been recorded at for temperatures from 296 to 200 K by the Fourier spectrometer IFS-125M at a spectral resolution of 0.03 cm^-1. A 220 cm cell was used, which provided a threshold sensitivity to absorption on the order of 10^-6 cm^-1. Line assignment of the n₂ + 2n₃ band of the ¹³CH₄ molecule was performed. Rotational constants of the (0120) state and the integral intensity of the n₂ + 2n₃¹³CH₄ band were determined for the first time.

To compensate for aberration of laser radiation passed through a turbulent atmosphere, a wavefront corrector was designed in the form of a cooled stacked-actuator deformable mirror. In this work, theoretical estimations which allow one to determine main characteristics of this mirror are represented. The method suggested for cooling the reflecting surface of the wavefront corrector developed through piezoactuators body is experimentally studied. The results of measurements of main characteristics of the deformable mirror are shown, including the initial mirror surface shape, response functions of actuators, stroke of the mirror, and first resonance response of the mirror surface.

The conditions for the occurrence of two pump beams propagating at an angle to each other, in which highly directed white SC beams are formed, are investigated and analyzed. The beams are formed due to aberration focusing of a femtosecond radiation pulse with a wavelength of 940 nm. It is shown that the mechanism of their formation is related to the diffraction of the pump beam on the filament plasma in the meridional focus region and Kerr self-focusing of radiation. The dynamics of development of these beams is demonstrated.

Urban emissions of black carbon (BC) were studied, since BC is the most significant component of the polluted atmosphere of the Arctic region. Three-months continuous measurements of BC mass concentrations were carried out in April-August 2019 at the aerosol station near the Salekhard city with an AE33 seven-wavelength aethalometer. Using a concentration probability function for BC concentrations measured under different wind speed and direction, potential sources of emissions have been identified. In the north-west direction from the station, the sector of urban emissions was detected, where the range of BC concentrations was from 73 to 135 ng/m³. According to official data, transport and thermal power plants, which use diesel fuel, gasoline, and natural gas, are the major Salekhard urban emission sources. In April-May and June 2019, the average BC concentrations in urban emissions were 133 ± 80 and 105 ± 80 ng/m³. In July, during a period of intense forest fires on the Polar Circle, they attained 350 ± 120 ng/m³ and identified the contribution of smoke plumes to the aerosol loading and deterioration of the urban air.

Results of the complex experimental study of the spectral and temporal characteristics of the emission glow of control samples of several substances in the solid state (imitation of topographic targets in the atmosphere) and in the form of solid aerosols (imitation of air pollutants) under the action of femtosecond pulses of a Ti:Sa laser (at a carrier wavelength of 800 nm) and nonlinear optical effects are presented.

The aim of this work is to summarize the results of the study of the development of a high-depth thunderstorm over water area of the Gulf of Finland. A waterspout was observed under the base of the cloud. Remote sensing methods were used in the study. The general conditions of atmospheric instability, microphysical and electrical characteristics of the cloud are considered. Cloud microphysics and its relation with lightning frequency are discussed. High correlation was discovered between the frequency of lightning discharges and supercooled volume of the cloud, as well as precipitation flux.

The review provides information on the ozone concentration in the surface air and troposphere in the first half of 2020. The data were acquired at 13 stations in different Russian regions; vertical distributions were obtained with the use of the aircraft laboratory. The excess over the Russian Federation hygienic standards was assessed; the daily average maximum permissible ozone concentration is found to be regularly higher at most stations. At some stations, there are features which differ the seasonal variations in the ozone concentration in the period under study from previous years.

The process of the formation of a plume of NO₂ emitted into the atmosphere by a point source is considered with the use of a new method for reconstructing NO₂ distribution fields in the troposphere from GSA Resource-P satellite data and mathematical simulation. The functional form of the model is ascertained, which agrees in complexity with the amount of available experimental information. The values of the model parameters are found. The emission power is calculated. The reliability of the simulation results is estimated from the comparison of the calculations with the experimental data on the distribution of the altitude-integral amount of NO₂ in air depending on the horizontal coordinates.

The results of a comprehensive experiment carried out to derive the vertical distribution of methane in the troposphere over Western Siberia from solar spectra recorded with a IFS-125M Fourier transform spectrometer, in situ aircraft measurements, and satellite observations are describean, analyzed, and compared.

Methods and results of numerical forecast of ice phenomena over the territory of the central Russia for winters 2003-2018 are presented. The forecast success is compared using the analysis of precipitation types and the heat balance model, where the predictions of the WRF-ARW model are used as input. Some advantages of forecasts using a heat-balanced model are shown. It is suggested to develop an integral method in the future.

The dynamics of forest loss from fires in the Verkhneketsky district of the Tomsk region is considered. The volumes of pollutant emissions resulting from fires are calculated. It was established that in the Verkhneketsky region smoke aerosols from the fires of 2012 and 2016 in terms of mass significantly exceed technogenic emissions from stationary sources. It is shown that smoke from fires spreads over a distance of more than 30 km. According to CALIOP lidar data, smoke elevations were estimated to be from 1.3 to 4.3 km, which does not contradict the calculations based on model formulas.

The article considers the population dynamics in the regions of Russia and sub-regions of Finland. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of geographical factors on the population dynamics and to identify opportunities for improvement with more advanced higher education and science by examining the two countries in contrast. We carry out a comparative analysis of data and point out the influence of the identified factors through regression analysis. Before market reforms, the farther a region was from Moscow, the faster its population grew. In the last 30 years, this trend was largely persistent for European regions, the situation in the Asian part of the country has changed for the opposite. A new correlation is found for European regions: the farther north a region is, the faster its population decreases. The same dependency manifested in Finland after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the subsequent economic crisis: population dynamics in sub-regions deteriorates with increasing distance from Helsinki. Yet, if a sub-region has universities, it does not experience migration outflows to the capital. Almost all sub-regions without universities or their affiliates are losing population, while the ones where classical universities are located are gaining new residents. In Russia, universities have little effect on population changes. An increase in the number of students does not lead to an increase in the overall population. Russian regions, especially those on the periphery, do not deter young people from migration, lose both accumulated human capital and possibilities of future economic growth.

The article analyzes the birth and death rates in the Republic of Tatarstan over the recent years from the standpoint of their impact on the region’s rate of natural increase. It also evaluates the reasons behind the period of local demographic prosperity in 2010-2016. The author’s calculations and arguments show that it is impossible to speak about a direct impact of pronatalist policies on these events. The most significant effect seems to be a temporary positive impact of market changes in the age-gender population pyramid. We propose major action areas in the socio-economic policy for reducing mortality, from the standpoint of identifying diseases that lead to the most fatalities among the working-age population (circulatory system diseases and deaths due to external causes). The article predicts a new stage of natural population decline in the region as the small generation born in the 1990s will be entering their most fertile age. In rural areas, the crisis will further worsen and become more complicated with several positional factors and the mechanical “hollowing-out” due to the outflow of young people.

According to most studies, companies and regions benefit from clustering, which is instrumental in making the cluster concept widely accepted. Still, there is a severe and tangible gap between theory where clusters play an important economic role and practical ability to develop initiatives that would help clustered businesses become more competitive and stimulate their growth. This article aims to show through the case study of a region that it is essential not only to establish a foothold in advanced technologies and industries but also to understand whether cluster dynamics are viable in this region’s economy. We show that the existing methods of assessing cluster projects do not fully reflect the positive impact of cluster synergies: not all participants in a cluster can assess their performance within the group, the effectiveness ofextra-cluster interactions is not evaluated at all, the nonlinear nature of the effects, as well as the time lag and uncertainty of external factors, are not taken into account. We have quantified the impact of innovation clusters on regional economic development based on the case of Altai Krai in 2017. The research focuses on the economic performance dynamics of AltaiBio as the oldest cluster in Altai Krai. Since 2015, it reveals a growing share of unprofitable enterprises in the cluster and a steadily declining share of profitable ones. At the same time, profits at some large and medium-sized enterprises are dropping quite sharply, which significantly affects such a financial indicator of the cluster as net profit. The cluster then loses its primary source of funding for joint projects. It explains why government support is critical, especially when clusters are first being formed.

The article aims to identify how a newly introduced financing model based on escrow accounts will impact the expenditures of residential housing developers and purchasers. The research includes an interview with a representative of a bank engaged in construction lending. This interview helped identify a typical cost structure for building projects and housing price characteristics. We evaluate cost changes by using the method of sensibility analysis to examine changes in prime costs, sales margin, and increases in housing prices. The research demonstrates that the cost of construction and real estate prices will grow no more than 10% on average. The profitability of construction companies will also decline by no more than 10%. We see no foreseeable decrease in the discount to finished residential property purchased at an early stage. It can be argued that the purpose of the new funding model was not to make homes more affordable but to reduce social risks associated with developers’ inability to carry out construction obligations with minimal cost to the state. Banks are the main beneficiaries of the new financing scheme.

The article deals with the challenges of petrochemical development in eastern Russia. It considers the most prominent peculiarities of the domestic petrochemical industry at the present moment and some crucial possible paths for its further improvement, taking into account the alternatives that domestic and foreign markets have to offer. We analyze both sectoral and regional aspects of new projects compared to recent international approaches to integrating petrochemistry in the social and economic development of territories. The article gives an economic assessment of a typical (model) polymer project in the Far East, showing its insufficient efficiency due to high costs. As one of the related fundamental problems, we outline the technological backwardness of the Russian petrochemical industry and some ways to overcome it through import substitution plus effective cooperation with foreign partners, which includes creating industrial petrochemical clusters in the eastern regions of the country. The authors conclude that it is necessary to strengthen the state’s coordinating role when it comes to expensive petrochemical projects in the Russian East. Such a policy aims to rationalize costs, boost the economic efficiency of projects, and expand the opportunities for interregional and interindustry cooperation.

The article analyzes ecological tourism as one of the most effective and environmentally friendly commercialization methods of goods and services provided by unique eco-systems. It demonstrates that nature reserves and national parks may promote economic development and employment growth on their territories by attracting tourists and providing incentives for the development of relevant infrastructure, notwithstanding natural resources use constraints following their legal status. We explore long-run problems of competitiveness of the tourism industry in ecologically vulnerable areas. It is concluded that sustainable development of tourism is impossible without proper accounting for the ecological capacity of an area, moderate use of local resources and attracting the number of visitors that balances the economic efficiency of provided services with social benefits generation for the local population. Also, preliminary evaluation of the permissible recreational load must be a necessary condition for ecological tourism development.

Insensitive munitions are munitions that are chemically stable enough to withstand thermal, mechanical, or electrical stimuli during storage and transportation, and can still explode as intended to defeat their targets. Extensive programmes have evolved worldwide for the development and introduction of insensitive munitions (IMs). The use of insensitive energetic materials significantly improves the protection of modern nuclear warheads and increases the survivability of conventional munitions in hustle environment. The most basic level to obtain insensitive munitions is the use of intrinsic insensitive energetic materials, either by synthesizing new, less sensitive crystalline materials or by improving the physical properties of existing sensitive materials. In light of the growing importance of insensitive munitions, this review paper brings out some potential insensitive energetic materials and plasticizers emphasizing their significant role in the development of futuristic IM formulations. This review also concisely brings out the recent work carried out globally, including India, on the development of advanced energetic materials and their insensitive energetic formulations

This study describes the effect of preliminary mechanical activation and SiO₂ quartz content on combustion rate, maximum combustion temperature, sample elongation during combustion, compressibility of mixtures, composite particle size, phase composition, and the structural features of combustion products in a Ni-Al-SiO₂ system. In Ni + Al + SiO₂ initial mixtures, not subjected to mechanical activation, it is not possible to initiate combustion at room temperature if the mass content of SiO₂ quartz exceeds 10 %. Preliminary mechanical activation of the Ni + Al+ x SiO₂ reaction mixture expands the limit of quartz content in the mixture, at which it is possible to realize the combustion of pressed samples at room temperature, up to 40 %. The burning rate and sample elongation during combustion increase significantly after the reaction mixtures are mechanically treated, and the relative density of the samples, obtained at a fixed pressing pressure, decreases. The increasing quartz content in the Ni + Al + x SiO₂ reduces the combustion rate, the maximum combustion temperature, and the sample elongation during the combustion of both the initial and mechanically activated mixtures. Moreover, as the quartz content increases, so does the sample density reached at a fixed pressing pressure in the case of initial mixtures, while the density in the case of mechanically activated mixtures is virtually not affected. The increasing quartz content also reduces the composite particle size after mechanical activation and increases the number of phases formed in the reaction products. An explanation for most of the observed relationships is proposed.

Using conservation laws, formulas for evaluating conditions for suppressing combustion and detonation waves using dust or water curtains are proposed that allow the determination of the minimum concentration of dust or atomized water in a curtain and the minimum length of the curtain. Specific data on the conditions for quenching a methane-air mixture typical of coal mines are given. These data indicate that the dust concentration and curtain dimensions recommended by RF regulations allow, at best, to suppress only low-velocity combustion waves.

This study experimentally confirms the intensification of kerosene combustion in the case where a mixture simulating steam reformation products in a model combustion chamber with a supersonic velocity of the flow at the inlet. It is shown that the used mixture has a higher chemical activity than ethylene. The use of steam reformation products of hydrocarbon or synthetic propellants in schemes with pulse-periodic combustion control increases combustion efficiency without the use of special design solutions for organizing initiation and stable combustion.

Regimes of continuous detonation of CH₄/H₂-air mixtures with mass fractions of H₂ in the fuel equal to 0 ÷ 1/5 are obtained in an annular combustor 503 mm in diameter with variation of the combustor geometry. The influence of the combustor geometry on the velocity and number of transverse detonation waves, pressure in the combustor, and specific impulse is considered. It is found that three-fold constriction of the combustor exit cross area allows obtaining two-wave regimes of continuous spin detonation in the pure methane-air mixture. Based on stagnation pressures measured at the combustor exit, the specific impulses in the case of continuous detonation are determined for different compositions of the fuel.

An improved reactive flow model with thermodynamic consistency is proposed to deal with the detonation hydrodynamics of solid explosives. Based on the assumption that the chemical mixture composed of solid-phase reactants and gas-phase products can arrive at mechanical equilibrium, but cannot arrive at thermal equilibrium, the solid-phase reactants and gas-phase products may possess one pressure and one velocity, but two temperatures or internal energies. With the help of the energy conservation of the mixture and pressure equivalence between the constituents, the conservation equation of internal energy and the evolution equations of the volume fraction for the solid-phase reactants and of pressure for the chemical mixture are derived. Thus, the full governing equations of the proposed detonation model include the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and total energy, and the evolution equation of pressure for the chemical mixture, and the conservation equations of mass and internal energy, and the evolution equation of the volume fraction for the solid-phase reactants. The theoretical analysis shows that there exists a distinct discrepancy between the proposed model and the Zel'dovich-Neumann-Doring detonation model for the steady structure of the detonation wave. The numerical simulation results of typical detonation problems show that the important characteristics of detonation flows can be well captured and also demonstrate that the proposed detonation model of solid explosives is reasonable.

Experimental studies of the structure of detonation waves in mixtures of tetranitromethane with methanol and nitrobenzene have been performed. Mass velocity profiles at the arrival of detonation waves at the boundary with a water window were recorded by a laser interferometer. It has been shown that the flow pattern in the reaction zone changes sharply at a concentration of diluents in the vicinity of stoichiometry, resulting in a decrease in the amplitude of the Von Neumann spike up to its complete disappearance. The detonation waves are resistant to the formation of a cellular structure of the front over almost the entire concentration range, except in the range near the limit values. At the same time, the amplitude values of mass velocity are poorly reproduced from experiment to experiment performed under the same conditions. The obtained experimental dependences of the detonation velocity on the concentrations of methanol and nitrobenzene are in good agreement with the thermodynamic calculations performed.

The dispersion of oxidized Al nanoparticles into clusters by rapid heating in a shock wave has been studied. Clusters distribution characteristics were calculated as a function of the parameters of the initial nanoparticle distributions and the nature of the interaction of deformation waves with the nanoparticle shell and core. The studies were carried out using the author's proposed resonant mechanism for dispersion of the liquid core of a nanoparticle by a shock pulse upon destruction of the solid oxide shell. The ignition of Al nanoparticles after dispersion in air was analyzed using the previously described kinetic oxidation mechanism with the evaporation of clusters taken into account. Initial distributions of nanoparticles and their ignition times are validated against published experimental data.

Cytokines are unique biologically active substances that form the system of regulation of basic body functions that simultaneously with the nervous and endocrine systems maintain homeostasis under adverse conditions - the introduction of pathogens or violation of the integrity of tissues. Cytokines regulate the amplitude and duration of inflammatory and immune responses, so they are produced and secreted transiently and have a short half-life. These biologically active substances act in very low concentrations. At the same time, the main properties of cytokines are pleiotropy, lack of antigenic specificity, and the ability to form a cascade chain, that allows versatile correction of the spectrum of reparative processes. There are evidences of the possibility of using cytokines in the regeneration of damaged tissues in recent decades. In this connection, a new vector of search for pathogenetically directed ways to improve and restore lost functions using both individual representatives of cytokines and their natural complex is determined. The article reflects the basic information about the influence of cytokines on the development of various diseases of the cornea, as well as the methods of cytokine therapy in the treatment of these pathologies and prospects for their development.

Corneal diseases are the fourth leading cause of blindness in the world, accounting for approximately 5 % of cases. Existing methods of treatment in more than 30 % of cases do not have a full therapeutic effect and when the process is stopped, they end with a persistent violation of corneal transparency, a decrease or complete loss of visual functions. The lack of effective means that evidence-based restore corneal transparency determines the relevance of the search for modern drugs and ways to deliver them, the possibilities of enhancing the therapeutic effect. The possibilities of using hyaluronidase preparations in ophthalmology are considered based on the study of its biological and pharmacological properties. Enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of acid mucopolysaccharides including hyaluronic acid by cleavage of the glycosidic bond β(1→4), the biological effect is determined by the molecular weight of the resulting fragments: high-molecular fragments have antiangiogenic properties, increased ability to bind fibrinogen, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, and low-molecular fragments have pro-inflammatory activity and promote angiogenesis. The barrier function of the cornea is provided by the features of its anatomical structure, while the features of its regeneration with the formation of turbidity are accompanied by overexpression and migration to the stroma of cytokines TGF-β and PDGF, activation of myofibroblasts and the formation of a fibroproliferative response. The high anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, regenerative and antifibrotic activity of hyaluronidase, the possibility of its effect on a complex pathophysiological cascade of destructive processes and minimization of the scarring process stimulate more extensive experimental and clinical studies on the development of new methods of treating ophthalmic diseases using hyaluronidase drugs.

An important step in preparation of cells for cell therapy and tissue engineering is the cultivation of cells in vitro. The aim of this work is to study the effect of human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on the functional activity of cultured bone marrow cells and to show the possibility of using this protein instead of animal fetal serum. Material and methods. Bone marrow cells were cultured in 24-well plates in RPMI-1640 medium in a CO₂ incubator at a temperature of 37 °C. The rate of incorporation of [¹⁴C]-leucine into the total cell protein and [³H]-thymidine into the DNA was used as an integral indicator of cell viability during cultivation. Results and discussion. It was found that the rate of DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells in the presence of apo A-I increased compared with the control group (without apo A-I) by 55 % after 8 hours, by 523 % after 24 hours and by 219 % after 48 hours. Under these conditions the rate of protein synthesis was also increased. The results indicate that the presence of apo A-I in serum-free culture medium preserves the functional activity of cultured bone marrow cells. Considering that the regulatory effect of apo A-I is achieved at a low protein concentration in the medium (15 μg/ml), isolation of apo A-I from the patient’s own blood serum will provide a practically safe nutrient medium for culturing autologous bone marrow cells with applications in personalized cell therapy and tissue engineering.

The aim of the study was to investigate morphofunctional disorders of neurons in the cerebral cortex and changes in the prooxidant-antioxidant state in rats after subtotal cerebral ischemia. Material and methods. The experiments were performed on 20 white outbred male rats. Surgical interventions were carried out under intravenous thiopental anesthesia (40-50 mg/kg). Subtotal cerebral ischemia was simulated by both common carotid arteries ligation. Animals were decapitated after 60 minutes of ischemia. Morphological and functional changes in the neurons of the parietal cortex and hippocampal CA1 field, and intensity of free radical oxidative processes (content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and thiol-disulfide system components) in brain homogenates were studied. Results and discussion. Brain ischemia has been followed by oxidative stress in brain tissue. The cellular metabolism has been disturbed under the oxidative stress that leads to a water-electrolyte imbalance, manifested by deformation of neuron bodies, wrinkling, and swelling. The changes in parietal cortex are to a greater extent expressed, as the neurons are more sensitive to oxygen deficiency.

Epidermal growth receptor HER2/neu is still of great interest, the overexpression of which is most often observed in patients with breast cancer and accounts for 15-20 % of cases. Present methods of HER2/neu determination have a number of significant drawbacks. In recent years, alternative framework proteins are used for the targeted radionuclide imaging. Molecules of DARPin (Design Ankyrin Repeat Protein) are one of representatives of scaffolds. Material and methods. The study included 4 breast cancer patients (T_1-2N_0-1M₀) who were not receiving systemic therapy at the time of the study: in 2 patients, HER2/neu overexpression was noted, in 2 patients - not detected. HER2/neu status was determined using an immunohistochemical method and a FISH assay. At the preclinical stage, radiopharmaceutical ^99mTc-DARPin9_29 was injected intravenously to all patients, «WholeBody» scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography were performed 2 hours after injection. Results. The distribution of radiopharmaceuticals in organs 2 hours after injection revealed the greatest accumulation in the liver and kidneys. In studying of tumor/background indicator it was revealed that values of the studied parameter in patients with overexpression of HER2 receptors are more than 3 times higher than the values in the subgroup of patients with negative expression of this marker. Conclusion. According to the results of preliminary studies, the ^99mTc-DARPin9_29 demonstrated significant differences between tumors with and without HER2/neu overexpression.

The aim of the study was to investigate the indicators of the thyroid status in males with acute infectious pulmonary destruction (AIPD), depending on the disease form and the presence of complications. Material and methods. The serum levels of total triiodothyronine (T₃), total thyroxine (T₄) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 80 males with AIPD and 30 healthy males volunteers. Results. T₃ serum level is decreased in males with AIPD and is not depended on the disease form and complications. T₃ serum level reduction is occurred due to decrease of peripheral conversion of thyroid hormones. If AIPD is complicated by sepsis, then T₄ production is reduced. T₄ serum level correlates with the presence of sepsis in males with AIPD ( r_S = -0.49; p = 0.000003). The sepsis probability threshold in males with AIPD for value T₄ is ≤95.5 nmol/L with a sensitivity of 100 % and a specificity of 62.5 %. Thyroid function remains normal in 25 % (95 % CI: 16-34) of males with AIPD, in other cases it is represented by: primary hypothyroidism - in 11 % (95 % CI: 4-18), nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) type I - in 44 % (95 % CI: 33-55), NTIS type II - in 11 % (95 % CI: 4-18), NTIS type V - in 9 % (95 % CI: 3-15). NTIS type II is associated with the highest mortality rate ( p _Fisher = 0.0015). T₄ serum levels correlate with mortality in males with AIPD ( r_S = -0.37; p = 0.00082). The mortality probability threshold in males with AIPD for value T₄ is ≤70.1 nmol/L with a sensitivity of 68.7 % and a specificity of 78.1 %. The obtained data indicates the advisability of monitoring and analysis of the thyroid status indicators in males with AIPD for the diagnosis of sepsis and prognosis of the disease outcome.

Objective: To assess possible changes in the macular region of the retina and the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) according to the results of a dynamic study of OCT parameters after Nd:YAG laser iridectomy in patients with relative papillary block. Material and methods. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in 28 patients (38 eyes) with a relative papillary block before and after 1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 1 and 6 months after Nd:YAG laser iridectomy. We analyzed changes in the thickness of the retina in 9 standard zones according to ETDRS, the thickness of the layer of ganglion cells and the peripapillary RNFL. Results. The thickness of the layer of ganglion cells, as well as the thickness of the peripapillary RNFL, did not change significantly after laser intervention (all p ˃ 0.05) during the entire observation period. According to OCT, the retinal thickness significantly increased an hour after Nd:YAG laser iridectomy in 5 zones out of 9 by ETDRS and continued to increase over the course of a day. After 1 week, the thickness of the retina returned to its original values and did not change throughout the observation period. Conclusion: In patients with the relative papillary block, Nd:YAG laser iridectomy has a negligible effect on the thickness of the retina, measured by OCT, does not fundamentally affect the thickness of the layer of ganglion cells and the thickness of the peripapillary RNFL, and is safe for the central zone of the retina.

More than 20 million inguinal hernia surgeries are performed annually. An international group of herniologists recommended performing transabdominal preperitoneal plastic surgery (TAPP), total extraperitoneal plastic surgery, and Liechtenstein hernioplasty in adults. At the moment, there are no criteria for choosing the method of plastic surgery in patients who may have TAPP, Liechtenstein hernioplasty. The study of two groups of 30 patients devided by the method of surgical treatment: transabdominal preperitoneal plastic (TAPP) and Liechtenstein hernioplasty has been carried out. The study included male patients with primary unilateral inguinal hernia older than 18 years. The groups were compared in the early and late postoperative period. The data obtained revealed that in the early postoperative period, patients after TAPP showed a higher level of pain by the visual-analog scale (VAS) in comparison with the patients after Liechtenstein plastic surgery in 3 hours after surgery, with longer operation time. The assessment of pain level by VAS in 1 day after surgery, at the time of discharge, the fever level, the analgesics need, and the hospitalization duration showed the TAPP advantage over Liechtenstein hernioplasty. Long-term results were obtained by Carolinas Comfort Scale (CSS) questionnaire within 3, 6 months after the operation. Patients after TAPP showed slightly better results in comparison with patients after Liechtenstein hernioplasty. Therefore, TAPP is the preferred method of inguinal canal surgery in patients with open and laparoscopic surgery.

The aim of the study was to establish the thickness of the ventricles and interventricular septum in individuals of the mesomorphic body type with a normal body mass index according to echocardiography and to assess the presence or absence of a relationship of these parameters with the gender and age of the subjects. Material and methods. The analysis of the protocols of ultrasound examination of the heart of 202 conditionally healthy persons of adolescence, the first and second periods of adulthood of the mesomorphic body type with a body mass index of 18.5-24.99 kg/m² was carried out. They have no pulmonary and cardiac pathology and risks of cardiovascular diseases. All subjects were divided into three age groups according to the age periodization of human ontogenesis (Moscow, 1965). Echocardiography was performed using a scanner Aloka ProSound Alpha 6. Results. The thicknesses of the anterior wall of the right ventricle, the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and the interventricular septum in women of the second period of adulthood is greater, than in young girl and women of the first period of adulthood ( p ˂ 0.05); the thickness of the interventricular septum in men of the second period of adulthood is greater, than in young men and men of the first period of adulthood ( p ˂ 0.05). It has been established that the thickness of the anterior wall of the right ventricle and interventricular septum depends on person gender: it is greater in men. In women, moderate correlation was found between the thickness of both the left ventricle ( r = 0.425; p < 0.001) and the right ( r = 0.411; p < 0.001) with age. A direct relationship (moderate strength) of the thickness of the interventricular septum with age ( r = 0.331; p = 0.014) was found in men. Conclusion. The results of this morphological study supplement the information available in the scientific literature on the thickness of the ventricles of the heart and interventricular septum in a conditionally healthy person of the mesomorphic body type with a normal body mass index.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of overweight, obesity and fat distribution type on the severity of comorbid somatic pathology in men. Material and methods. 216 men, aged from 22 to 78 years, who were patients of therapeutic clinic from 2018 to 2019 years, were observed. Height, body weight, waist (WC) and hip (HC) circumference were measured using standard anthropometric procedures, and then WC/HC and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Clinical signs of aging were estimated by using the AMS questionnaire. The CIRS was scored from the medical records after hospitalization. Results and discussion. It was shown that overweight and obesity increase the burden of cardiovascular, endocrine and general comorbidity in men. Nevertheless, the burden of cardiovascular pathology did not differ between overweight and obesity men. The contribution of fat distribution type in separate BMI-groups is different. The upper fat distribution type in normal body weight increases the burden of vascular pathology, in overweight - vascular pathology and endocrine system, in obesity - cardiovascular pathology, and general comorbidity in men. Conclusion. Thus, the BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² is associated with an increase burden of cardiovascular, endocrine and general comorbidity and upper fat distribution type increases the burden of vascular pathology in men.

The article is devoted to the study of the psychosomatic characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The study has been divided into 3 stages. The purpose of the first stage was to study the leading personality traits and prevailing types of attitude towards the disease in patients with RA and AS. The purpose of the second stage was to study the role of the social factor in RA patients based on the family pattern, to identify the relationship of intra-family problems with the duration and degree of the disease activity, the level of education. The third stage was aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of biobehavioral therapy for the correction of pain in patients with RA. Material and methods. The contingent study consisted of patients with a reliable diagnosis of rheumatoid RA and AS, stage 1 - 26 patients (20 men, 6 women), stage 2 - 14 patients (11 women, 3 men), stage 3 - 46 women with RA. The patients underwent clinical, laboratory, X-ray examination. Psychological questionnaires and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) were used. Results.: Hypochondria, increased anxiety, emotional immaturity, men’s behavioral characteristics in women have been revealed at the first stage of the study. In men with RA, the leading features are hypochondria, emotional immaturity. Types of attitude to the disease in women were: ergopathic 79 %, harmonious 37 %, neurasthenic 32 %; in men: ergopathic 57 %. The significant intercorrelation between the disease duration in women and the ergopathic and harmonious type of attitude toward the disease was found. The second stage of the study allowed the RA group to identify alienation, unwillingness and inability to independently solve family problems. According to the results of the third stage of the study, it was found that the patient’s acquired ability to control the alpha rhythm voluntarily allowed them to control the intensity of the pain syndrome and reduce the need for taking high doses of NSAIDs. A reduction of feelings of helplessness, hopelessness has been achieved. Conclusions. The study revealed psychological and social problems in patients with RA and AS, substantiating an interdisciplinary approach in the management of the patients with the rheumatologist and psychotherapist participation. Modern possibilities of psychotherapy can reduce the pharmacological burden in the treatment process.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a major medical problem due to its high prevalence and mortality. In order to study and identify clinical manifestations, frequency of their occurrence, as well as epidemiological features of this disease in the Penza region, we have analyzed 150 case histories. According to the results of the research, HIV infection is more common in men whose average age is 35.7 ± 9.1 years; in 69 % of cases-these are unemployed people; the average duration of the disease (by the date of registration at the dispensary) - 4.2 ± 4.1 years; unprotected sex is the leading factor of infection (35 %); there is a decrease in the share of infection by parenteral route with the use of drugs (32 %); in the structure of clinical manifestations, bronchopulmonary pathology (58 %) and chronic viral hepatitis C (60 %) prevails; diagnosed opportunistic infections were more often candidiasis of the oral cavity and esophagus (23 %), pneumocystic pneumonia (8 %) and Kaposi’s sarcoma (2 %). The etiological structure of purulent meningitis and meningoencephalitis is dominated by Staphylococcus aureus (25 %). The main etiological factor in the development of serous meningitis and meningoencephalitis are more often HSV DNA type 1, type 2 (12 %) and Enterovirus RNA (11 %).

Purpose. To evaluate changes in chorioretinal blood flow in the early postoperative period after non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and determine their relationship with the level of Goldman intraocular pressure (IOPg). Material and methods. The study included 36 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma of stage 1-2, with an IOP level above 21 mm Hg at the maximum hypotensive mode. All patients underwent glaucoma surgery (NPDS) by a single surgeon. IOP measurement was performed by dynamic bidirectional applanation using the Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert Inc., USA). When evaluating the results, the Goldman IOP indicators (IOPg) were taken into account. The ophthalmic examination included optical coherence tomography of the optic disk and macular area, as well as assessment of the blood flow of these structures using optical coherence tomography in angio mode (OCTA) (RTVue XR Avanti, Optovue Inc., США). The thickness of the choroid was estimated using crossline protocols performed through the center of the fovea in the horizontal and vertical meridians. Results. Based on the assessment of changes in the indicators of ocular blood flow in the postoperative period, all patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 - 28 patients (28 eyes) who showed improvement in OCTA after surgery, group 2 - 8 patients (8 eyes) who, according to OCTA data, showed no changes or decreased indicators of ocular blood flow after surgery. In patients of both groups, the level of IOPg before surgical treatment was comparable. On the 3rd day after NPDS IOPg in the group 1 decreased to 9.3 ± 1.2 mm Hg, while in group 2 hypotonia was detected (IOPg 3,6 ± 1,3 mm Hg, р = 0,001). All patients showed an increase in the thickness of the choroid in the central area and peripapillary after glaucoma surgery: in group 1 by 23 and 26 %, in group 2 by 48 and 62 %, respectively. In group 2 there was a significant increase in the large vessels caliber and the vascular membrane thickness as a whole to 115.4 % of the original. In group 1 patients, against the background of normalization of ophthalmotonus, there was a tendency to increase the capillary density of the superficial vascular plexus (from 40.9 ± 5.38 to 41.1 ± 3.56 %) and the deep vascular plexus (from 43.9 ± 6.1 to 44.7 ± 5.97 %). There was a positive trend of increasing capillary density in the radial peripapillary plexus (from 46.6 ± 8.9 to 47.2 ± 9.0 %). In patients of group 2, capillary density significantly decreased: from 39.9 ± 3.64 to 37.6 ± 2.48 % in the superficial vascular plexus and from 41.1 ± 4.72 to 38.7 ± 3.51 % in the deep vascular plexus. Conclusion. A decrease in the level of ophthalmotonus after NPDS was accompanied, in most cases, by a moderate increase in the thickness of the choroid and a tendency to improve blood flow in the retinal plexuses. Postoperative hypotension is characterized by dysregulation of choroidal blood flow, decompression violation of topographic relationships, which generally leads to the formation of choroidal effusion and vascular detachment.

Introduction Epidemiological studies indicate a high prevalence of overweight in all economically developed countries of the world, its growth was registered everywhere by the beginning of the century. According to the World Health Organization, over 30 % of the world’s inhabitants have overweight, and therefore, WHO has recognized it as a new non-infectious «21st century epidemic». The aim of the study was to determine the twenty-year dynamics of the prevalence of overweight among young and mature women in the open population of the mid-urban city of Western Siberia. Material and methods. Simultaneous epidemiological studies were conducted on representative samples in 1996 and 2016 among women of 25-64 years old with the allocation of categories of young and mature age. Overweight was determined based on body mass index (BMI), with BMI ≥ 30.0 obesity was recorded, with BMI ≥ 25.0 - overweight. Results. Over 20 years of monitoring the open population of the mid-urbanized city of Western Siberia, a positive trend has been established to reduce the prevalence of overweight in the category of young women. In the age range in relation to the prevalence of BMI according to the first and second screenings in the open urban population, a negative trend has been established for an increase in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among young women during the transition from the third to the fourth decade of life. According to the first screening in an open urban population, a negative trend was found to increase the prevalence of obesity and overweight among mature women during the transition from the fifth to the sixth decade of life, according to the second screening in the same groups, to an increase in the prevalence of overweight. Conclusion. Changes in population health at certain time intervals, depending on socio-economic, environmental, and behavioral factors, in each time period and in each individual population require specific, epidemiologically-related preventive measures.