I. S. Gibin, V. I. Kozik, E. S. Nezhevenko
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: стенд для генерации инфракрасных изображений, микрозеркальный модулятор, DLP-технология, DMD-технология, setup for generation of infrared images, Micromirror modulator, DLP technology, DMD technology
The principles of design of projectors of infrared (IR) scenes on the basis of micromirror technologies, which are the most promising devices for IR image generation, are analyzed. Several types of projectors based on these principles are considered from the viewpoint of functionality, noise minimization, and wavelength range in which these images are generated. Problems arising in design of IR scene projectors based on DMD technologies for generation of long-wave IR images are discussed.
E. F. Pen
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: оптическая голография, объёмные отражательные решётки, брэгговская дифракция, фотополимеры, optical holography, three-dimensional reflection gratings, Bragg diffraction, photopolymers
Specific features of spectral properties of three-dimensional reflection holograms are determined, namely, widening of the spectral response (reflex) contour toward both the short-wave and long-wave spectral ranges in the case where the angle of incidence of the white-light probing beam differs from the direction of reference wave propagation in hologram recording. This effect is essentially different from the known angular dependence of the reflex of the elementary three-dimensional reflection grating. A theoretical explanation for experimental data is provided, and formulas are derived, which are used to calculate the transmission spectra of the studied gratings. These spectra are found to be qualitatively consistent with the experiment.
An approach to filtration of hyperspectral images distorted by the Gaussian additive noise is proposed. The approach is based on using the property of interchannel redundancy of such images. The developed algorithm of noise filtration allows maintaining the planimetric and brightness portraits of objects in individual components of the hyperspectral image, in contrast to algorithms of linear component-by-component and vector filtration, as well as the algorithm of averaging over a set of components. The numerical results obtained in the study testify to the advantage provided by interchannel gradient reconstruction in terms of the accuracy of recovery of hyperspectral image components distorted by additive noise. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated by an example of processing of real hyperspectral images.
K. F. Lysakov, K. K. Oblaukhov, M. Yu. Shadrin
Institute of Automation and Electrometry Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: качество телевизионного изображения, непрерывный контроль, FPGA, аппаратный комплекс, television image quality, continuous monitoring, FPGA, hardware
The implementation of algorithms for comparative analysis of television image quality is considered. It is proposed to use the Xilinx Zynq-7000 platform, combining the advantages of FPGA and a general-purpose processor, to provide continuous on-line operation. A software architecture of algorithms for comparison of the video signal quality by a measurement with a full standard measurement method is proposed.
E. V. Vlasov1, V. S. Bartosh2, S. A. Kuzikovskii2 1Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrumentation Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute of Automation and Electrometry Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: 3D-изображение, планы изображений, константность зрительного восприятия, формируемое пространство, 3D image, image plans, constancy of visual perception, formed space
The influence of a viewing device - a multifocal 3D display - on the visual perception and user assessment of the depth and size of objects is analyzed. IN As an experiment model we used the Holway-Boring technique, which has proved that the constancy of size perception plays a decisive role in distance perception. The series of experiments performed shows that multifocal 3D displays provide fairly reliable information about the remoteness and size of objects, making it possible not to violate the law of constancy of perception
Ya. A. Mostovoi, V. A. Berdnikov
Samara National Research University, Samara, Russia
Keywords: статистическое математическое моделирование, теория перколяции, программируемая перколяция, роевая робототехника, оптимальное планирование
A swarm of moving objects coordinates the position of its individual objects in order to simultaneously solve a general task set in a distributed manner. Planning the swarm operations comes across a problem of taking into account the possibility of operational regrouping of the swarm as the exact purpose of the swarm operation is not yet determined, or is a secret, or is set by a number of random circumstances. At the same time, the swam resources are not sufficient to simultaneously cover all possible targets in the operating range. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out the swarm operation in two phases and begin the first preliminary phase before resolving the mentioned uncertainties by creating a basic network with a relatively low concentration of swarm objects therein. In this case, one can significantly reduce the operation time. In the second phase of the operation, one locally simultaneously regroups the swarm objects, which takes a minimum time, to form a programmable percolation path that provides targeted coverage of the operating range. The solution to this problem is carried out by methods of the programmable percolation theory. The value of the swarm object concentration is obtained numerically using the results of statistical modeling of two-phase operations and analytically, thereby providing a minimum of total costs of the two-phase operation. The synergetics of information interaction of the swarm of objects in the implementation of a programmable percolation path is considered
A. V. Timofeev, D. I. Groznov
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:48:"LLC «Flagman-Geo», Saint-Petersburg, Russia";}
Keywords: классификация, XGBoost, SVM, DAS, φ-OTDR, classification
A new method is proposed for automatic classification of seismoacoustic emission sources in fiber-optic monitoring systems based on the principles of optical reflectometry in a time domain using the time reconstruction of the interference signal phase. The novelty of this approach lies in the original principles of forming a space of classification features and the use of ensemble classifiers. This method works provided that a relatively small training database is used. High practical effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown when working on real data. A classification reliability value previously inaccessible to alternative classification methods implemented in serial fiber-optic monitoring systems is evenly achieved for different classes of goals
V. A. Arbuzov1,2, E. V. Arbuzov1,2,3, Yu. N. Dubnishchev1,2, O. S. Zolotukhina1,2, V. V. Lukashov1 1Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Russia, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: оптическая диагностика пламён, пропано-воздушное пламя, гильберт-оптика, optical diagnostics of flames, propane-air flame, Hilbert optics
Jet combustion of premixed propane-air mixtures is frequently encountered in various devices. In the present study, the flame is investigated by methods of the Hilbert optics. The diagnostic technique adapted to studying combustion products is based on visualization of phase disturbances induced in the probing light field by the examined medium with the use of polychromatic Hilbert and Foucault-Hilbert transformations combined with pixel-by-pixel processing of the dynamic structure of the recorded images. The diagnostic setup is based on the standard IAB-463M device with modified systems of optical filtration, source, and data processing. The dynamic phase structure of the propane-air flame is visualized. The temperature at reference points of the burning jet is measured by thermocouples. On axisymmetric segments, the phase function is recovered from the Hilbert curves, and the temperature field of the flame is retrieved by using the inverse Abel transformation.
A. F. Antipin, E. V. Antipina
Sterlitamak Branch of Bashkir State University, Sterlitamak, Russia
Keywords: моделирование, многомерный интервально-логический регулятор, нечёткая логика, автоматическое регулирование, программное обеспечение, modeling, multidimensional interval-logic controller, fuzzy logic, automatic control, software
This paper deals with the fuzzy modeling of technological processes and plants for which it is impossible or difficult to develop adequate mathematical models using multidimensional interval-logic controllers. Algorithms and software are proposed. The results of high-accuracy calculations using fuzzy modeling methods are presented.
A. Yu. Kondrat'ev1, A. I. Goncharenko2,1 1Ekspasoft company, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: нейронные сети, глубокое обучение, типы данных, minifloat, специализированные вычислители, neural networks, deep learning, data types, minifloat, specialized calculators
The possibility of the operation of neural networks on minifloats has been studied. Calculations using a float16 battery for intermediate computing were performed. Performance was tested on GoogleNet, ResNet-50, and MobileNet-v2 convolutional neural and a DeepSpeech-v01 recurrent network. Experiments have shown that the performance of the specified neural networks with 11-bit minifloats is not inferior to the performance of networks with the float 32 standard type without additional training. The results indicate that minifloats can be used to design efficient calculators for operation of neural networks
V. M. Aul'chenko1,2, V. V. Zhulanov1,2, L. I. Shekhtman1,2 1Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: синхротронное излучение, микрополосковый кремниевый детектор, быстропротекающие процессы, специализированная интегральная схема, synchrotron radiation, microstrip silicon detector, fast processes, specialized integrated circuit
This paper presents a new integrated circuit designed for reading signals in a silicon microstrip detector in experimental observations of fast processes on a synchrotron radiation beam. The first variants of this circuit were used in a prototype detector based on a microstrip silicon sensor and were tested on an intense synchrotron radiation beam at the VEPP-4M collider at the Institute of Nuclear Physics Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. The results of the first measurements showed that the main objectives of this development were achieved: the temporal resolution and frame rate satisfy the initial specifications and the maximum recorded signal in a linear mode provides a significant increase in the recorded photon flux compared to the previous version of the detector based on gas technology. The main problem detected during testing of the prototype is the relatively high noise level, which will be reduced in the next version of the integrated circuit by optimizing some circuit solutions
V. D. Ugozhaev
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: светоделительный кубик, двухлучевой интерферометр, неподвижный фотоприёмник, интерференционная картина, вращательная перестройка периода, beam splitting cube, two-beam interferometer, stationary photodetector, interference pattern, rotational tuning of the period
Within the framework of geometric optics, this study analyzes the rotational tuning of the period of an interference pattern formed by converging light beams on a photodetector that is stationary relative to a mirrorless two-beam interferometer based on a beam splitting cube. Equations are derived, whose solutions are the dependences of the tuning range on the base position of the initial light beam on the input surface of the cube and on the diameter of this beam. These dependences are obtained for several refractive indices of the cube material, and the significance of this parameter for the characteristics of the interferometer under study is shown
A. A. Rybak1,2, N. A. Nikolaev1, S. A. Kuznetsov2,3, Sh.-H. Yang4 1Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Technological Design Institute of Applied Microelectronics, Novosibirsk, Russia 4Department of Electrical Engineering National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
Keywords: импульсная терагерцовая спектроскопия, метаматериалы, частотно- избирательные поверхности, микроструктуры, теорема отсчётов, фильтры низких частот, полосовые фильтры, pulsed terahertz spectroscopy, metamaterials, frequency-selective surfaces, microstructures, counting theorem, low-pass filters, bandpass filters
An approach based on the application of high-performance capacitive microstructures as anti-aliasing filters in broadband pulsed terahertz spectroscopy in the case of low-frequency (sub-terahertz) measurements is considered for the first time. The approach was tested when measuring the spectra of reference samples - bandpass filters with central frequencies of 156 and 376 GHz and a bandwidth of 12 %. It is shown that the spectrometer measurement time is decreased by a factor of up to 12 with an improvement in the measurement accuracy by leveling the long-term drift of the normalization signal. It is supposed that this approach can be used to increase the dynamic range and the spectrometer signal-to-noise ratio in the sub-terahertz range
B.G. Ageev, Yu.N. Ponomarev
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: аэрогель, нанопора, водород, газометрия, поглощение, aerogel, nanopore, hydrogen, gasometric, absorption
The results of the measurements of H2 molecules concentration into aerogel (SiO2) nanopores with diameter 20 nm are presented. The standard gasometric method was used. The experimental data on H2 molecule concentration together with the data on integral intensity of H2 collision induced absorption band 0-1 were applied for estimation of the absorption cross section at the band maximum.
V.I. Starikov
Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: молекула НО, поляризуемость, уширение и сдвиг спектральных линий, water molecule, polarisability, broadening and shift of spectral lines
The study of the vibrational dependence of H2O polarisability α is based on the comparison of experimental and calculated line shifts induced by argon, nitrogen, and air pressure in different H2O vibrational bands. The dependence of a on the bending vibration is expressed as a power series in the displacement Δθ of the coordinate θ of large amplitude bending motion. The coefficients of the power series were selected in the way which gives the best agreement of calculated matrix elements <ψn|α(θ)|ψn> with the values of the polarizabylity α(n) obtained in the analysis of experimental line shifts in n × ν2 H2O bands perturbed by nitrogen, oxygen, air and argon pressure. The rotational contributions in the effective polarizability of H2O is obtained and discussed. The comparison of obtained α(θ) with ab initio calculations is carried out.
V.A. Fedorov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: стационарный случайный процесс, случайный процесс со стационарными приращениями, структурная функция, спектральная плотность, stationary random process, random process with stationary increments, structure function, spectral density
The conditions for a function to fall in the class of structure functions for stationary random processes are formulated. In the spatial domain, this corresponds to a homogeneous and isotropic scalar field. It is shown that the power function can be a structure function only if the power index is no larger than unity. The relation of spectral densities of stationary and random processes to stationary increments is demonstrated. The oscillating character of the behavior of spectral density of stationary processes is shown. Analytical equations are derived for their description with the analysis of accuracy characteristics. They are recommended for wide practical application.
V.V. Lavrinov, L.N. Lavrinova
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: датчик волнового фронта Шэка-Гартмана, турбулентные искажения оптического излучения, Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor, turbulent distortion of optical radiation
The reconstruction of a wave front of optical radiation which contains turbulent distortions is carried out on the basis of the Hartmann method by approximating the wave function with Zernike polynomials based on estimates of local inclinations and is analyzed for high-intensity turbulent distortions. Based on the results of statistical analysis of information on phase distortions of radiation using a Hartmannogram formed in the plane of the receiving device, methods have been identified that allow reducing the residual reconstruction error caused by the presence of “strong” turbulence along a radiation propagation path.
V.V. Rostovtseva1, I.V. Goncharenko1, B.V. Konovalov1
Southern Branch of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Gelendjik, Russia
Keywords: оптическое пассивное дистанционное зондирование, гиперспектрометр, природные компоненты морской и озерной воды, поглощение и рассеяние света водой, концентрации фитопланктона, окрашенного органического вещества и взвеси, optical passive remote sensing, hyperspectrometer, natural sea/lake water constituents, light absorption and scattering in water, concentration of phytoplankton, colored organic matter and suspended matter
Data of optical characteristics of lake Issyk-Kul measured with the complex for passive remote sensing Ecological Monitoring of Marine Areas (EMMA) from board a vessel as well as measurement data obtained for water samples allowed us to develop and validate a new technique for oligotrophic water content estimation. This technique is the third part of the method for remote estimation of the main natural constituents concentration in sea or lake waters using light absorption spectrum of pure sea water. The method was suggested by us earlier for mesotrophic and eutrophic waters. Using this technique the estimates of concentration of phytoplankton, colored organic matter, and suspended matter and their distribution over the lake during the three-day experiment in July, 2018, were obtained.
N.A. Ponomarev1, N.F. Elansky1, A.A. Kirsanov2, O.V. Postylyakov1, A.N. Borovski1, Y.M. Verevkin3 1A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 2Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia, Moscow, Russia 3Dalhousie University, Canada, Nova Scotia
Keywords: megacity, atmospheric composition, trace gases, emissions, numerical modeling, air quality
According to long-term observations at the network of “MosEcoMonitoring” stations operating since the beginning of 2000s, CO, NO, NO2, SO2, and PM10 emissions from urban sources and their spatial distribution and temporal variability were calculated. The resulting emission matrix was used in the SILAM chemical transport model to assess air quality in the Moscow megacity. Based on the comparison of the calculations with the observation data using correlation relations and Student's criterion, the emission matrix was corrected. To optimize the spatial distribution of sources and the magnitude of emissions in the Moscow megacity, air pollutant fields for the summer and winter months were calculated using two chemical transport models SILAM and COSMO-ART, as well as calculated emissions and those taken from the TNO inventory database. Comparison of the calculation results for the two models using two emission matrices allowed us to reduce the uncertainties of air quality assessment in the Moscow region.
A.A. Filei
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:105:"Far-Eastern Center of State Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology «Planeta», Khabarovsk, Russia";}
Keywords: вулканический пепел, объемный коэффициент ослабления, альбедо однократного рассеяния, яркостная температура, спутниковые данные, volcanic ash, volume extinction coefficient, single scattering albedo, brightness temperature, satellite data
The principle of creating models of optical parameters of volcanic clouds for use in problems of remote sensing is presented. The models are developed for a wide range of different volcanic rocks and their combinations with drops of water, ice crystals, and drops of aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. The following issues are considered: the principle of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with aerosol components of a volcanic cloud; mixing aerosol components of a volcanic cloud; the use of optical parameters to simulate radiation intensity at the top of the atmosphere. It is found that the choice of model directly affects the calculation mass and microphysical characteristics of volcanic ash.
Seasonal and long-term variability of energy balance parameters of the Earth's climate system: albedo and solar irradiance is analyzed. It is shown that the parametric resonance of the Earth's climate system with long-period tidal oscillations, as well as the deformation of the solar photosphere under the influence of giant planets and, in addition, small fluctuations of the solar constant can lead to long-term changes in global temperature observed from the middle of the century before last. The periods of slow oscillations leading to such changes are investigated and physically justified. It is shown that the oscillatory model of long-term changes in global temperature is significantly more effective than the trend one. In addition, it is shown that random fluctuations, more than an order of magnitude inferior to those observed in the experiment with high probability can form a seeming (diffusion) trend of global temperature, not inferior to the assumed in the framework of the anthropogenic version of the so-called "global warming".
N.V. Podnebesnykh
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: территория Сибири, приземные синоптические карты, циклоны, антициклоны, характеристики барических образований, Siberia, surface synoptic maps, cyclones, anticyclones, characteristics of baric formations
The long-term (1976-2018) variability of such characteristics of cyclones and anticyclones as the number, average long-term pressure at the centers of baric formations (hPa), and average long-term duration (day) is studied in Siberian (50-70°N; 60-110°E) based on surface synoptic maps. An increase in the number of cyclones and anticyclones, a decrease in the pressure at the centers of cyclones and its increase at the centers of anticyclones in the second half of the period under study have been ascertained, that is, cyclones became deeper and anticyclones more intense. At the same time, duration of cyclone and anticyclone decreased, and the anticyclonic weather occurred more often than the cyclonic weather during the year over the territory of Siberia.
V.I. Serdyukov, L.N. Sinitsa, A.A. Lugovskoi, N.M. Emel'yanov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: Фурье-спектроскопия, спектр поглощения, метан, Fourier spectroscopy, absorption spectrum, methane
A low-temperature 17.5 cm long vacuum cell with removable quartz, ZnSe, and KBr windows was designed for working with the Bruker IFS 125M high-resolution Fourier spectrometer. The cell provides a threshold absorption sensitivity of about 10-6 cm-1. The cell makes it possible to record the absorption spectra of gases in the region 1000-20000 cm-1 in the temperature range from 108 to 298 K with an error of ± 0.1 K. The 12CH4 absorption spectra in the range from 9000 to 9200 cm-1 at a pressure of 300 mbar and a spectral resolution of 0.03 cm-1 were recorded using an IFS 125M Fourier spectrometer at 298 and 108 K. The empirical values of the lower state energy levels were obtained from the ratios of line intensities measured at different temperatures.
Characteristics of the thunderstorm with a waterspout over Ladoga Lake obtained with the help of C-band radar, lightning detection system, and radiosonde data are studied. The analysis of instability indices shows low and moderate probability of developing intensive convective processes. The hydrometeor classification and the updraft identification algorithms are used for the first time for the DMRL-C radar and are based on processing of polarization measurements. These algorithms made it possible to detect the appearance of big ice particles when lightning began and to extended updraft associated with the waterspout. The correlation analysis of the frequency of lightning and cloud characteristics, obtained by radar, was carried out. It showed the closest correlation of the frequency with the number of big ice particles, characterized by supercooled part of the cloud (above the 0 °C level) with the reflectivity higher than 50 dBZ.
N. V. BULINA1,2, S. G. BAEV3, S. V. MAKAROVA1, A. I. TITKOV1, V. P. BESSMELTSEV3, N. Z. LYAKHOV1 1Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: селективное лазерное плавление, спекание, гидроксиапатит, selective laser melting, sintering, hydroxyapatite
Pages: 1-7
The structure and morphology of pellets from nanoscale hydroxyapatite after CO2 laser beam treatment are studied. It is shown that the use of a compacted layer of the material under treatment allows a significant reduction of the diameter of the laser spot. The effects of scanning speed and density of a hydroxyapatite pellet on the structure and morphology of the treated surface are investigated. It is shown that the congruent melting of the material is observed in the case of the high speed of laser beam movement. A decrease in the speed leads to the transition to sintering mode. The optimal values of the density and thickness of the sintered material are determined, which are to be kept during 3D printing of products from hydroxyapatite by means of selective laser melting.
G. R. KARAGEDOV
Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: алюмомагниевая шпинель, механосинтез, спекание, magnesium aluminate spinel, mechanosynthesis, sintering
Pages: 8-15
A sequence of changes in X-ray patterns on heating of MgAl2O4 precursors synthesized by different methods is considered. It is shown that the presence of only spinel phase peaks can cause the erroneous conclusion of a single-phase nature of the product and thus explain its low sinterability. Mechanochemical treatment of the stoichiometric mixture of aluminum and magnesium hydroxides yields precursors, which form the powders of single-phase spinel with a crystallite size of 15-30 nm (depending on the composition of the gas medium) when heated at 1000 оC for an hour. Additional disaggregation of spinel powders through low-intensity mechanical treatment (10 g , 5 min) in ethanol gives rise to increased sinterability and allows attaining 95 % density at no more than 1350 оC, which is sufficient for successive densification by means of hot isostatic pressing. However, vacuum sintering is less efficient, leading to low density due to residual alkoxy groups enclosed in gas-tight aggregates which are formed in the course of the treatment with ethanol.
T. YU. KISELEVA1, T. F. GRIGOREVA2, E. T. DEVYATKINA2, E. V. LAZAREVA1, E. V. YAKUTA1, S. V. VOSMERIKOV2, S. I. ZHOLUDEV1, I. P. IVANENKO1, A. S. ILYUSHIN1 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 2Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: механическая активация, механокомпозиты, механохимический синтез, сверхвысокомолекулярный полиэтилен, феррит магния, mechanical activation, mechanocomposites, mechanochemical synthesis, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, magnesium ferrite
Pages: 16-21
The structural and morphological characteristics of mechanochemically synthesized highly dispersed magnesium ferrite are studied. The change of structural characteristics of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWP) during mechanical activation is investigated. The structural characteristics of mechanochemically synthesized composite material UHMWP/magnesium ferrite, as a precursor to create materials for protection against electromagnetic radiation, are studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry.
S. A. KOVALEVA1, V. I. ZHORNIK1, P. A. VITYAZ1, T. F. GRIGOREVA2, S. V. VOSMERIKOV2, N. Z. LYAKHOV2 1Joint Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Belarusian National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus 2Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: СВМПЭ, железо, карбиды, борид титана, механическая обработка, механокомпозиты, наполненные полимеры, UHMWPE, iron, carbides, titanium boride, mechanical treatment, mechanocomposites, filled polymers
Pages: 22-27
Structural changes of ultrahigh-molecular polyethylene (UHMWPE), modified by inorganic mechanocomposites Fe/M (M = TiC, HfC, TiB2, B4C) (70 mass %) under intense plastic deformation in a planetary ball mill, were investigated by means of X-ray phase analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. At a short treatment time, the molecular structure of initial UHMWPE is not disturbed, and the change in the shape of powder particles is due to the segmental mobility of macromolecules. The introduction of inorganic mechanocomposites (fillers) into the polymer leads to the formation of a polymer-filler interfacial zone with a branched polymer structure. The crystallinity degree of mechanochemically obtained Fe/M/UHMWPE composites is reduced to 25-40 vol. %, compared to 44 vol. % for initial UHMWPE, depending on the filler nature. No oxidative degradation of the polymer is observed under mechanical treatment.
A. V. KOZLOVA1, N. F. UVAROV1
Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: литий-титановая шпинель, композиты Li4Ti5O12/Li2TiO3, ионная проводимость, сопротивление границ зерен, lithium titanate spinel, Li4Ti5O12/Li2TiO3 composites, ionic conductivity, grain boundary resistance
Pages: 28-32
Ceramic samples of lithium titanate spinel Li4Ti5O12 and Li4Ti5O12/Li2TiO3 composites with different content of Li2TiO3 as an additional phase were obtained by means of solid-phase synthesis. The phase composition and transport properties of the obtained samples are investigated. By means of impedance spectroscopy within the frequency range 20 Hz - 1 MHz, three contributions into total resistance of the samples were discovered. Assumptions concerning the reasons for higher direct-current conductivity of Li4Ti5O12/Li2TiO3 composites at room temperature than that of lithium titanate spinel Li4Ti5O12 are made.
S. A. KUZNETSOVA1, A. A. MOROZ2, G. P. SKVORTSOVA1, S. A. SCHISLENKO2, T. P. SHAKHTSHNEIDER3, N. V. CHESNOKOV1, B. N. KUZNETSOV1 1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Centre Krasnoyarsk Scientific Centre of SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: энтеросорбент, луб коры березы, "Полифепан", бетулин, enterosorbent, birch inner bark, birch bark bast, polyphepan, betulin
Pages: 33-39
A method is developed for the production of enterosorbent from the birch inner bark with supported biologically active betulin with improved therapeutic and prophylactic properties.
Chemical precipitation deposition of titanium oxyhydrate TiO(OH)2 from the solutions of titanium salts and the features of thermal decomposition of TiO(OH)2 are studied for the purpose of improving and developing an efficient technology for obtaining nanodisperse powders of titanium dioxide with the required particle size and chemical composition. The effect of the basic synthesis parameters on the size of the formed agglomerates of titanium oxyhydrate is established. A method of the heterogeneous synthesis of titanium oxyhydrate using calcium hydroxide is proposed. The effect of the porosity of the crystalline precipitant (calcium hydroxide) on the disperse characteristics of the resulting product is studied. It is shown that a decrease in the average size of pores in calcium hydroxide causes a proportional decrease in the average size of the aggregated particles of titanium dioxide. Under the conditions of different methods of drying (convective, radiation and microwave), the kinetic regularities of the dehydration of titanium oxyhydrate are investigated. The effect of the temperature of titanium oxyhydrate dehydration on the size and crystalline structure of titanium dioxide powders is evaluated. To prevent agglomeration of the formed nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, it is proposed to add ammonium carbonate before the final stage of drying. Relying on the results of the studies, a technology of the synthesis of fine titanium dioxide particles with the concentration of the major component ≥98 mass % is developed.
S. V. MAKAROVA1, N. V. BULINA1,2, M. V. CHAIKINA1, I. YU. PROSANOV1, V. R. KHUSNUTDINOV1 1Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: механохимический синтез, гидроксиапатит, карбонатзамещенный гидроксиапатит, фторапатит, фторзамещенный гидроксиапатит, mechanochemical synthesis, hydroxyapatite, carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite, fluoroapatite, fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite
Pages: 49-54
Hydroxyapatite, fluoroapatite, and hydroxyapatite with partial substitution by fluoride and carbonate ions were obtained through mechanochemical synthesis. When a fluoride ion is introduced into the structure of hydroxyapatite, the substitution of the hydroxyl group occurs, while carbonate ion substitutes the phosphate group. Lattice parameters and the CSR of the samples were refined using the Rietveld method. It was found that the introduction of substituents into the structure of hydroxyapatite reduces the lattice parameters, which is due to the smaller size of substituting ions. The synthesized powders can be used in medicine as bioresorbable materials.
S. P. Arefyev, M. N. Kazantseva
Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Tyumen, Russian Federation
Keywords: лесные пожары, гари, лесовозобновление, древесно-кольцевые хронологии, предтундровые редкостойные леса и редколесья, светлохвойные породы, Западная Сибирь, forest fires, burns, reforestation, tree-ring chronologies, pre-tundra and sparse forests, light-coniferous species, Western Siberia
Six compartments of burnt areas from different years were studied in larch, pine-larch and larch-pine dwarf shrub-moss-lichen sparse forests and light forests of the Nadym district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The new dendroсhronological method of dating of forest fires based on indicators of a variation of parameters of width of year rings is used. It showed that all biocoenoses during the life of trees were repeatedly exposed to fires, which frequency on different areas makes from 1 to 3 in a century. The beginning of the growth of new generations of trees usually comes in the years following the passing of fires and coincides with the phase of enhanced post-fire growth of the surviving instances of older generations. On all of the examined burnt areas, there is a natural regeneration of tree plants: on fresh burns (prescription of the fire 2 years) it is represented only by a vegetatively renewing birch and its self-sowing; on old ones (prescription of the fires 12, 17 and 22 years old) - the undergrowth of conifers prevails. The total number of reliable undergrowth of tree plants of all species varies in different areas from 0.7 to 10.0 thousand pcs / ha. The total number of undergrowth with an increase in the age of burnt area decreases, and older generations begin to dominate in composition. This is due to the restoration of living ground cover, which prevents the germination of tree seeds. The composition of the undergrowth and the ratio of species in it is determined by the presence of seed trees. In sparse forests, where Scotch pine is present in the composition of the remaining stand, it regenerates better than the Siberian larch, which leads to a gradual change of larch stands to pine. If there are mature the Siberian stone pine trees on the site or near it, there is an active natural regeneration of this species in the burned area.
E. G. Somova1, S. V. Osipov2
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:296:"1United Administration of the National Park «The Land of Leopard» and State Nature Biosphere Reserve «Kedrovaya Pad’», Vladivostok, Russian Federation 2Pacific Geographical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Far East Branch, Vladivostok, Russian Federation";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: экосистема, биогеоценоз, парцелла, антропогенное воздействие, стадии дигрессии, картографирование, фитоиндикация, мониторинг, рекреационная экология, ecosystem, biogeocoenosis, parcel, anthropogenic impact, digression stages, mapping, phytoindication, monitoring, recreational ecology
Recreational activities on natural territories put great pressure on ecosystems with the human impact being very uneven. The paper reports on experience of analyzing and monitoring the recreational impact on the forest area of the Kravtsovskiy waterfalls in the south of the Russian Far East. Autumn weekends have been found to show the highest attendance of Kravtsovskiy waterfalls with hundreds of people coming to relax there. Forest ecosystems have been revealed to experience heavy recreational impact. An effective way to conserve and to use this territory rationally is to include it into the structure of a national park or reserve. The recreational impact on the ecosystem should be evaluated and monitored at different levels. At the level of the considered territory as a whole (it may be a macro-landscape or a meso-landscape in natural or arbitrary boundaries) the most important tool is a map of the digression stages, which is a fairly simple model of the territory, but it is a good basis for characterizing, assessing and monitoring the state of the ecosystem and the recreational impact on it. Trails and picnic sites are representative areas of maximum impact of holidaymakers on this map. At the level of individual biogeocoenoses or biogeocoenotic parcels, in particular for trails and sites, ecologic-coenotic transects (profiles) should be used for detailed phytoindication of recreational impact. As indicators one can choose all plants or, e. g., only adolescents of tree species. Indicator parameters of plant species (abundance, height, vitality, ecological-coenotic features, recreational pressure tolerance) allow us to identify areas in different digression stages within the transect and biogeocoenosis as a whole.
N. M. Debkov
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: уход за молодняками, сосна обыкновенная Pinus sylvestris L, линейный прирост, радиальный прирост, сосново-лиственные насаждения, компенсационный прирост, южная тайга, Томская область, thinning, Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L, linear increment, radial increment, pine-deciduous stands, compensatory growth, southern taiga, Tomsk Oblast
Thinning is the main activity in the system of sustainable forest management. They define target indicators, which will have forest stands by the final cuttings. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. is the most widespread of economically valuable species. The aim of the work was an experimental verification of the probability of a species succession in typical pine habitats of the southern taiga of Western Siberia. The experimental area is located in the Timiryazevskiy forestry unit of the Tomsk Oblast, where green-mossy pine forests were cut down in 1999-2001. In 2010, thinning was carried out on young stands on an area of about 45 hectares. The thinning was carried out with a cutting of unwanted trees with strips of 5 m wide, i. e. cutting intensity was 50 %. As a result of studies, it was found that in the control plots, mixed stands with a share of scots pine about 40 % were formed. Aspen predominates in the stand composition, which is almost completely affected by rot of the trunk (90-100 %). Scots pine is much behind growth in aspen (2 times). The radial growth of trunk also indicates the suppression of the Scots pine. The two tier of stands is formed in the strip with thinning, where the upper tier is occupied by Scots pine, and the subordinate is aspen. The important stage in the creation of a new forest generation is the settlement dynamics of the felling area. For Scots pine, the pulsed nature of regeneration is confirmed - over a short period of time (3-4 years). Deciduous trees have a longer reforestation period (6-7 years). The increase in height in the strip with thinning turned out to be significantly higher than in the control plots (40-50 cm versus 20-30 cm). The developed system of felling, which consists in carrying out the first intake of non-commercial thinning at the age of 6-7 years old Scots pine and the second intake of thinning at 10-11 years, ensures the formation of Scots pine young stands.
O. V. Sergeeva, L. V. Mukhortova, L. V. Krivobokov
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: лесная подстилка, растения напочвенного покрова, фитомасса, Средняя Сибирь, forest litter, plants of ground cover, phytomass, Central Siberia
Live ground cover and litter play an important role in forest ecosystems, especially in northern boreal subzone where phytomass of understory vegetation and its annual turnover are comparable with those of tree stands. However, there are practically no quantitative estimates of live ground cover biomass and forest litter stock for different types of forest ecosystems in the Central Siberia permafrost zone. The study was conducted in the Central Evenkia which territory has well developed low-mountain relief. The last one contributes to microclimatic diversity and thus differences in dynamics of phytomass accumulation and plant residues’ decomposition between landforms. The litter stocks and live ground cover biomass were assessed for forest stands growing in the lowlands, on the slopes of northern and southern exposition and on the uplands. The studied ecosystems have been unaffected by forest fire for more than 50 years now. The main forest-forming species of all forest phytocenoses except for upland is Gmelin’s larch Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. It was found that among the studied ecosystems the highest values of live ground cover biomass and forest litter stock occur in the lowlands and on the northern slopes. Such distribution is the consequence of these landforms’ hydrothermal conditions: permafrost here lies closer to the surface and soils are permanently wet. These factors create favorable conditions for moss-lichen cover growth but retard decomposition of plant residues leading to forest litter accumulation. It is noted that mosses and subshrubs make the major contribution to the live ground cover biomass in the studied ecosystems. The main components of litter in forest phytocenoses of the Central Evenkia are fermented plant residues.
K. G. Tkachenko1, N. A. Timchenko2, O. N. Shcherbakova2, V. F. Bobenko2, N. E. Staroverov3, A. Yu. Gryaznov3, E. D. Kholopova3 1Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 2Far Eastern State Agrarian University, Blagoveshchensk, Russian Federation 3St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University Named after V. I. Ulyanov, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Keywords: маакия амурская, качество и хранение семян, прорастание, стимуляторы, рентгенография, Дальний Восток России, Amur maackia, quality and storage seeds, germination, stimulants, radiography, Russian Far East
Amur maackia Maackia amurensis Rupr. (Leguminosae) is a valuable, relict and rare plant in the flora of Russian Far East, which has now acquired importance as a promising medicinal plant, based on which raw materials they develop new highly effective drugs, while it rarely used in urban greening. It belongs to shade-tolerant rocks, it is of little demanding to soil fertility, because of the superficial root system, and single-standing trees do not withstand wind loads. In connection with the increasing loads on the natural resources of this species when harvesting plant materials, there is a problem of developing the basics of laying the plantations and growing (cultivating) in nurseries or specialized farms. Amur maackia in places of natural growth multiplies mainly by seed, although it also forms root growth. However, in nature, it does not always form seeds, which makes it difficult to reproduce. Evaluation of the quality of seeds and methods of their germination is relevant for the development of reproduction methods and the laying of plantations, in order to create a resource base of a valuable resource type. Modern methods of microfocus radiography of reproductive diasporas allow to quickly determining the quality of seed. Amur maackia seeds remain viable for a long time (up to 3-5 years). Seeds for laying nurseries should be collected in places of natural growth, pre-selecting the largest, well-made, removing small and defective ones from the collected lots. With an increase in the shelf life of seeds for germination, various methods should be applied: scalding with hot water, treatment with concentrated acid, or soaking in a 3 % solution of hydrogen peroxide; for production purposes, it is best to carry out under the winter sowing.
İ. Turna, A. Bayraktar, N. Yıldırım, M. Oral
Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
Keywords: aboriginal and introduced species of woody plants, vegetation, seasoning, bud bursting, landscape design, Trabzon, Turkey, аборигенные и интродуцированные виды древесных растений, вегетация, сезонность, раскрытие почек, ландшафтный дизайн, Трабзон, Турция
It is possible to determine specific periods in plants during the vegetation period making phenological observations. When making phenological observations, one can be collect information about occurrence time of some events, such as sowing, germination and bud bursting. Particularly, this evidence will contribute s to the selection of species in site conditions, when making decisions about the species to be left in the field. Therefore, it is important to know blossoming time and lifespan of flowers during the seasons. If coloration of the plants to be used in the landscape design is known to depend on the season, much better compositions with the plants can be created. The aim of the paper is to reveal the differences in the beginning of vegetation of some native and exotic plant species found in the campus of Karadeniz Technical University. In this study, bud bursting times of 19 species of bud bursting dates, including 10 native trees, 5 exotic trees, 2 native shrubs and 2 exotic shrub species were investigated during the 4 phases. Thus, when observations were made for the times from swelling of the buds to the completion of the bud burst, it appeared that the bursting period for Acer platanoides L. was completed in the longest time and those for Carpinus betulus L. and Liquidambar orientalis Mill. - over the shortest time from the native species. The same period for Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. was completed in the longest time, while for Prunus serrulata Lindl. «Kandzan» it was completed in the shortest time for the exotic species.
A. M. Pugacheva
Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Meliorations and Protective Afforestation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Keywords: agroforestmeliorative science, dendroflora of arid territories, international cooperation, Federal scientific center of agroecology, complex meliorations and protective afforestation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, Russia
