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Within the city of Ulan-Ude, several sites of bastnaesite-fluorite rocks and calcite-containing rocks were found. They are confined to the exposures of Paleozoic schists and quartzites. The rocks have an age of 134.2 ± 2.6 Ma. They are brecciated lenticular and vein-like bodies cemented mainly with bastnaesite-fluorite aggregate. The content of fluorite in the rocks is several tens of percent, and the content of bastnaesite-(Ce) is 20-30%, often reaching 50%. Among the secondary minerals, there are monazite-(Ce), albite, and K-feldspar, and the accessory minerals are zircon, Nb-containing rutile, and manganilmenite. Light lanthanides are predominant among REE in the rocks. Bastnaesite and fluorite contain brine-melt fluid inclusions with homogenization temperatures of 490-520 ºC. The salts of these inclusions are composed of predominant Na and Ca sulphates and subordinate Ca and REE carbonates, and the gas phase contains CO₂. Gas inclusions and part of water-salt inclusions homogenized at 150-200, 290-350, and 430-450 ºC. The salts of late fluids are composed of Ca and REE carbonates, K and/or Na chlorides, Ca, Mg, and Fe hydrosulphates, and Ca and Na hydrocarbonates, and the gas phase contains CO₂ ± H₂. The isotopic compositions of carbon (-5.9 to -8.3‰ d¹³C_V-PDB) and oxygen (4.3 to 8.3‰ d¹⁸O_V-SMOW) in bastnaesite and calcite fall in the PIC square specific to unaltered intrusive carbonatites. The primary strontium isotope ratios in fluorite and bastnaesite are equal to 0.70559-0.70568. The proximal location, close ages, and mineral and geochemical features indicate a genetic relationship of the studied rocks with the late Mesozoic carbonatites of southwestern Transbaikalia. The finding of this rock occurrence indicates the existence of one more carbonatite-bearing area and expands the distribution area of such rocks, which makes southwestern Transbaikalia promising for REE mineralization.

A model of the formation of the Teletskoe-Chulyshman metamorphic belt (TCMB) in Gorny Altai has been elaborated. The estimated pressure (not exceeding 3-4 kbar) and temperature (about 740 ºС) indicate an increased regional crustal thermal gradient equal to 60-90 ºС/km during the formation of the metamorphic belt. The age of migmatites of the Chulyshman complex has been evaluated at 483.9 ± 5.7 Ma (Early Ordovician) by U/Pb (SHRIMP) zircon dating. The paleogeodynamic setting of the TCMB formation and the protolith nature are identified based on the geochemical and petrochemical parameters of the metamorphic rocks. Structural parameters and numerical modeling show that the Chulyshman migmatite-gneiss complex is an apical part of the thermal-dome structure formed under the thermal impact of a magmatic basic heat source in the base of the crust and displaced to the relevant depths via thrusts and crustal extrusion during the Early Ordovician accretion-collision event. Matching the metamorphism parameters and the numerical-modeling results for the crustal thermal regime, we determined the rate of the anatectic front displacement along the thrust to be at least 6 cm/yr.

Russia is a multi-ethnic country, where every nation has its own unique history, its own language and original culture. One of the humanities’ tasks is to tell each person about his history and culture. This is important both in terms of enhancing understanding of the geopolitical situation of the modern world, and in terms of upbringing patriotic feelings for one’s Fatherland. The United Scientific Council of the SB RAS for the Humanities consists of nine research institutes. They are closely connected with technological and natural science institutes within the SB RAS by ongoing interdisciplinary research. The indicators of the scientific research effectiveness often exceed the planned ones, as illustrated by the results of 2018. The text of this speech, prepared for the General Meeting of the SB RAS in April 2019, provides data on the publication activity of the humanitarian research institutes within the SB RAS. In conclusion, the United Scientific Council resolution on further prospects for the development of the humanities is given.

The article deals with the historical and genetic analysis of the relationship between local civil and departmental military authorities deployed in Kuznetsk Uyezd in the late 1730s - early 1740s within frameworks of the regional colonization, administrative and political processes. The research is based mainly on documents of records management from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Most of these documents have not been previously introduced into scientific circulation. Soon after the Newly formed dragoon regiment’s creation in Siberia, three companies of the formation were officially redeployed - to Kuznetsk, but in fact they were situated in the Biysk Fortress area; their commanders holding the ranks of Mayor and Captain interacted with the civil administration system represented by voivodes and prikazchiks. Initially the most urgent problem was the provision of garrison , which was not solved by the uyezd authorities and shifted onto ostrog chiefs, and, as a result, on local peasants, that caused protests among the poll-tax paying population. When V. Sokolov, the Kuznetsk companies’ commander, was redeployed to Kolyvan-Voskresensk plants region, the lieutenants remaning at the outposts in ostrogs and slobodas began to appeal not to their immediate military commanders but to the Kuznetsk voivode office to make important decisions. They sought some administrative patronage there despite the fact that the voivode office gave obvious priority to more rudimentary system of prikazchiks. The uyezd authorities controlled the state of troops left in Upper Priobie, purchased hay and even supplied the troops with horses. However, the excessive model of administrative communications did not last long and the next military commander A. Bibikov held a course for centralization and started to make numerous demands of the uyezd center. The main point of controversy was salt. The personality factor was key one in building relationships between the civil and military authorities under conditions of legislative mis-regulation in Kuznetsk Uyezd in the late 1730s - mid 1740s.

The Provincial reform of Catherine II started in Russia in 1775. On the local level, its implementation led to forming governorships and provinces. In Yakutia, a provincial administration was formed as part of the Irkutsk governorship. Until that period, the Yakut Voivode administration existed here with a small administration staff of officers engaged mainly in collecting yasak (fur tax). The local staff increased markedly when the Yakutsk province was created in 1783. The regional government structure was formed in accordance with the provisions of Provincial reform: Upper and Lower Raspravas (Justicement offices), Conciliar Court, Magistrate, Zemsky Lower Courts, County Courts, and Treasury. The staff of the Yakut bureaucracy increased quickly to 200 people excluding family members of officials by the late XVIII century. Nobles prevailed among them, who came from different regions of the country: the central and Volga regions, Baltic states, Siberia. The measures taken by government of Catherine II to recruit the nobility to the public service, were clearly manifested in the province, particularly in Yakutia. Many nobles were attracted by the opportunity to make a career in connection with formation of the Irkutsk governorship despite the remoteness and severe climatic conditions. The position of Yakut nobility weakened significantly, as they lost former sources of income due to abolition of the local noble staff. The Yakut bureaucracy was recruited from other classes as well: the Cossacks, clerical staff, bourgeois, non-OrtodoxYakuts. Many military servicemen, participants of the recent Russian military companies in the North Caucasus, Chukotka, arrived here. Among the Yakut bureaucracy there were many representatives of titled nobles, up to the 5th class rank according to the “Table of Ranks”. They got families here, some of them settled down for a long time. During this period a group of local hereditary bureaucracy began to form. It is of interest, that non-Ortodox Yakuts were attracted to the public service as assessors in the Upper Rasprava (court) for the first time just in the studied period. In general, the quite significant bureaucratic layer was formed in Yakutian local community under the influence of Provincial Reform of 1775.

Completing the industrial revolution and the first stage of industrialization in the Russian Empire led to growing number and social role of industrial workers, emerging “question of labour” and, as a consequence, the labour legislation by the late XIX century. Pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern scholars have actively studied various aspects of labour legislation regarding it as a part of the Great Liberal Reforms, or, as a means to exploit and oppress the working class. At the same time, its direct impact on the workers’ life and state was considered by reseachers sporadically, mainly for the most industrially developed regions (Central, North-West, etc.). The article objective is to study how the forming labour legislation was implemented into the practice in provincial regions with an average level of industrial development, by the example of Kazan Province. To achieve the goal, various sources and documents (reports, references, statistics) are involved including the internal regulations of nearly 30 factory enterprises in the province which have been sdudied considered and analyzed for the first time in historiography. The study showed that in the second half of the XIX century the state undertook large-scale reforming of the workers’ legislation. Its implementation in the Kazan Province faced a mixed and contradictory reaction of industrialists: most of them had a negative attitude to innovations, others were ahead of them. It led to forming the specific system of relations between workers and industrialists, which included both productive and non-productive ones. Workers acted as a passive object in this system which was characterized by a high level of paternalism, almost paramilitary discipline, which was due to the semimarginal social status and mentality of workers. At the same time, the development of the labour legislation positively, though slowly, influenced their lives.

The relevance of studying the history of reading is determined by its huge educational, enlightening, developing, upbringing potential, which plays an important role in forming a person, society, and state. Investigation of reading of the late XIX - early XX centuries is important to define the scales and rates of the Russian modernization, and factors accelerating or slowing it. For the first time in historiography modernization of Siberians’ circle of reading in the late XIX - early XX centuries becomes a subject of an independent research. The paper objective is the historical characteristic of modernization of Siberians’ circle of reading in the late imperial period. The theory of traditional society’s modernization became the research methodological basis. Modernization is understood as complex of innovative process to proceed from an agrarian traditional society to modern industrial one covering all spheres of public life, including cultural. The study is carried out in compliance with the principles of historicism, objectivity, consistency. The author applies common scientific approaches: terminological, structural and statistical analysis, inductive, deductive ones; in addition uses special historical methods: source study, historical and comparative, chronological ones, localization of historic facts. The paper represents basic principles of the theory of modernization of reading. Obtained data allow specifying and adding a regional and all-Russian picture of reading in the late imperial period; characterizing rates and scales of modernization of the Siberians’ reading. The research results represent knowledge of main segments of the circle of reading and their volumes ratio, reader’s preferences of Siberians, where the first place was steadily given to fiction, while religious, spiritual and moral literature was gradually removed to the last place, giving way to historical, geographical, economic, social and political editions, periodicals.

The article considers the participation of the Komsomol (the All-Russian Leninist Young Communist League) in the elections to village councils in the territory of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialistic Republic (RSFSR) from autumn 1924 to spring 1925. The author tried to answer the following questions: the basis upon which the Young Communist League took part in the elections; how the Komsomol cells behaved during the election campaigns and what results it led to. The methodological basis of the article is the principle of historicism, according to which studying the phenomena of the past should be considered in close connection with the cultural and historical context, as well as the principle of objectivity, assuming an open-minded approach of a researcher to the subject under study. The author has chosen the problematic and chronological method of a wide range of specific historical techniques involving the division of historical material into a number of narrower problems studied in the order of their time sequence. The Komsomol members had no legal grounds to participate in the elections of the Soviets; such a right was granted them by the documents of the governing party and the Komsomol, but not by the legal acts. Ensuring the representation of as many as possible Komsomol members in the village councils was considered by the leadership of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks (RCP(b) as an important political task. Therefore, throughout the election campaign of 1924, the state bodies, the Communist Party and the Komsomol members themselves everywhere tried to put pressure on voters to force them to vote for Komsomol candidates. The peasants protested on a massive scale against turning the elections into a farce; the decrease in voter turnout, as well as the policy announced during the internal party struggle to “revive” the Soviets, prompted the top leadership of the RCP(b) to agree to conduct new elections in a number of provinces during the period from winter to spring 1925. Previous attempts of Communists and Komsomol members to impose their candidates upon the peasants was unequivocally condemned by the top leadership of the RCP(b), who in advance reconciled the possibility of increasing the share of non-party peasants in village councils. The refusal of administrative pressure caused a noticeable decrease in the Komsomol member’s share in village councils, thereby demonstrating the low credibility in the eyes of the peasants.

The article discusses the methods of defining various social groups in rural areas, the process of their transformation in the 1920s - early 1930s with the emphases on the groups of “kulaks”. Their interpretation in the historical literature is ambiguous, which is related to different attitudes and understanding by the authorities and population of that time, the absence of clear criteria to define them, their periodic revision. Based on the analysis of the archival sources, the author comes to conclusion that by the end of the 1920s the criteria for defining individual social groups (“farmhand”, “pauper”, “medium peasant”, “substantial farmer”, “kulak”) were developed mainly by the provincial, district and local authorities, individual organizations, which had different approaches to their revealing. The studied methods of the peasantry differentiation allowed paying attention to some points: first, the allowable property norms (livestock, land) for the same social groups were different; secondly, the majority of them separated kulak farms from well-to-do ones, and according to the logic of their definition, the labor farms were well-to-do, and kulak farms were those who lived on unearned incomes and used labor exploitation. In the late 1920s the criteria for kulak farms started to be established by “higher-ups”, the central government, and were included in the legal regulatory framework permitting to change them taking into account local peculiarities. The kulak features were periodically corrected, detailed, adjusting to the goals and objectives of the state. Gradually, the government obtained clearer differentiation of population, eliminating the transitional status that allowed peasants to belong to two groups at once, and ultimately refused such groups as “substantial farmer” and “strong medium peasant”.

The article tells about the first post-Soviet year of 1992 in the life of the traditional economy of Yakut’s Arctic, which presents all the indigenous peoples of Yakutia - Evens, Evenks, Yukagirs, Chukchi, Dolgans, Russian old-timers, Sakha. They were historically engaged in reindeer herding, horse breeding, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing. The 15 Arctic and northern regions are divided into three groups based on natural and economic specialization: North-west-coastal, North-east, Indigirka-Kolyma. Archival documents help to show the main issues of managing the economy authorities, the real problems of the development of farms in the first post-Soviet year. The irreversible process of reorganization of the Arctic farms, the transformation in ways of management is considered. In 1992, these farms continued to be under the jurisdiction of a separate department of the agricultural complex of the North, which had a complex hierarchy of subordination and cooperation with the relevant federal and regional ministries and was now under the jurisdiction of the new Ministry of Minority Affairs of the North of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). This year, the trend towards the organization of nomadic tribal communities as an original form of traditional nature management, as a public process of reviving the economic traditions of the indigenous peoples of the North, intensified. At the same time, tribal communities were initially considered by the state as business entities. The dynamics of the indicators of the main branches of the traditional economy at the beginning and at the end of 1992 are shown on the basis of the analysis of official statistics. The most vulnerable in the first post-Soviet year were areas of the northwestern coastal group with a predominantly reindeer herding direction of economic development. An attempt was made to show an objective picture of the situation of the studied farms and problematic issues of statistical data were identified.

The paper presents and analyzes approaches used by international and Russian researchers to understand the intangible cultural heritage. Intangible cultural heritage is the usual forms, representations and expressions, knowledge and skills, as well as related objects and cultural space recognized by the community as a cultural heritage. This concept follows the idea of relationships of intangible cultural heritage, tangible cultural heritage and natural heritage. One should noted a pronounced ethnic orientation of the term “intangible cultural heritage”. This is confirmed by the foreign researchers of intangible cultural heritage who use the concept of “First Voice” which appeared in the process of uploading the rights of indigenous peoples. “First Voice” is a metaphorical designation of a carrier of traditions, i.e. intangible cultural heritage. The Russian researchers prove it using the concept of ethnocultural heritage. Scholarly works on the problem of studying and preserving intangible cultural heritage are relatively few both in international and Russian historiography. Most of the theoretical developments on this issue are based on the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) and the general theory of heritage studies. While writing the paper, the author found that the directions of studying intangible cultural heritage are diverse both in Russia and abroad. However, in the first case, the preference is given to ontological issues of understanding the intangible cultural heritage and preserving it under natural conditions of living culture as close as possible. Thus, a number of international researchers consider intangible cultural heritage in the focus of relevant topics: supervision, information technology, cultural diversity, cultural identity, commodification of heritage, conservation practices, etc. In the second case, attention is paid to conceptualization of museum and the practice of working with intangible cultural heritage. For example, Russian scientists actively work with practitioners of museumification of intangible cultural heritage in theoretical and practical aspects. A common feature of these two directions is the recognition of the cultural landscape as a complex form of preserving intangible cultural heritage.

The article shows the historical mortality rate - an important population processes - in East Russia at the end of the Imperial period. The annual overall mortality rates, calculated by the author, in West and East Siberia over the period 1887-1914, in the Far East for 1894-1914, as well as in some cities of these regions for 1902-1914, are summarized in time series and presented in tabular and graphs form. The author shows mortality indicators in the country’s Trans-Ural suburbs against one another and the European Russia in year-to-year and phased 4-5-year dynamics. The paper reveals prevailing trends of changes with particular attention to the urban population which determined the demographic prospects during the period of the country’s emerging urbanization. The few available data for 1915-1917 are included. The analysis of time series proves the correctness of views made earlier by the author of this article and supported by historians V.A. Skubnevsky and Yu. M. Goncharov, that a general population trend was declining overall mortality during the studied period both in East Russia and in the country’s center. It was particularly marked in cities, but was “camouflaged” by explosion of mortality rates in West Siberia taking place at the stages of increased agricultural immigration from European Russia. Perhaps, the mortality downward trend continued even at the early stages of the First World War. This is more evident in rural areas, but in large cities the mortality rate declined for two years after an extraordinary jump in 1915. Therefore, one can argue that the initial phase of the demographic transition was unfolding at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, which was characterized by an advanced decrease in overall mortality rates with more stable birth rate not only in the center of the Russian Empire, but in its eastern regions as well.

The article attempts to highlight the main trends of health care development in Siberia and its impact on Siberians’ health. This period is characterized as the time of forming the health care system in Siberia. Based on the analysis of progressing medical network, staffing, financing health care, the author concludes on the insufficiency of health care development rate during the Imperial period. The emerging Siberian medicine’s success was quickly dashed under the Civil war conditions. After the Civil war, the state resumed active measures to develop medical care for population. However, the Siberians’ health of that period was far from ideal. Infectious morbidity was high, it firmly occupied the first place in the structure of death causes. In the early 1930s, famine struck Siberia. Peasants exhausted by malnutrition left for cities massively. Such a sharp increase of urban population was not provided with the adequate level of social sphere development. All three factors necessary for the successful development of epidemics coincided in these circumstances: presence of a susceptible and malnourished population, active migration flows, lack of sanitation. The epidemics growth in such an environment was inevitable. As a result, epidemics became the main cause of supermortality in the early 1930s. The need to overcome this severe infectious situation, the country’s economy growth led to the active health care system’s development in Siberia. Widening the medical activity affected the population health. In the second half of the 1930s, almost all infectious diseases had a clear declining dynamics. By 1940, Siberian health care had become a serious factor influencing the residents’ health.

In modern scientific literature, the population explosion is interpreted as a sharp increase in the population growth rate. The basis for this phenomenon is increased fertility, decreasing mortality and a corresponding expansion of natural growth. As a rule, a population explosion is closely linked to the process of demographic transition from the agrarian (traditional) to the industrial (modern) type of population reproduction. It is proved that the population explosion is territorially localized in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Chronologically, it is fixed, as is believed in demographic literature, in the second half of the 20th century. This article hypothesizes that for the first time in demographic history, a population explosion occurred in the 1920s. It was due to the accelerated socio-economic development of the Siberian region in the 1920s, based on the new economic policy. This, in turn, caused the rapid development of global processes of demographic transition and was manifest primarily in a marked reduction in mortality rates. At the same time, the article shows that the decrease in the birth rate expected during the demographic explosion did not happen. On the contrary, for Siberia in the 1920s an increase in fertility rates was characteristic. The causes of this phenomenon are thoroughly investigated by the author. It is shown that the special conditions of family work in Siberia, the distribution of benefits from younger generations to older ones, and the absence of full-fledged pension provision were important factors in stimulating fertility. Based on the increase in natural growth, the population growth rate sharply increased, which caused a population explosion. The article analyzes not only the causes of population explosion, but also shows the socio-economic consequences of this phenomenon, reveals its short duration and reveals the factors that led to its rapid completion.

The article deals with the population of Western Siberia in 1964-1970. During this period, the decline in mortality has stopped, and the reverse process of increasing mortality and reducing life expectancy begаn. The purpose of the article is to identify the causes of these demographic phenomena. The study is based on the statistical data obtained from the official territorial bodies of the state statistics of the regions included in the region of Western Siberia at the moment of the all-Union census of population in 1959 at the request of the author. The value of the answers lies in the uniformity and continuity of the demographic series, both absolute data and indicators of natural movement, on the basis of which the author’s calculations were made. In 1964-1970 in the USSR, the age-specific mortality rates started growing, especially among men. This process mainly affected the working-age population and persons in retirement age. To some extent, the growth reflected improvement of the statistical system, but it was associated with a real reduction in life expectancy. In West Siberia, the mortality rate was higher than all-Union and all-Russian indicators. To a large extent, this was determined by two groups of death causes - tumors, which became more common at a younger age, and external causes (accidents, poisoning, injuries, etc.) which claimed the lives of young and healthy people. The positive dynamics was only in childhood, especially infants, throughout the studied period of 1964-1970. However, there were already negative trends, which later lad to increasing the mortality rates in these age groups.

The article is devoted to the identification of key characteristics of the Russian women- journalists’ corpus - who were authors of ego-documents at the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. The author establishes social origin, educational level, marital status and professional specialization of women - authors of texts of memoirs, autobiographies and diaries. The main sources of the article are the ego-documents of women journalists. The author uses dictionaries and other editions of biobibliographical nature, as well as research papers containing information about biography and professional activity of staff members of periodicals, who left sources of personal origin. The author’s composition varied in quality despite its relatively small size. It includes employees of periodicals, who were of a noble, merchant, spiritual and peasant origin. Social status together with generational affiliation had a significant impact on the methods of upbringing, concept of education and its level amond the future women journalists. The high level of education allowed holding various positions in the editorial office, as well as having a wide professional specialization. Among the journalists who left ego-documents are publishers, editors, department heads, secretaries, proofreaders, feuilletonists, reporters, correspondents, columnists, literary and theatrical critics and reviewers, translators, novelists. At the same time, women often combined these activities at different stages of their lives, or they held multiple positions at the same time. Marital status influenced the professional career. A significant problem for women journalists was the need to combine professional activity and family life. Most of female employees in the periodicals were married, others were in a civil marriage and had illegitimate children. Some practiced a form of family relationship different from the traditional one.

The article deals with the formation of the first archaeological collections in Buryatia stored in the oldest museum of East Siberia - Kyakhta Local Lore Museum; gives the chronology of their creation and territorial coverage. The author defines an archaeological collection as a complex historical source, which includes the material remains of ancient human life united by the principle of origin, authorship, belonging to the historical era, as well as written documents of scientists-archaeologists, who excavated and studied these archaeological materials. The collection of artifacts created by Yu. D. Talko-Gryntsevich, A. P. Mostits, P. S. Mikhno and other first archaeologists studied the antiquities of Buryatia became a necessary basis that contributed to humanitarian science development in Buryatia. The collections are accompanied by published and unpublished written materials - reports, office documents, letters; this is what makes them a comprehensive historical source.

Laser ignition (λ = 1064 nm, τ_i = 120 ms) of the coal samples of different marks from the Kuznetsk coal basin was studied. Three consecutive stages of ignition were detected for all marks of coal. These stages are characterized by the threshold radiation energy densities H_cr⁽¹⁾, H_cr⁽²⁾, H_cr⁽³⁾ which are characteristic for each coal marks. It was established that the first stage involves surface heating and ignition of micro protrusions on coal particles. The duration of this stage does not exceed the time of the laser pulse. At the second stage, volatile matter are observed to evolve and ignite. The duration of combustion depends on the density of radiation energy. Ignition of the nonvolatile residue occurs at the third stage, upon reaching H_cr⁽³⁾; burning time is 40-150 ms. It was demonstrated that the threshold value at the first stage varies only slightly for all coal marks. For bituminous coal, the second threshold decreases with an increase in coalification degree, while the third threshold increases. The second and the third thresholds for lignite are comparable with the values of H_cr⁽²⁾ and H_cr⁽³⁾ for low metamorphic bituminous coals. Experimental results allow us to conclude that ignition occurs at the first and the third stages according to the heterogeneous mechanism, while at the second stage it occurs according to a homogeneous mechanism.

Thermal reactions proceeding through hydrogen transfer from the polyaromatic compounds of coal tar pitch to model organic compounds (nitrobenzene, chlorophenols, and chloraniline) are investigated. Within the temperature range 270-360 ^оC, there is a complete conversion of nitrobenzene into aniline (with a yield of 75-82 %) and condensation products remaining in the pitch. It was found that 4-chlorophenol enters hydrodechlorination starting at a temperature of 300 ^оC and leading to the formation of phenol and condensation products. The reactivity of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is higher than that of 4-chlorophenol. The features of the reactions are compared using coal tar pitch and hydroaromatic compounds as hydrogen donors.

The oxidation of biofuel samples with different lignin content (10, 20 and 70 %) was studied. The kinetic parameters of combustion reactions were obtained which allowed us to consider the process as a two-stage one. The sample with 20 % lignin content was shown to have a high reactivity in oxidation reactions.

The properties of the pitch samples obtained through the thermal dissolution of coal were studied using a unit with a flow tubular reactor. Their main differences were analyzed in comparison with coal-tar pitch. It was shown that in terms of elemental composition, extractive pitches are characterized by lower carbon content and a high percentage of oxygen, compared to the traditional binder. Their technological parameters are characterized by increased softening point and low coke residue. These features are a consequence of molecular composition. According to IR and NMR spectroscopy, the aromaticity factor of the alternative binder is relatively low, the organic matter contains a large number of aliphatic groups (-CH₂- and -CH₃), as well as polar oxygen-containing groups such as carbonyl, ether, etc. The latter groups have a negative effect on the rheological properties of extractive pitch. The influence of coal type and coal-oil paste composition on the yield and quality indicators of the pitch-like products of thermal dissolution was analyzed. The use of a coal-solvent mixture with the high percentage of coal is not reasonable because of the high viscosity of final extractive pitches, which hinders the preparation of a homogeneous mixture for the formation of carbon-graphite products.

The influence of the dry (in the air, without water) and wet (in water) method of brown coal grinding on the extraction efficiency and structural group composition of the extracted humic acids (HA) was studied. The samples of liquid and powder humic preparations (HP) from brown coal of the Tisulskoye deposit (Kaychakskiy site) were produced. The samples were obtained using the original set-up, which allowed us to achieve the high yield of HA using ultrafine grinding of the raw material in the dry form or in the aqueous solution of an alkali. The technical characteristics and regimes of equipment operation are presented. All the samples were characterized by means of technical and elemental analysis, ¹³C NMR (CPMAS) and FTIR spectroscopy. Granulometric composition and specific surface area of coal samples after dry and wet grinding were determined. It was established that the wet method allows achieving more complete extraction of HA from brown coal due to an increase in the surface area of the contact between coal and the alkali. Both methods of grinding do not have a significant effect on the structural group composition of extracted HA and their biological activity.

The activity of monometallic (Ni/γ-Al₂O₃, Co/γ-Al₂O₃) and bimetallic (Ni-Co/γ-Al₂O₃) catalysts supported on γ-aluminium oxide for dry reforming of methane into synthesis gas was studied. It was determined that the bimetallic catalyst is more active than monometallic. A set of methods (X-ray phase analysis and temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen) was applied to reveal that the addition of Co to the composition of Ni/γ-Al₂O₃ leads to the formation of a surface bimetallic alloy Ni-Co, which plays an important role in suppressing the formation of carbon deposits on the catalyst surface and increasing its activity.

Preparation and properties of nanostructured composites promising for the development of electrode materials for supercapacitors are considered. The composites are based on carbon fibres made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNT), filled with the nanoparticles of mixed cobalt and nickel hydroxides which are deposited on the surface and in the channels of these nanotubes. The composition and morphology of nanostructured composites were studied using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, including the method of small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The electrochemical properties of the obtained electrode nanocomposite material were considered. It is shown that variations of the cobalt to nickel ratio in the composition of the mixed hydroxide lead to significant changes in the electrochemical properties of composite electrodes. In general, an increase in their capacitance is due to the contribution of the pseudocapacity of nickel-cobalt hydroxides, and the highest capacitance values are achieved with the Co/Ni ratio close to 1 : 1. Analysis of voltammetric curves also revealed a decrease in the specific electric capacity of the electrode material with an increase in scanning rate for samples having a pseudocapacity component, which was obtained by matrix functionalization and the introduction of cobalt and nickel hydroxides, because redox reactions on the electrodes proceed with lower rates than charge accumulation due to the double electrical layer. The functionalization of carbon nanofibres consisting of multilayer carbon nanotubes was carried out by ozonation, followed by the introduction of a hydroxide filler containing transition metal hydroxides. This treatment caused an increase in their specific electric capacity, thus it is promising for the development of highly efficient electrode materials based on carbon matrices.

The texture characteristics of carbon sorbents obtained from coal of five different grades from Kuzbass were studied. The sorbents were prepared through alkaline activation using potassium hydroxide. The alkali-coal mixture was homogenized by mechanical mixing at the KOH/coal mass ratio of 1 : 1. It was shown that the sorbents prepared from coal activated with KOH have a developed porous structure and pronounced microporosity. The structure of micropores is practically independent of coal grade. The contribution from mesopores into the porosity of the sorbents is insignificant and is observed only for fat coal. It was established that the specific surface and pore volume of the sorbents increase with a decrease in the degree of coal metamorphism. The sorbent prepared from subbituminous coal has the highest textural characteristics: its specific surface area is 1340 m²/g, pore volume 0.58 cm³/g. The minimal values are characteristic of lean coal: 780 m²/g and 0.33 cm³/g, respectively.

The synthesis of nanostructured systems based on transition metals and the investigation of their physicochemical properties is one of the urgent problems of material science given the expanding area for the application of these materials. The paper presents the results of the voltammetric study of potentiostatic electrodeposition and anodic oxidation of iron-nickel and iron-cobalt nanostructured systems with glassy carbon electrodes in various electrolytes. It was found that the electrolytic synthesis of these nanostructured systems free of oxide-hydroxide impurities can be carried out in sulphate, ammonia-tartrate and chloride media. According to the voltammetry data, the phases of solid solutions with variable composition are formed during the deposition process, and their anodic dissolution proceeds by the uniform mechanism. Metal deposition rates were compared, and an approach allowing one to calculate the compositions of electrodeposited nanostructured alloys was proposed. The capabilities of anodic and cyclic voltammetry in the characterization of nanometallic deposits were shown.

Structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of the electrode material for supercapacitors which consists of a porous matrix with embedded mixed cobalt-nickel oxide nanoparticles were investigated. The synthesis of nanostructured composite was carried out by thermal decomposition of mixed nickel and cobalt azides on the surface of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. X-ray diffraction analysis and small-angle scattering were used to determine the composition and to estimate the dispersion characteristics of the obtained oxide nanoparticles. Investigation of the electrochemical properties of synthesized electrode materials by means of cyclic voltammetry showed that the growth of their electrical capacity is proportional to an increase in the content of nickel cobaltate NiCo₂O₄ in the composite, while the dependence for cobalt oxide Co₃O₄ is more complicated. Electrode materials based on nanostructured carbon - nickel cobaltate composite С/NiCo₂O₄ provide a significant increase in electrical capacity, compared to the capacity of the original carbon matrix.

The absorption capacity of different types of coal from the largest deposits of West Siberia (Kansk-Achinsk, Kuznetsk and Gorlovskiy basins), composition and content of biogenic elements in the form of cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in water-soluble and exchange forms are studied. It is shown that the absorption capacity of coal, as measured by cation exchange capacity, increases with an increase in the coal metamorphism degree in the sequence: anthracite → coal → brown coal, and with an increase in dispersity of carbon particles from coarse size fractions to smaller ones. The major exchange positions in coal are occupied mainly by calcium, which, in turn, negatively affects the ability of coal to participate in the exchange processes with other biogenic elements. The ability of coal to absorb cations from solutions is largely determined not by the geologically caused density and porosity of coal but mainly by the total surface area of particles. The values of the cation exchange capacity of coal are comparable with the values for the most fertile soils of West Siberia (agrochernozems) and their parent rocks (loess-like loam) or even exceed them.

The data on the effect of ozonation on the component composition and chemical properties of spent mineral engine oil are presented. It is shown that as a result of ozonolytic treatment, the relative content of aromatic and unsaturated compounds decreases in the composition of the waste oil, with an increase in the proportion of low-boiling components in the form of alkyl, alkyl ether and alicyclic structures. The content of aliphatic carboxylic acids, ethers and esters with linear and cyclic structure, lactones and anhydrides, which replenish the composition of resinous products, increases. The possibility of waste oil purification from mechanical impurities and resinous products by ozonation was revealed, and the optimal process conditions were determined, which correspond to ozone consumption of about 11 g/kg. The products of ozonation of the used engine oil - purified oil, resins, mineral deposits - can be reused in chemical, petrochemical and construction branches of industry as raw materials or their components.

Nanostructured composites Mn_xO_y/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNT) with a mass ratio of Mn/MCNT 2 : 98; 5 : 95; 10 : 90 were prepared by the reduction of KMnO₄ aqueous solution on the surface of a carbon material (matrix) at a temperature of 25, 60 and 80 °C. Non-ozonized MCNT-1 and ozonized MCNT-2 were used as the carbon matrix. Nanocomposites were studied by means of X-ray phase analysis, small-angle scattering of X-ray radiation, and a complex of electrochemical methods. The influence of the conditions for producing nanocomposites (temperature, ultrasonic radiation) and the filler content on their electrical capacity characteristics were considered. It was determined that the optimal Mn/MCNT ratio was 5 : 95; with an increase in the content of manganese oxides (Mn/MCNT up to 10 : 90) and potential scanning rate higher than 40 mV/s, the electric capacitance of some samples was lower than that of the initial carbon nanotubes. For samples containing non-ozonized multiwalled nanotubes, the highest capacitance was observed for materials obtained at 80 °C; for ozonized samples, the optimum synthesis temperature was 60 °C. For optimized composition and conditions for the preparation of samples, the specific electric capacitance in asymmetric cells exceeds the specific electric capacitance of the electrodes based on the initial matrices by a factor of 1.5-2.9. Using the methods of galvanostatic charge-discharge and impedancemetry, it was established that electrochemical cells with nanocomposite electrodes have a higher capacitance and low internal resistance. It was discovered that sonication of the reaction medium during the preparation of nanocomposites leads to deterioration in the electrical capacity characteristics and to a noticeable increase in the internal resistance of the cells, especially the active component of the impedance.

A comprehensive study of the functional and group compositions of hexane-insoluble coal-tar pitch asphaltenes was carried out by chemical elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IRS), and thermal analysis, and gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. It was shown that the hydrocarbon skeleton of an average hypothetical asphaltene macromolecule can be considered as a set of condensed aromatic nuclei of the re-condensed type containing 7 rings, which have alkyl substituents and connecting bridges, consisting of 2 carbon atoms on average. Moreover, the structure contains one S, N, or O atom on average per 500, 50, or 167 carbon atoms, respectively, and one hydrogen atom per 2 carbon atoms. The ratio of various structural units in the powder of asphaltenes is as follows: there are 4-5 N- and 1.3-1.7 O-containing structures per one S-containing structure. Sulphur atoms are present in thiophene-like, thermally stable fragments of the structure, and pass into the coke residue without decomposition. Oxygen is in thermally unstable carboxyl and phenolic groups decomposing with the evolution of CO₂, as well as in aromatic esters passing into the coke residue. The data obtained using different methods are in good agreement with each other and will allow modeling the structural unit of coal tar-pitch asphaltene macromolecule.

Asphaltenes as self-organizing supramolecular structures are of great scientific and practical interest. An urgent problem is to reveal the regularities of the directed formation of planar associates of asphaltenes and condensed graphite-like structures. For the purpose of investigating the self-organization of the molecular aggregates of coal-tar pitch asphaltenes, the morphology and structure of the particles of asphaltene powder obtained from coal-tar pitch asphaltenes by method of selectively soluble groups was studied by complex of physicochemical methods. It was shown that the crystal structure of asphaltene powder particles is represented mainly by turbostratic carbon structures. According to XRD data, the coke residue after the thermolysis of asphaltenes is characterized by the presence of crystallites consisting of naphthenoaromatic layers.

The biological activity of humic acids produced from the coals of the Kansk-Achinsk and South Ural basins was evaluated by means of phyto-testing in a series of laboratory and field tests. A connection between the structural group parameters of the organic acids of humic preparations (humic acids) and their biological activity was revealed in the series of field experiments at the sites characteristic of the most widespread technogenic landscapes of Siberia. It was established that in the case when humates are applied at the burrows of open-pit coal mines with the lack of moisture, it is necessary to take into account the hydrophobic-hydrophilic parameters of the preparations. Preparations with the high degree of aromaticity of humic acids are more efficient for the-reclamation of the burrows of brown coal deposits.

Bitumen extraction is a promising project of brown coal processing. It raises the task of identifying and quantifying the components of recoverable bitumen. In this paper, the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to solve this problem. The composition of high-molecular fatty acids of brown coal bitumen from the Tyulgan deposit was studied taking into account the patterns of molecular ion fragmentation for the butyl esters of fatty carboxylic acids under ionization by electron impact. The ethanol extract fraction was investigated. The NIST-11 Database and ChemStation D.01.02. software was used to identify the butyl esters of fatty carboxylic acids.

Thermogravimetric investigation of five brown coal samples from various deposits in Russia and Mongolia was carried out in the inert and oxidizing media. A comparative analysis of the data obtained allowed us to reveal that brown coal of the Kangalasskoe deposit has higher thermal stability. This is confirmed by a higher yield of solid residue from pyrolysis in the inert atmosphere, lower yield of volatile substances, and the shift of the maximum of thermochemical decomposition of coal substance to higher temperatures. Temperature limits (ignition temperature for particles and the final temperature at which the coke residue burns out) of thermal degradation of the organic mass of the studied brown coals in the oxidizing medium were determined. It was demonstrated that brown coal samples were characterized by increased reactivity with respect to oxygen. It was established that the ignition temperature increases with an increase in the carbon content (С^daf) in the samples and a decrease in the yield of volatiles (V^daf), while the final temperature of the oxidation process significantly correlates with the aromaticity index f _a of the organic mass of coal.

Thermal decomposition of brown coal from the Baganuur deposit in Mongolia and gas coal from the Ulug-Khem deposit in Tuva was studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). The stage-by-stage thermal decomposition was revealed under the conditions of programmed heating to 900 °C with different rates in the argon atmosphere. Using the model-free and isoconversion methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunos (KAS), the dependence of the activation energy on the degree of coal decomposition was established, and the kinetic parameters of pyrolysis were determined. Within the range of coal conversion degrees from 0.1 to 0.9, the average values of pyrolysis activation energies for brown coal and gas coal were 186 and 239 kJ/mol (OFW method), 182 and 238 kJ/mol (KAS method), respectively. The kinetic compensation effect during coal pyrolysis was observed. This may be due to the multicomponent and multifunctional composition of coals.

The group and component composition of n-heptane and alcohol-benzene extracts of bitumen obtained from the brown coal of the Tyulgan deposit were investigated. Application of ¹³С NMR spectroscopy (CPMAS) and IR Fourier spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography allowed us to determine that n-heptane and alcohol-benzene extracts are represented by similar groups of substances: alcohols, phenols, alkanes, small amounts of carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds, esters, unsaturated hydrocarbons. The substances of these groups are distributed in these extracts to different extents, with the prevalence of compounds of aliphatic nature. A number of biologically active susbtances were identified in the extracts: tetra-, hexa-, octadecanouc acids, butylparabene, ferruginol, eicosane.

The dissolution of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a low-melting nitramine, diethanolnitramine dinitrate (DINA), was studied, and a phase diagram for the TNT/DINA system was built. The enthalpy of TNT dissolution in DINA within the temperature range 55-75 °С was measured. The yields of condensed carbon (CC), detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) and DND content in CC versus the composition of TNT/DINA cast melts upon detonation in a blasting chamber were experimentally studied. The yield of CC was found to linearly decline with decreasing TNT content in the composition, with the content of the diamond phase in CC going through the maximum. The highest yield of DNDs was achieved when the TNT content in the mixture was close to the eutectic (~40 %).

Fluorination of lanthanum oxide with ammonium fluoride is studied. Among all the known rare earth elements, lanthanum oxide is most commonly used as a stabilizing catalyst component, in particular in the hydrogenation of heteroatomic compounds of biofuel. Previous thermodynamic and thermogravimetric studies point to the multistage fluorination of La₂O₃ with ammonium fluoride. The reaction kinetics is correctly described by the kinetic equation of a contracting sphere with the activation energy equal to 33.65 kJ/mol. The X-ray phase analysis of the formed crystal phase showed that complex fluorides like (NH₄)₃La₂F₉∙H₂O and (NH₄)₃LaF₆∙0.5H₂O are formed as impurities during the interaction of La₂O₃ with NH₄F in addition to the major product (LaF₃).

The effect of various methods of physical action on the processes of extraction and organic synthesis is considered. The results of the authors’ works are summarized, and it is demonstrated that the methods of mechanochemical, ultrasonic and microwave activation provide an increase in the yield of target products, a decrease in the volume of solvents used, in time and energy consumption, compared to traditional processes.