Home – Home – Jornals – ECO journal (ECOnomics and industrial Engineering) 2018 number 4

A mathematical model is developed for calculating the beating noise that occurs during photodetection of a single-band optical OFDM signal. The model allows one to estimate the spectral distribution of the beating noise and the distortion of the OFDM signal subcarrier levels due to fiber dispersion. The influence of the beating noise on orthogonal subcarrier channels, possible ways of increasing the system transmission capacity, and the method of noise compensation on the receiving side are investigated.

A new method of increasing the spatial resolution in digital holographic microscopy is considered. The method is based on supplementing the initial hologram with results measured in the case of photodetector shifting in space by a value smaller than the resolution used. In contrast to other known approaches, this method does not require a system of equations to be solved.

Deformation of the spectrum of the D₁ line of ⁸⁵Rb in optical cells with an anti-reflection coating on the inner walls of the cell is studied. The spectrum shape is found to be significantly dependent on the velocity and direction of changes in the laser frequency. A physical explanation is provided for these features, which are confirmed by numerical simulations. The effect of the magnetic field on the spectrum shape is discussed.

Control methods with the use of two deformable mirrors (correcting aberrations of high and low spatial frequencies, respectively) are briefly described. Results of preliminary experiments aimed at developing algorithms for deformable mirror control are reported.

The critical analysis of literature data on the distribution, morphology and phylogeography of the Pacific lamprey ( Lethenteron camtschaticum ) and five species of marine and anadromous fish such as navaga ( Eleginus nаvaga ), pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma ), Asian smelt ( Osmerus mordax dentex ), Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ), and pond smelt ( Hypomesus olidus ) has been performed. The results show that all these species colonized the North European seas, distributing along the Arctic coastline of Eurasia after the glacier retreat. The reasons which may impede the dispersal of these species in the Atlantic Ocean, such as preference for a cold environment, presence of competitors and decrease of the evolutionary potential, are discussed.

The features of the morphoecological and genetic polymorphism of whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus L.) from the Keret’ River (White Sea basin) are discussed. According to morphological characteristics this whitefish population is homogeneous. At the same time, the differentiation with the lake whitefish populations of European Russia and Siberia was detected. The differences of the parameters associated with the movement and orientation of individuals in space (body height, length and position of the fins, interorbital distance) were revealed. For the first time the data of the craniological analysis were described for the White Sea whitefish. The results of the mitochondrial ND1 fragment polymorphism analysis confirmed the assumption of the heterogenous origin of the whitefish from the Keret’ River: the descendants of three different phylogenetic lines were found in the population.

We analyzed the partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene along with the amino acid sequences of the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase, encoded by this gene region, in representatives of 11 genera of salmonoid fish. For amino acid sequences, two alternative networks were constructed with outgroups represented by either Esocoidei or Osmeroidei as the supposed ancestral groups. In this way, Osmeroidei appear to be closer to the salmonoid fish than Esocoidei, and their presence in the network as an outgroup explains much better the available data on the morphology and karyology of salmonoids. A number of the results of this study are fundamentally new. In particular, slowing down of the molecular evolution of grayling (Thymallidae) is shown. We conclude that char ( Salvelinus ) is the closest to the ancestor modern genus of salmonoids. The hypothesis of the phylogenetic proximity of the genera Brachymystax, Hucho and Salmo has been confirmed. We also discuss the possibility of namely the changes in the amino acid sequence of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I may lead to postzigotic reproductive isolation between taxa.

The paper elucidates the features of colonization by whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus L.) of water bodies of European Russia in connection with the Pleistocene glaciation events. Based on the data on the frequencies and phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, a significant role of migrants from the western periglacial refugia was shown. The first large refugium was located in the North Atlantic, and the other was placed in the South-East Baltic. Until the last glaciation, the maximum of which was observed about 20 thousand years ago, there were also migrations from Siberia. However, at present the descendants of these migrants in the water bodies of north-west Russia are not dominant. The size of the refugium may be an important condition for the successful spreading of the whitefish.

Two fish species, reared in aquaculture, pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and whitefish Coregonus lavaretus , as well as ten species from natural habitats, whitefish C. lavaretus , tugun Coregonus tugun , broad whitefish Coregonus nasus , least cisco Coregonus sardinella , vendace Coregonus albula , boganid charr Salvelinus boganidae , charr Salvelinus alpinus complex, northern pike Esox lucius , sharp-snouted lenok Brachymystax lenok and taimen Hucho taimen were studied. The content of two long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3, DHA) in muscle tissue of fish and in their food (intestine contents) was compared. In the aquacultures of whitefish and pink salmon, the content of the sum of EPA and DHA in food was significantly higher, than that in muscle tissue of the fish, which indicated losses of PUFA in the two-link food chain of aquaculture during their transfer to the upper trophic level. The losses of EPA and DHA in aquaculture, supported by numerous literature data, meant an inefficient usage of given sources of PUFA and an aggravation of a global deficit of these biochemicals in human diet. When studying natural fish populations, in many cases an accumulation of EPA and DHA in the biomass compared to the food was found, although contrary phenomena also took place. Basing on our and literature data, an existence of certain optimal physiologically adequate species-specific level of PUFA in fish muscle tissue was supposed. If a level of PUFA in the muscles was lower than the optimal one, their storing (bioaccumulation) from the food and/or de novo synthesis took place. In a case of exceeding the optimal level, the content of EPA and DHA in biomass approached to maximum species-specific values, but a part of these PUFA, obtained from food, either was not assimilated, or was catabolized. According to the data obtained, species from order Salmoniformes had the optimal level of 2-6 mg g-1 wet weight. As found, in aquaculture the approach to maximum values of EPA + DHA content was accompanied by their losses (scattering) in the food chains, while in natural ecosystems the maximum values of PUFA content in fish biomass were achieved by their accumulation from lower trophic levels. For boganid charr S. boganidae , the highest content of EPA + DHA in muscle tissue among all known fish species, 32.78 mg g-1 of wet weight, was recorded.

We studied the composition and content of fatty acids (FA) in the muscle, liver and reproductive tissues of males and females of perch from the Krasnoyarsk reservoir at the late stages of the reproductive cycle. The dynamics of the FA composition of perch muscle tissue was determined by a seasonal change in food sources composition, whereas the FA composition of the liver and gonad was influenced by the reproductive cycle and had differences between males and females. Multivariant analysis showed a redistribution of the FA between gonads and liver tissue. The nutritive value of perch muscle tissue, as a source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, did not depend on the reproductive stage.

No qualitative and quantitative differences in the profiles of fatty acids of their main groups between freshwater resident (the Orzega River, Onega Lake Basin) and anadromous (the Indera River, White Sea Basin) forms of young brown trout were found. The alterations in a rate of conversion of food derived 18:2ω-6 and 18:3ω-3 fatty acids into the long-chain and physiologically active - 20:4ω-6, arachidonic, and 22:6ω-3, docosahexaenoic, fatty acids were revealed. Freshwater residential young of brown trout (parr, at 3+ age) from the Orzega River were distinguished by higher index of 20:4ω-6/18:2ω-6. Anadromous form of the young of brown trout (smolts, at 4+ age) from the Indera River had higher ration of essential fatty acids - 22:6ω-3/18:3ω-3 and of polyunsaturated fatty acids - ω-3 to ω-6. The latter correlated with higher weight-length characteristics of the studied individuals.

A comparative analysis of lipid and fatty acids contents in certain portions of female gonads - front, central and tail - of prespawning pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbusha was made. The heterogeneity of eggs was determined on the lipid status of certain portions of ovaries: in front portion - high level of physiologically important eicosapentaenoic 20:5 (n-3) and docosahexaenoic 22:6 (n-3) fatty acids, which coincided with higher intensity of lipid metabolism as evidenced higher ratio of 16:0/18:1(n-9); in central portion - low level of the general lipids due to phospholipids (including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin) and cholesterol; and in tail portion - high amount of certain phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol). Heterogeneity found in certain portions of ovaries indicated asynchronism in biochemical processes in oocytes of these portions that might affect the ability of fertilization, growth and development of embryos and further differentiation of young fish.

Delayed maturation was observed in some diploid females reared in farming cages. Only males (fully mature and failing to mature) and intersexes were found among triploids. In this connection possible mechanisms of genetic sex determination in pink salmon as well as the possibility of using triploids for regulation of sizes of artificial pink salmon populations are discussed. A conclusion that use of triploids of pink salmon in aquaculture is unefficient has been made.

Results of an experimental study of hydrodynamics and diffusion combustion of hydrocarbon jets are presented. Various regimes of instability development both in the jet flame proper and inside the source of the fuel jet are considered. The experiments are performed for the case of subsonic gas jet exhaustion into the air from a long tube 3.2 mm in diameter in the range of Reynolds numbers from 200 to 13500. The fuel is the propane-butane mixture in experiments with a cold jet (without combustion) and pure propane or propane mixed with an inert diluter (CO2 or He) for the jet flame. The mean velocity and velocity fluctuations in the near field of the jet without combustion are measured. Among four possible regimes of cold jet exhaustion (dissipative, laminar, transitional, and turbulent), three last regimes are investigated. Schlieren visualization of the reacting flow is performed. The temperature profiles in the near field of the jet are measured by a Pt/Pt-Rh thermocouple. An attached laminar flame is observed in the transitional regime of propane exhaustion from the tube. In the case of combustion of C3H8 mixtures with CO2 or with He in the range of Reynolds numbers from 1900 to 3500, the transitional regime is detected in the detached flame. Turbulent spots formed in the tube in the transitional regime exert a significant effect on the flame front position: they can either initiate a transition to a turbulent flame or lead to its laminarization.

This paper presents a method of testing structural materials for spark safety and the results of testing this method for several pairs of materials and samples of combustible gases and vapors. Hydrogen, acetylene, AI-92 gasoline vapor, methane and liquefied petroleum gas were used as combustible gases and vapor, and samples of various types of steel, aluminum, and brass as structural materials.

The dynamic problems of theory of combustion and explosion are classified from the point of view of the competition of the characteristic times of volumetric chemical reaction, frontal combustion, heat transfer, gas outflow from the vessel, compression (motion of the piston), and heating (cooling) rate. We consider the dynamic similarity criteria such as the ratio of the characteristic times in problems of classical thermal explosion, dynamic thermal explosion, limits spread of flame, combustion in communicating vessels, competition of frontal and volumetric combustion, autoignition in adiabatic compression, competition of frontal combustion and piston motion, as well as similarity criteria of the combined type (as functions of simple dynamic criteria) similarity). The problem of autoignition of the mixture under compression is considered, and a method for obtaining an analytical solution of the problem and an algorithm of approximate solution based on a special differential criterion are proposed.

The structure and dynamics of a natural convection turbulent diffusion flame near a vertical surface with combustible gas exhaustion are numerically studied by using the FDS model and computer code. The flame is considered near the surface through which gaseous propylene is injected with a prescribed flow rate. Requirements are determined for the grid cell size in the near-wall region, which ensures a sufficient spatial resolution of the boundary layer structure. It is shown that the computed value of the total heat flux on the surface agrees with the measured results. Investigations of ignition and combustion of a vertical plate of completely gasifiable thermal plastic (polymethylmetacrylate) with allowance for the material pyrolysis reaction shows that the heater-igniter parameters determine the duration of the transitional period, but weakly affect the growth rate of the heat release intensity and the height of the pyrolysis region at the stage of developed combustion. Significant effects of the heater shape, size, and temperature, as well as lateral entrainment of air on the velocity of flame propagation upward over the plate surface and on the shape of the pyrolysis front. The existence of critical parameters of the heater separating flame decay from developed combustion is demonstrated. Three regimes of flame propagation with different pyrolysis front shapes are identified.

Results of an experimental study of the spatial structure of a reacting flow during combustion of a propane-air mixture in a turbulent swirled jet escaping into atmospheric air are presented. The fuel-to-air equivalence ratio is  = 0.7, and the Reynolds number of the jet is Re = 5 × 103. The time-averaged spatial distributions of velocity, local density, and concentrations of the main species of the gas mixture are measured under the conditions of moderate and intense swirling of the flow. In both cases, the flame front is stabilized in the internal mixing layer formed by the axial region of jet deceleration, where hot combustion products are concentrated. In the case of intense swirling of the flow, the temperature distributions in the cross section y / d = 0.5 show that the region with the maximum temperature of the gas is located at the periphery of the central recirculation zone. In the case of intense swirling of the flow, there is a recirculation region at the axis, and the CO2 concentration is twice higher than in a moderately swirled jet. The opposite situation is observed for O2.

The principles of calculation of the characteristics of both coarse and fine fractions of condensed combustion products formed at the propellant surface and evolving as part of the multiphase flow in the combustion chamber. The characteristics of the condensed products at the propellant surface are determined by modeling the processes involved in their formation using a decision-making system based on the ideology of expert systems. An evolution model under inhomogeneous flow conditions with the mutual influence of the characteristics of condensed and gaseous combustion products is developed to determine the characteristics of condensed products in the multiphase flow of combustion products. The developed tools allow the characteristics of condensed products to be determined depending on the propellant composition, characteristics of the propellant charge, and combustion chamber parameters. Parametric analysis of the developed models for conditions in a combustion chamber was performed.

A series of experiments on a black non-charring polymer in the low-pressure chamber is conducted under different external heat fluxes. The surface and bottom temperatures and the mass loss of the sample are measured. A parameter Tp is introduced to describe the impact of pressure on the surface temperature. There is a loose layer of the char residue left with significant pyrolysis bubbles under the low heat flux, and the bubble size decreases with pressure. The parameter Tp is found to exhibit a significant decline trend with increasing pressure, and the mass loss rate of the sample decreases apparently as the pressure increases. However, under a high heat flux, the char residue is denser, and the pyrolysis bubbles are not observed. The value of Tp and the mass loss rate of the sample have no obvious relationship with pressure. The average pyrolysis rate is linearly proportional to p a.

This paper presents experimental results for the thermal decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) in the presence of activated carbon with a high specific surface (up to 3000 m2/g) obtained by activation of rice husk with potassium hydroxide at a temperature of 700oC in the rotating spherical furnace. With addition of activated carbon, the temperature of the beginning of the decomposition of HAN reduced from 185 to 86±0.5oC. The burning rate of HAN doped with activated carbon increases to 400 mm/s at an overpressure of 6 MPa. It has been shown that the addition of activated carbon reduce the amount of NO x gases produced by decomposition to 30%.

The results of an experimental and theoretical study of heat and mass transfer occurring during ignition of wet wood particles in a high-temperature gas environment. Experiments were carried out in a facility which provides conditions corresponding to the combustion spaces of boiler units. The main heat transfer parameters (ambient temperature) and integrated ignition characteristics (delay time) were measured. The measurement error of these parameters did not exceed 18%. It is found that the convective transfer of water vapor formed during evaporation of intraporous moisture and pyrolysis products does not have a significant effect on the ignition characteristics and conditions. The results of the experiments were used to develop a mathematical model of the ignition process, which describes the joint flow of the main processes of thermal preparation under conditions of intense phase (evaporation of water) and thermochemical transformations (thermal decomposition of the organic part of the fuel, thermochemical interaction of water vapor and carbon coke, ignition of volatiles) taking into account the convective diffusion of water vapor and pyrolysis products in the near-wall gas area during the induction period. The theoretical ignition delay is in satisfactory (within the confidence interval) agreement with the experimental one. The numerical model of the diffusion flame adequately (good agreement between experimental and theoretical ignition delays) describes the ignition of a wet wood particle

The high efficiency of a combined cycle and the availability of systems for deep purification of synthesis gas before combustion allow for the study of gasification-combined cycle plants as a promising solution to increase the efficiency and environmental friendliness of coal power engineering. The key element of the device is a gasifier. A Mitsubishi Heavy Industries gasifier is selected as an initial design for modernization, which consisted in heating the blast air up to 900oC and steam supply with a temperature of 900oC. The impact of modernization on the gasifier characteristics is determined by using zero-, one-, and three-dimensional models. Modernization of the gasifier allows increasing the thermal power by the synthesis gas and chemical efficiency from 77.2 to 84.9% and increasing the ratio H2/CO from 0.34 to 0.6.

A review of some investigations performed in the field of mechanics of reacting heterogeneous media with micro- and nanostructures at the Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences is presented. Some new results are also reported.

This paper describes the ignition of high-energy materials (HEMs) on the basis of perchlorate and ammonium nitrate and an active fuel-binder, containing Al powders (base composition), B, AlB2, AlB12, and TiB2, upon initiation of the process by a CO2 laser in the heat flux density range 90-200 W/cm2. The delay time of ignition and surface temperature of the reaction layer during the heating-up and ignition of HEMs in air. It is obtained that the complete replacement of the micron-sized aluminum powder by amorphous boron as part of HEMs significantly reduces the delay time of the sample (by 2.2-2.8 times) with the same density of the heat flux, and this occurs due to the high chemical activity and difference between mechanisms of oxidation of boron particles. The use of aluminum diboride in HEMs reduces the ignition delay time by 1.7-2.2 times in comparison with the basic composition. The ignition delay time of a HEM sample with titanium diboride decreases slightly (by 10-25%) relative to the ignition delay of the basic composition.

Firing tests of a ramjet model 1.05 m long and 0.31 m in diameter with an expanding annular combustor operating in the regime of detonation combustion of hydrogen are described. The test are performed in a short-duration wind tunnel at free-stream Mach numbers of the incoming air flow from 5 to 8 and stagnation temperature of 290 K. Continuous-detonation and streamwise-oscillating regimes of hydrogen combustion with characteristic frequencies of 1250 and 900 Hz, respectively, are observed. The maximum measured values of the fuel-based specific impulse and the thrust generated by the engine are 3600 s and 2200 N, respectively.

The Navier-Stokes equations were used to carry out the numerical modeling of chemically reactive gas flow in an annular flow chamber. The model was based on laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for nonstationary two-dimensional compressible gas flow in the case of axial symmetry with a tangential component of the gas velocity. Viscosity, thermal conductivity, and turbulence were taken into account. Fuel and oxidizer were fed into the chamber separately, and heat release in the chemical reaction zone was largely determined by the rate of turbulent mixing of the gas components. The possibility of burning out of the mixture in the chamber was demonstrated numerically. Detonation failure can occur if reagents temporarily cease to be fed into the chamber, which can be caused by high pressure in the reaction zone. With short combustion chamber lengths, there are the underburning of fuel and the release of unreacted hydrogen into the atmosphere.

This paper describes engineering solutions for a combustion system and structure of the furnace burner devices of PK-39-IIM and BKZ-420-140-5 boilers. The developed low-emission schemes of combustion make it possible to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides both at low and high values of the heat stress of the cross section of the furnace space. The basis of the developed engineering solutions for combustion systems is the mathematical modeling of aerodynamics and combustion of coal in the furnaces of these boilers, carried out in an ANSYS Fluent software complex.

Results of an experimental study of conditions and characteristics of ignition of fuel suspensions prepared on the basis of typical waste products of coal enrichment and oil refining are reported. The main attention is paid to analyzing the differences in the characteristics and conditions of ignition of organic coal-water fuels prepared on the basis of coal enrichment waste products (lean, caking, low-caking, fat, gas, and long-flame coals are considered). The ignition delay time and the minimum (threshold) temperature of ignition of the examined fuels are estimated. Conclusions on the influence of the properties and concentrations of the fuel components on the combustion initiation characteristics are formulated.

The article shows the stages, prerequisites and potential of development of the Arctic zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai. We define the contours of perspective and potential industrial clusters, choice alternatives, scenarios and mechanisms of development of the considered region. It is shown that realization of program and target approach will provide creation of the developed competitive economic complex and high standards of life in the Arctic zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai.

The paper considers the situation and development trends of the diamond and cut diamond industries in Russian and the world, and proves a necessity of applying a foresight analysis to build a development strategy for this industry.

The article considers a factors and parameters of impact of the Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Smelter on the environment of the city of Krasnoyarsk. It is shown that, despite realization of large-scale measures for ecological modernization, the enterprise remains and, in the foreseeable future, will remain the largest pollutant of the city of Krasnoyarsk. Offers on decrease in negative ecological impact and increase in regional economic overall performance of the enterprise are made.

The article examines the trends of development and current state of the LNG market in Australia, the relationship between the national and the world markets. Thepeculiarities of the LNG market are analyzed from the point of view of price formation and contract terms and its difference from the pipeline gas market. The LNG market is more maneuverable and diversified, is constantly changing, expanding and becomingmore sophisticated. It is shown that in conditions of the gas market monopolization, there is a need to regulate LNG supplies.

The little-known Russian territories with the official status of “own lands” are located On Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Here are several coal-fields in which development are engaged the state trust “Arktikugol” on the field Barentsburg and Norwegian “Sturre Norske” near Longiyerbyuen. Russia has done all range of geological researches of the archipelago in Soviet period, paying the mainattention to mapping and a research of reserves of minerals: coal, oil, phosphorites, polymetals, gold. However, the Norwegian administration of the archipelago in every possible way brakes a possibility of their further studying and development, putting forward ecological motives not of a possibility of conducting exploration works. While reserves of coal will be over the Russian presence on the archipelago can be developed in implementation of scientific programs conducted with the new Russian research center formed in Barentsburg in 2014.

The article defines the main aspects of the development of Russian agriculture. The analysis of the effectiveness of state support for agriculture was carried out. It is concluded that in a market economy, agricultural science can not exist without state support. It is emphasized that the main condition for the stability of the state structure of Russia in the new geopolitical and economic circumstances remains the task of preserving the potential of the rural population.

The paper investigates regional differences in life expectancy at birth of women and men. We assume that gender gap in life expectancy is related to economic conditions in a region and the tendency to unhealthy lifestyles, particularly to alcohol consumption. We include into analysis mortality from external causes and mortality from respiratory diseases, since they are associated with alcohol abuse and smoking. Data source is the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. Panel data analysis of 1990-2014 shows significant positive effect of alcohol consumption on the gender gap in life expectancy. Results confirm the importance of maintaining restrictive anti- alcohol measures in the country.

The article considers the methodological approaches to obtaining quantitative estimates of the impact factors of the quality of the investment climate on the regional bond market reaching its maximum capacity and its possible growth in the context of the Federal districts of the Russian Federation. The article further describes the construction of a mathematical model for studying the dynamics of the bond market, including the parameters of the influence factors of the investment climate for reaching its potential investment capacity in the regions. Quantitative assessment of influence parameters of the investment climate are obtained on the basis of regional rankings of the leading Russian analytical expert agencies. The article also presents the evaluation of the dynamics of the bond market in the regional context on the basis of the model computations. The conclusions about the possibility of the growth of the bond market in the Russian Federation and about the necessary measures to support the growth are made.

In the conditions of the modern economy, the issues of harmonization of normative legal documents are acute before the economic community. Some documents that regulate the implementation of the budgetary and investment policies of the Russian Federation are in need of improvement. Lack of coordination between official documents gives existing instruments of budgetary policy to contribute to improving the investment climate and stimulating business development. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for legislation in the field of regulating the budget and investment policies of the Russian Federation.The research methodology based on methods of induction, deduction and comparative analysis. The main results of the work include the formulation of proposals on the harmonization of normative legal documents implemented at the level of the federation and its subjects. The proposals also cover the clarification of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of regulation of the state budget and investment policies.

Ecological problems of the Baikal natural territory, the existing difficulties in their solution are considered. Many problems result from the territorial and departmental disunity of the authorities involved in the development of the Baikal natural territory. The possibility of using the experience of the revival of the Great Lakes of North America is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the need to develop scientific researches of Bakal.

In article influence of collaboration on development of different systems of the organization of activities is discussed. A research basis, the review the practicain of implementation of collaborations taking into account focus on changes of business models in different activity domains by comparison of international and Russian experience served. The main analysis results are determination of an entity of business models of a new formation, detection of the reasons of creation and backbone operating conditions of collaborations. An assessment of the key elements providing simultaneously stability and a possibility of expanded development of the system constructed on the basis of collaborative approach is given. The author’s opinion is stated of formation of the main tendencies. In the inference, relevant questions for continuation of perspective researches is raised.