Home – Home – Jornals – Philosophy of Sciences 2018 number 1

Variations in mercury contents in marine sediments have implications for hydrothermal activity, paleoclimate, depositional environments, and primary bioproduction. Mercury contents reach 148 ppb in hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts on flat-topped seamounts. Such crusts, with up to 4120 ppb Hg, were dredged from the slopes of Seth Guyot in the western Marcus-Wake Seamounts in 1982, during the 13th cruise of RV Vulkanolog. The Seth ferromanganese crusts are of the same origin as hydrogenic Co-rich ferromanganese deposits from seamounts in other oceanic regions. Mercury accumulated in the Cenozoic as Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides in the crusts adsorbed Hg from bottom water. The process was especially rapid during the Pliocene volcanotectonic rejuvenated stage.

The paper deals with geological and geochemical studies of granitoids of the Olenek complex in the Olenek uplift of the basement of the northern Siberian craton. The age of these granitoids was earlier estimated at 2036 ± 11 Ma. The granitoids of the Olenek complex correspond in composition to high-alumina quartz diorites, granites, and leucogranites of the normal petrochemical series. According to geochemical and mineralogical characteristics, the quartz diorites can be assigned to granites of the transitional I-S type, and the granites and leucogranites, to S-type granites. The ɛNd(T) values in the granites of the Olenek complex vary from -0.2 to +1.4, and the Nd model age is 2.4-2.5 Ga. The quartz diorite is characterized by ɛNd(T) = +3.0 and a Nd model age T(DM) = 2.2 Ga. The geochemical characteristics of the granites and leucogranites indicate their formation through the melting of a source of graywacke composition, whereas the quartz diorites resulted, most likely, from the mixing of granitic and basaltic melts. The fact that the granitoids of the Olenek complex intruded the folded rocks of the Eekit Formation but stay virtually undeformed massive bodies suggests that they formed at the postdeformation stage of the regional evolution after the completion of the Paleoproterozoic orogenic events. The intrusion of granitoids marks the completion of the formation of the Early Proterozoic Eekit fold belt on the western (in the recent coordinates) margin of the Birekta terrane of the Olenek superterraine and the final formation of the superterrane structure. At the next stage of magmatism (1.98-1.96 Ga), best pronounced in the uplifts of the basement of the northern Siberian craton, all terranes forming the Anabar and Olenek superterranes assembled into a single structure.

Gold-bearing albite-amphibole-pyroxene rodingites of the Agardag ultramafic massif (southern Tuva, Russia) are confined to the E-W striking serpentinite crush zone. A zone of gold-bearing nephritoids is localized at the contact of rodingites with serpentinites. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and fluorescent, chemical, ICP MS, and X-ray phase analyses were applied to study Au-Cu-Ag mineralization in the serpentinites, rodingites, and nephritoids. Copper sulfides, chalcocite and digenite, are present in the serpentinites, whereas gold and silver minerals are absent. Copper impurity is found in antigorite, Cr-spinel, and magnetite (up to 0.1-0.3 wt.%) as well as parkerite (up to 1.2 wt.%) and millerite (up to 7.9 wt.%). A wide variety of native gold and copper minerals has been identified in the rodingites: (1) cuproauride and tetra-auricupride free of or containing silver impurities (0.1 to 1.2 wt.%); (2) electrum of composition Ag_0.50-0.49 Au_0.50-0.51 (650-660‰) intergrown with AuCu, sometimes as exsolution structures; (3) electrum of composition Ag_0.70-0.64Au_0.30-0.36 (440-510‰), with inclusions of AuCu and copper sulfides (geerite and yarrowite); (4) high-fineness gold (750-990‰) as veinlets in electrum; and (5) native copper. The composition of copper sulfides varies from chalcocite to covellite. Submicron inclusions of hessite Ag₂Te were found in chalcocite. The amount of copper, gold, and silver minerals in the nephritoids is much smaller than that in the rodingites. The nephritoids contain chalcocite, electrum of composition Ag_0.64-0.63Au_0.36-0.37 (530-540‰), cuproauride, and tetra-auricupride. The detected hypergene minerals are auricuzite, apachite, brochantite, high-fineness gold, native copper, and cuprite. The sequence of mineral formation in the Agardag ore occurence has been established on the basis of mineral structures and mineral relations in the rodingites and nephritoids. It is proved that Au-Cu-Ag mineralization formed with the participation of Au- and Ag-bearing chloride-free low-sulfur CO2-alkali fluids in reducing conditions.

The problem of comparison of the composition of crystalline rocks with the composition of the constituent minerals of these rocks is considered. It is proposed to present the composition of rocks and the compositions of the constituent minerals in the form of a triangle on the plane. The experience of presentation of compositions in phase diagrams was taken as a basis for the construction. Analysis of the crystallochemical characteristics of clinopyroxenes and garnets has shown that three parameters are enough for depicting the compositions of these and other minerals. For this purpose, similar composition components of rocks and their minerals are summarized in molecular proportions and are plotted on the triangle DO-1/2(R₂O₃)-XO₂, where DO = (MgO + CaO + FeO + MnO + NiO + ...) + 1/4(Na2O + Al2O3) + + 1/4(K2O + Al2O3), 1/2(R2O3) = 1/2(Al2O3 + Fe2O3 + Cr2O3 + ...) - (1/4(Na2O + Al2O3) + 1/4(K2O + Al2O3)), and XO2 = SiO2 + TiO2. The compositions of minerals are expressed as the sums of their components: Ol = Fo + Fa + Lar + Neph + ..., Px = Di + En + Wol + Hed + Hyp + Jd + Aeg + ..., Ga = Pyr + Gross + Alm + Spe + Ski + Knr + Mj + ..., etc. A step-by-step calculation algorithm is proposed, which permits evaluation of the contents of bi- and trivalent iron during probe microanalyses of garnets and pyroxenes. Comparison of the compositions of deep-seated rocks and their minerals shows their good consistency. The proposed schematic projection permits a visual comparison of the compositions of rocks with low contents of carbonates and water, from ultrabasic (e.g., dunites) to acid (e.g., granites) ones.

This study is focused on interpretation of ultrahigh-resolution seismoacoustic data from the northeastern slope of the Ceará Rise (Central Atlantic) acquired using the SES 2000 deep parametric narrow-beam subbottom profiler during cruise 35 of RV Akademik Ioffe in 2011. The geologic nature of most of the detected reflectors is constrained by correlation of the results of seismoacoustic profiling with core data of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP site 929A-E). Detailed seismostratigraphic study of the Upper Quaternary deposits in the study area has implications for better understanding of the role of gravity flows and bottom currents in sedimentation on the NE slope of the rise for the past 1.2 Myr.

Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism have been studied for the first time in Campanian-Maastrichtian carbonate deposits (Sengilei, Karsun, and Radishchev Formations) from the Bolshevik and Kommunar quarries near the town of Volsk (Saratov area, Volga region). Characteristic components of normal and reverse polarity were detected in samples demagnetized in the alternating field, and positive results of the reversal test were obtained. The virtual geomagnetic pole wander paths calculated for the Sengilei Formation and lower Karsun Formation rocks showed statistical similarity to those for stable Europe of the respective age. The magnetostratigraphic zones revealed in the Bolshevik and Kommunar sections were correlated to chrons 33r, 32n2, 32n1, and 31r of the geomagnetic polarity time scale. The magnetic zones of predominantly reverse and normal polarity detected, though discontinuously, in the low magnetic uppermost Karsun Formation and in the Radishchev Formation correspond to the top of chron 31r and joint chrons 31n and 30n, respectively. Rock magnetic data help identifying deposits rich in cosmogenic metal particles and provide stratigraphic constraints on the Radishchev Formation base.

We studied the distribution of organic carbon in rocks of the Bazhenov Horizon, a unique object of predominantly biogenic sedimentation in the West Siberian sedimentary basin. The contents of organic carbon in the rocks were determined using the data from 4094 core analyses and core-log relationships derived from 48,500 radioactive- and electrical-log measurements. For the Bazhenov and Tutleima Formations, both approaches gave the same results. The average content of organic carbon in the rocks is 7.7%. These data were used to compile a detailed map of the distribution of organic-carbon contents in sedimentary rocks of the basin. It was shown that the average organic-carbon content in the rocks increases from 2-4% on the periphery of the basin to 10-12% in its central, deepest part. The distribution of Corg values in the basin is highly asymmetric. The highest Corg values are observed in the southwestern part of the basin interior, where beds with >10% Corg range in thickness from 5 to 12-15 m. In sections, the highest Corg values are observed in their middle and upper parts, composed predominantly of silicites and mixtites enriched in biogenic silica.

Effects of in-situ stress and joint on permeability of the coal bed depend on orientation relationships between in-situ stress and joint. In-situ stress orientations of Linfen block of southeastern Ordos Basin were determined by systematical measurements of the loess joints. In-situ stress magnitudes were calculated based on well logging and hydraulic fracturing data. Joint orientations of the No.5 coal bed and density distributions of the overlying sandstone bed were investigated. The results show that the NE-oriented maximum horizontal principal stress, approximately parallel to the predominant joint orientation of the coal bed, is favorable to the openness of the predominant joints. The minimum horizontal principal stress, with its orientation perpendicular to the predominant joint orientation, tends to induce the closure of the predominant joints. The stress state of No.5 coal bed is σ_v>σ_H>σ_h, which is favorable for the openness of subvertical joints and an increase in permeability. The permeability of No. 5 coal bed increases obviously with increasing effective vertical stress and effective horizontal maximum stress and decreases with increasing effective horizontal minimum stress. Besides, the permeability of No. 5 coal bed exhibits a good exponential relationship with the density of predominant joint set. Therefore, predominant joints with the orientation of 45° mainly contribute to increases in the permeability of the No. 5 coal bed in Linfen block. Multidimensional analysis show good exponential relationships among the permeability, predominant joint density, and effective stress of the No.5 coal bed.

The problem of causality in low-frequency electrical prospecting with artificial and natural sources is considered. We present numerical examples of the application of dispersion relations to transfer function spectra used in the induced polarization and frequency sounding methods and to the components of telluric, horizontal magnetic, and other magnetotelluric tensors. Approaches to the processing and interpretation of spectra with violated dispersion relations are proposed.

The paper presents the results of a joint inversion of magnetotelluric sounding (MTS) curves taken at several stations without preliminary selection and normalization and distorted by the presence of lateral electrical-conductivity inhomogeneities in the medium. In the calculations, we used synthetic MTS data for a three-dimensional model. Preparation and interpretation of data are carried out by the Trefftz method using a numerical model of the field and MTS curve distortions. To solve the inverse problem and optimize the subsurface model, we used a nonlinear least-squares method and an iterative process with calculation of the sensitivity matrix and its singular decomposition. The target functional is determined by the discrepancies between the model and synthetic experimental apparent-resistivity curves corresponding to the elements of the impedance tensors on the lateral diagonal. The reliability of the reconstructed subsurface model is characterized by the dispersion of the deviations of its parameters from the parameters of the known model used for the preparation of synthetic experimental data. The joint consideration of distorted apparent-resistivity curves at several stations increases the reliability of interpretation results. The obtained solution to the inverse problem is approximate and can be used as a starting model for more complex algorithms and programs.

The article deals with the hermeneutical component of the methodology of interdisciplinary studies. We consider the classical noetic-noematic structure of intentionality and reveal the form of its modification with reference to the problem of interaction of consciousness and quantum-mechanical processes in an «osberver’s» figure. Intentionality serves as an ontological and methodological principle of relationship according to which states of quantum systems, active states of consciousness and classical alternatives are mutually defined. We formulate the methodological principle of integral notional configurations of various disciplines which bases on Husserl’s phenomenological philosophy and Whitehead’s process metaphysics.

The paper studies the philosophical problem of Arche (primary elements of the world) in the context of the fundamental theory of physics.

In the article, we consider three representatives of the semantic tradition which are committed to varying degrees of the syntactic tendency to treat language as a universal medium. We show that even in their works, semantic tendencies associated with the understanding of language as calculus arise and gain strength. The sequence "Russell-Wittgenstein-Carnap" (here we mean the early Carnap) reflects the historical stages of the formation of the semantic position under the influence of mathematical logic.

The famous mathematicians Borel, Levy and others criticized Kolmogorov’s request for the proximity of event probability and its frequency characteristics in the context of applying the probability theory. They believed this request to be redundant, since it is the conclusion of Bernoulli’s theorem. The article shows that within the frequency interpretation, Kolmogorov’s condition is not the conclusion of the theorem, but it is fulfilled as a consequence of frequency stability. In addition, we show that the deduction of Kolmogorov’s request made within the subjectivist interpretation is not justified within the frequency one.

The article marks out three approaches to understanding causality. Those are determinism which supposes a linear character of causality; nonlinear causality which does not obey the superposition principle and is characterized by attenuation/intensification of consequences; and chaotic causality which obeys certain types of ordering. We trace ontological, epistemological and axiological statuses of causality in various approaches. We state that there is a gradual replacement of the causal paradigm in public consciousness, although the linear deterministic causality paradigm still often remains dominant.

The article considers the discussion of the ontological status of phenomenal properties (qualia). We analyze arguments for dualism formulated by D. Chalmers who is primarily known as a philosopher of mind, although he has no less important works on the philosophy of language. Also, we consider the answer to Chalmer’s arguments given by J. Perry - the semantician who has recently turned to the theory of the mental. In the discussion, both philosophers explicitly base their arguments on semantic considerations; to examine these considerations is the main task for the present article.

The article considers how Spinoza developed his conception of the essence of substance. We show the The article deals with the earliest available evidences of an attempt to make an accurate measurement of heights of mountains which was undertaken by Dicaearchus of Messana, Aristotle’s follower. We discuss not only practical aspects of the measuring procedure, but also a global theoretical task which Dicaearchus set to himself, i.e. his attempt to use these measurements in order to prove the falsity of some theories of the flat Earth.

ECO-magazine carries on the theme raised in the № 6/2017 on the prospects for and the problems involved of biotechnological cluster in Novosibirsk. We publishe an interview with a “veteran” of the Siberian Biotech, well-known scientist in the field of virology, molecular biology and medical biotechnology, Doctor in Biology, Corresponding member of RAS Sergei V. Netesov. He has been present at the establishment of a number of biopharmaceutical companies in the Novosibirsk region.

The author argues that fee for capacity reserves creation in fact reclassified in modern Russia as constant payments instead of one-time costs. So it’s surcharge to tariff, and doesn’t increase power systems reliability directly.

The article presents the results of the first stage of a joint interdisciplinary project on the study of Russian and Tatar villages in different regions of the Volga and Siberia region, in which sociologists, economists and historians from the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of History of Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tatarstan. During the scientific expedition (July, 2017), a survey was conducted in 10 rural settlements of 5 municipal districts of Republic of Tatarstan. The focus of the study was the features of managing the functioning and development of rural settlements with different national composition. According to the authors, local specificity is largely determined by the high integration of rural self-government into the rigidly subordinated republican vertical of power. There are also noticeable differences between the regions, due to their resource potential, personal qualities and political capital of the heads of regional and rural administrations, their interaction with the republican and local elites. The desire to preserve national identity, the most prominent in settlements with the predominance of the title ethnic group, has a significant impact on local (formal and informal) economic and socio-cultural practices and, finally, on the results of the activities of the rural self-government bodies.

The article pursues as its main goal the study of the problems of growth of one of the components of the revenue potential of the territories - non-tax revenues. Based on the official statistics of Rosstat, the 11-year dynamics of non-tax revenues of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was analyzed. Their insignificant role in filling the regional treasury and increasing their own budget revenues is shown. Statistical comparisons of the significance of non-tax revenues in Russia and foreign countries are presented. The results of a study of problems of the implementation of privatization programs for property of Russian regions are shown. The key factors that led to non-fulfillment of the forecast plan of privatization of a number of subjects of the Russian Federation were systematized. The experience of Russian regions on increasing property income is highlighted. Measures are proposed to increase the effectiveness of attracting to the budget revenues from the use of property and lands.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the mechanism of environmental regulation in the Russian Federation from the point of view of observing the interests of the local population. It is shown that the economic basis of environmental conflicts is the distribution of external environmental costs from the degradation of the natural environment, so the internalization of negative externalities is an essential part of the environmental regulation system. However, a significant part of the prerequisites for the emergence of environmental conflicts lies in the field of the prevailing socio-political model of development, that is, outside the system of environmental regulation. The local population should participate in making decisions about the development of its own territory, since it is the most able to ensure long-term sustainable use of the territory’s resources.

The article substantiates that the Bank of Russia’s position on the functioning of the institution for the rehabilitation of commercial banks is a significant factor in changing the structure of the domestic banking system at the present stage. The possible change in the landscape of the banking system within the framework of the three main options for the regulator’s actions is defined: financial recovery: a) system-forming banks; b) large and medium-sized banks; c) all types of banks. The following is proved: a) the inevitability of strengthening the degree of monopolization of the banking sector in any case; b) the possibility of reducing the negative effect when using a combination of “hard” and “soft” mechanisms, the main directions of which are determined for the first time.

The article substantiates the need for inter-sectoral coordination of the development of the food industry and the transport complex. Describe the state of the market of cars for the transportation of liquid food process, evaluated its prospects, taking into account the forecast of the dynamics of transportation of bulk food cargoes. The need to exclude ineffective unsafe schemes for the transport of liquid bulk cargo is underlined. The forecast is fulfilled of the need for tank wagons; the expediency of expanding their production is justified.

The article is devoted to organization of labor and quality of working life from aspects of experience and theory theirs regulation in period foundation and development industries society and in the middles perspective. The article presents new point of view to analyses of labor: concept of quality of working life, methodology basic on world of work, long time, devoted and social security mechanisms, budgetary policies of state, safe of work and health of workers.

The paper considers the problems of incentives in the system of public procurement, analyses game-theoretic models of incentives in the real functioning of the public procurement system. The results of the study suggested the introduction of the system of public auctions with financial externalities, in which the losing bidder will prefer the smallest revenue of the winner. The author’s proposed approach can be used in the process of improving procurement procedures for state and municipal needs.

The article analyzes the category “human capital”, suggests an approach to modeling the reproduction of human capital by analogy with fixed capital, provides a different treatment from the traditional distribution of the gross output of the branches of Health, Education and Culture between final consumption, intermediate consumption and accumulation, an extended concept of accumulation is proposed with the inclusion in it investment in human capital

The paper considers the main links between human capital and economy in Russia: demography, employment by occupation and living standards. It is shown that indicators of human capital development in Russia are lower than in the most developed countries. However, there is strong basis to expect reduction of the gap.

The article gives an estimate to the reproduction cost of education in Russian regions. The regression analysis of the linearized macroeconomic production function carried out in the research has made the calculation of the returns to physical and human capital possible. As a result, the elasticity coefficients of the population income in terms of fixed assets and education fund are approximately equal. It has been concluded that the effects of fixed assets and education fund in monetary estimation on the incomes of the population of the Russian regions are approximately the same. In the meanwhile, the aggregate investments in education, both public and private, are several times lower than fixed asset investment.

The article analyzes the problems of staffing of the textile and light industry enterprises, which arose in the course of implementing the state policy in relation to the industry. The main problems that were launched during the ill-conceived transition to the market economy are high turnover of the staff; sustained shortage of workers of key professions; presence of a significant number of personnel without specialized vocational education, including in the management team; limited (up to complete absence) training of the industry specialists in universities and colleges; the fall of the function of training for worker’s specialties on the shoulders of enterprises with their acute deficite of financial and other resources for these purposes. It has been established that the leading factors that allow enterprises to survive are the proper quality of managerial activity, support from the regional authorities and the use of cheap labor. However, these factors do not solve the problem of staff shortages. According to the survey conducted by ISESP RAS among the heads of enterprises with using the qualitative interview method (2016), it is not possible to fully resolve personnel issues, as the opportunities for using “cheap” workers are narrowing, and only comprehensive programs for the development of the entire industry can encourage incentives for long-term investments in the re-equipment of production and improvement the quality of labor potential. The policy of the state is estimated by respondents as nothing more than an interest in the development of the industry, supplemented by single measures of support.

Trends in the employment of disabled people on the basis of statistical observations have been studied. The practice of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is summarized: the republics of Mari El, Bashkiria, the Crimea and the Lipetsk region, and federal and mesoeconomic indicators are compared. This made it possible to identify priorities and problems in the sphere of labor and employment of people with disabilities, the most important of which are: the creation of specialized jobs, job placement, quoting of jobs, training and retraining, a direction for self-employment. Out of the whole variety of subsystems of the economy, the labor market of the disabled and its individual segments have the highest degree of uncertainty, unpredictability, the greatest variety of criteria for its assessment and forecast, specificity of functioning. Based on the monitoring of social dimensions and generalization of the positive experience of the regions, measures are proposed to update the labor potential of people with disabilities: the development of mentoring in the framework of accompanying young disabled people; encouraging employers to create and quote specialized workplaces by reducing the tax burden; targeted training of people with disabilities to improve their competitiveness in the labor market; improvement of social partnership of interested bodies and non-profit organizations in creating a barrier-free environment, accessibility to the workplace and social protection of disabled persons on the basis of the state program «Affordable Environment».

The bureaucracy continues to exist in the post-industrial society. Innovation bureaucracy emerges. It is associated with the innovation management. The article describes the objective causes of the situation: routines in the organization of the innovation process, the need of the bureaucracy in the implementation of large-scale projects, monitoring of innovation budgets. While working with innovation, the bureaucracy retains its nature, and tries to substitute genuine creativity by multitude administrative procedures, the invention of which constitutes its substance. In particular, such a situation occurs when computers and the Internet as well as with programs of personnel’s training and development.

The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the current policy of import substitution in the agro-food market, based on the balance of its positive and negative effects. It is concluded that the policy of import substitution should take into account potential risks and threats associated with both the possible accompanying increase in food prices and the deterioration in the food status of the least well-off groups of the population, as well as with the technical and technological dependence of domestic agricultural production on the external market.

There are results of 2017 year sociological interviews Siberia, Ural and Volga region city mayors. Problems of Russia socioeconomic situation estimates, impact of international sanctions against Russia, mood of the population the role of municipal administration in the power structure, feasibility of city mayors elections, aid to towns are discussed.

The article examines the problem of the effectiveness of public administration at the regional level by the example of realizing the strategic planning of foreign economic activity of the Novosibirsk region. The study assesses macroeconomic indicators of the quality of foreign economic infrastructure and the effectiveness of state regulation at the national level. The author with the case-study approach conducts a comparative retrospective analysis of the doctrinal sources of the Novosibirsk region and statistical data in the sphere of foreign trade activities, which allows to define the Novosibirsk region as a region with low efficiency of state administration in the sphere of foreign economic activity. The paper points out the most problematic elements of the strategic policy of the Novosibirsk region. It is emphasized that the current strategic planning of the regional development does not meet modern realities.

The article assesses the effectiveness of small enterprises in the Russian regions based on the calculation of the Malmquist index. The results of the calculations revealed there is a trend to efficiency decrease starting since 2014 in the most regions. The best value of technical efficiency change in 2015 discovered in the Far Eastern Federal district, the worst rate of technical efficiency change of SME in both 2015 and 2014 discovered in the North Caucasian Federal district. We assume that the decrease of efficiency of small enterprises activity occurred due to the fact that in 2013 there has been a sharp reduction of budget expenditures to support small and medium-sized businesses.

The article analyzes the key trends at the private equity market (PE), which came about in the current economic circumstances in Russia. We evaluate PE flows and performance of PE funds in Russia based on macroeconomic indicators, vis-a-vis BRICS countries. We further discuss regional and institutional aspects of private equity transactions in the period of sanctions and recession, as well as promising industry preferences of investors in the PE market.

The article reveals all-Russian tendencies and unique approaches to economy management of Siberia and neighboring territories during the crisis of the First World War, revolution of 1917 and Civil war. Primary focus is on changes in the structure of government authorities. Variety of organizational forms of Russian and Siberian economy management that emerged at the given period was within the range from market to state regulation. More distinct industry specialization was the common tendency for economic administration and formation of independent administration of social character.

In this issue we present a small extract from the manuscript that will be fully posted on the magazine's website

This article is devoted to the analysis of public-private projects realization in Russia as well as to the identifying the specific features of this type of projects and their risks. The author of the article uses the following general scientific approaches: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, method of classification, logical analysis and methods of comparative analysis. It is spoken in details about the advisability of using the notion «public participation projects» for defining a wide range of public-private projects implementing in Russia. In the final part of the article the author suggests the approach to classification of risks associated with this types of projects in terms of agrements.