Home – Home – Jornals – The journal "Ateroskleroz" 2017 number 3

The structure of the interference field resulted from the combination of the wave fields of subbeams with apertures located on sides of a regular hexagon is studied. The field on each subapertures is a truncated Gaussian beam with the constant phase shift between neighbor subapertures so as the total phase incursion becomes equal to 2p when walking around the hexagon. It is ascertained that the total angular momentum of the beam synthesized in such a way is zero. There is a region in the central part of the beam where the integral of the density of orbital angular momentum gives the unit orbital angular momentum, and the circulation of the phase gradient at the boundary of this region gives unit topological charge.

The results of experimental studies of the formation of a transverse structure of a laser beam after multiple filamentation are presented. Ring structures of radiation are formed around individual filaments in the transverse beam cross section inside the region of multiple filamentation, and at a dozen meters from it a common ring structure begins to form surrounding postfilamentation light channels (PFC). It is shown that the spectra of the PFC, rings, and beam are significantly different. The ring spectrum broadens asymmetrically relative to the carrier wave length and is mainly concentrated in the short wavelength region. The PFC spectrum broadens more and more symmetrically and covers the range 600-1100 nm.

Issues about improving the performance of Monte Carlo numerical simulation of light transport in the Earth’s atmosphere by moving from consecutive calculations to parallel ones are discussed. A new parallel algorithm oriented to a computing system with a graphics processor that supports the NVIDIA CUDA technology is suggested. The efficiency of parallelization is analyzed on the basis of calculating the fluxes of downward and upward solar radiation in both vertically homogeneous and heterogeneous models of the atmosphere. The results of approbation of the new code under various atmospheric conditions including continuous single-layered and multilayered clouds and selective molecular absorption are presented. The results of testing the code using video cards with different compute capability are analyzed. It is shown that the changeover of computing from conventional PCs to the architecture of graphics processors gives more than a hundredfold gain in performance and fully reveals the capabilities of the technology used.

The problem of taking into account the influence of polarization is considered for correction of satellite images of the Earth surface in the visible wavelength range for the distorting effect of the atmosphere. A program complex for calculation of the radiation components forming the satellite images has been developed with and without allowance for radiation polarization in the approximation of the homogeneous surface. Conditions are established under which the neglect of the radiation polarization can lead to significant errors in reconstruction of the reflection coefficients of weakly reflecting surfaces.

An atom-atom interaction potential for H₂O-A system is proposed in the form which depends on the normal coordinates q of H₂O molecule. The vibrational and rotational contributions in this potential are calculated for H₂O-He and H₂O-Ar systems. It is shown that the excitation of the stretching modes of the vibrations in H₂O molecule leads to an increase in the calculated broadening coefficients γ. In the case of broadening by He, γ increases by 15% for the lines with the rotational quantum number Ka = 9 of the lower state in the transition. In the case of broadening by Ar, this increase is 4%.

In continuation of works on the determination of cyclic tree stem CO₂ efflux, vacuum-extracted gas samples of large woody roots of Siberian stone pine and Scots pine are studied. Spectral and cross- spectral analyses reveal the cyclic character of variations in the chronologies. This behavior of total pressure and CO₂ in large roots testifies to possible cyclic diffusion of CO₂ from large roots into soil and then into the atmosphere, which can be considered as a new feature of autotroph respiration. An attempt is made to revise previously obtained results in some related works on the basis of cyclic large root CO₂ efflux.

We discuss the results of spectral measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere, carried out in warm periods of 2011-2016 in the Arctic settlement Barentsburg (Spitsbergen Archipelago). The statistical characteristics of seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric AOD in the wavelength range 0.34-2.14 μm are presented. The average AOD (0.5 μm) for the six-year period of observations had been 0.086, including the fine-mode AOD component 0.062 and coarse-mode AOD component 0.024. It is shown that the seasonal variations were best manifested in the decrease in modal (most probable) values of fine-mode AOD component from 0.055 in spring to 0.025 in autumn. As compared to the preceding (pre-2011) period, we noted a closer correspondence in the average AOD values between spring and summer, primarily due to a decreasen the content of fine-mode aerosol in spring and its increase in summer. The summertime AOD growth is most likely due to episodic outflows of smoke aerosol from boreal zones of Eurasia and North America.

Aerosol samples PM_2.5 (44 pieces) collected in 2013-2014 on the White Sea coast were analyzed on trace-element concentrations. The sampling period was divided in conventional seasons: a snow-cover season with minimal influence of terrestrial dust and two snowless seasons with distinct influences of both anthropogenic and terrigenic sources. The snowless seasons are featured by the highest dispersion of element concentrations. The snow-cover season differs from snowless ones by prevalence of the western direction of transport. The direction analysis of atmospheric transport of pollutants allows distinguishing few groups of elements of natural (La, Nd, Sr, Ga) and mainly anthropogenic origin (V, Ni, Cu and Pb, Bi, Cd).

Unique large-scale smoke haze over European part of Russia (EPR) and adjacent territories in July 2017 was caused by long-range smoke transport from the forest fires in Siberia, which is supported by 10-day back trajectories of air mass transfer in cities at EPR, from Archangelsk to Rostov-on-Don. The territory with AOD > 0.3 (average value is 0.43 and extreme is 2.5) bounded by the coordinates 45-70N and 20-60E reached about 5 million km² 25.07.2016, and the total smoke mass over EPR comprised  1.2 million tonns. It is shown that the daily average mass concentration of aerosol with particles smaller then 2.5 m exceeded the maximum permissible concentration at the majority of ecological monitoring stations in Moscow during 24.07-27.07.2016. The influence of local sources of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and aerosol on the air pollution was estimated. Carbon monoxide deficiency in smoke haze 2016 as compared with smoke haze 2010 was ascertained. It is shown that temperature and wind stratification may markedly influence the pollution level in the smoky urban atmosphere. Smoke aerosol radiative impact was evaluated. On July 25, 2016, the average aerosol radiative forcings over EPR at the top and the botton of the atmosphere were equal to -29 and -53 W/m² and extreme forcings reached -112 and -215 W/m², respectively.

The temperature dependence of the atmospheric ozone generation rate on the air temperature is studied on the basis of measurement data in a background area. The type of this dependence is ascertained by the method based on the comparison of variations in the ozone concentration when waves of heat and cold pass through the measurement site. This approach allowed us to derive the quantitative, but not qualitative, dependence for the first time. The coefficients of the expression depend on both the air temperature and initial ozone concentration. Thus, at a long-term minimum of surface ozone concentration (1999) at a temperature of 30 °C, its change by 1 °C corresponds to the increase in the ozone concentration of 5 μg/m³. At a maximum of concentration (2001) at the same temperature, the increase can make nearly 25 mg/m³ per 1 °C. In the intermediate periods (1997 and 2010), it is about 14 μg/m³ per 1 °C. The analysis shows that this dependence is quadratic due to a nonlinear increase in the constants of reactions and quadratic increase in the hydrocarbon emissions by vegetation with the air temperature.

The effects of penetrating short-wave radiation on the Arctic Ocean water temperature and sea ice state have been studied with an ocean-ice general circulation model. Numerical experiments show that during summer period, while the ice thickness is reduced to 2 m, the absorption of penetrating radiation results in the formation of the subsurface temperature maximum. This temperature maximum gradually decays during the fall season due to strong vertical mixing and heat flux to the ice and underlying waters.

We examine variations in airglow in the 555.7 nm atomic oxygen line and the ONI index of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in 1997-2017. Correlation between these parameters is revealed. During the prolonged La Niña episode of 1991-2001, the 557.7 nm emission depression was observed, where as in the extreme El Niño episode of 2015-2016, the 557.7 nm emission increased. We discuss possible mechanisms of the ENSO phenomenon effect on the airglow. A tentative conclusion has been made that long-term and interannual intensity variations in the 557.7 nm emission can result from the joint effect of solar activity and changes in the global atmospheric circulation.

Wavefront aberrations at the input aperture of the Large Solar Vacuum Telescope were measured by a wavefront sensor of the adaptive optics system by a sunspot. To calculate the image displacement, a correlation algorithm with quadratic interpolation of the correlation function maximum position was used. The quality of astronomical vision, characterized by the Fried radius, was estimated from the same experimental data as the statistical characteristics of the fluctuations of the coefficients of the wavefront aberrations’ expansion in Zernike polynomials. The results were obtained at a Fried radius of 51.6 mm, in a sample 43 s long, with a sampling frequency of 70 Hz. The means and standard deviations of the expansion coefficients were calculated. The analysis of the given spectra implies that the wavefront aberrations should be compensated in the frequency band 0-20 Hz for the effective correction of the images formed.

In this paper we propose and study the flux predictor-corrector scheme in the three-dimensional case. This scheme is depleted of drawbacks of that constructed on the basis of the Douglas-Gunn prototype-scheme. The scheme proposed demonstrates the second order of accuracy.

In Part 1 of this paper, we consider the web-pages ranking problem also known as the problem of finding the PageRank vector or Google problem. We discuss the connection of this problem with the ergodic theorem and describe different numerical methods to solve this problem together with their theoretical background, such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo and equilibrium in a macrosystem.

We consider a strongly -hard Euclidean problem of finding a subsequence in a finite sequence. The criterion of the solution is a minimum sum of squared distances from the elements of a sought subsequence to its geometric center (centroid). It is assumed that a sought subsequence contains a given number of elements. In addition, a sought subsequence should satisfy the following condition: the difference between the indices of each previous and subsequent points is bounded with given lower and upper constants. We present an approximation algorithm of solving the problem and prove that it is a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) when the space dimension is bounded by a constant.

Currently, there are international microbarograph networks, with high resolution recording the wave pressure variations on the Earth's surface. This increases the interest in the problems of wave propagation in the atmosphere from variations in the atmospheric pressure. A complete system of nonlinear hydrodynamic equations for an atmospheric gas with lower boundary conditions in the form of wavelike variations on the Earth's surface is considered. Since the wave amplitudes near the Earth's surface are small, linearized equations are used in the analysis of the problem correctness. With the help of the wave energy functional method, it is shown that in the non-dissipative case, the solution of the boundary value problem is uniquely determined by the variable pressure field on the Earth's surface. The corresponding dissipative problem is correct if, in addition to the pressure field, suitable conditions on the velocity and temperature on the Earth's surface are given. In the case of an isothermal atmosphere, the problem admits analytical solutions that are harmonic in the variables x and t . A good agreement between numerical solutions and analytical ones is shown. The study has shown that in the boundary value problem, the temperature and density can rapidly vary near the lower boundary. An example of the solution of a three-dimensional problem with variable pressure on the Earth's surface, taken from experimental observations, is given. The developed algorithms and computer programs can be used to simulate the atmospheric waves from pressure variations on the Earth's surface.

An algorithm of the search for the best (in a sense) cubature formulas on a sphere that are invariant with respect to the transformations of the icosahedral group of rotations with inversion is described. This algorithm is applied to finding the parameters of all the best cubature formulas of this symmetry type up to the 79th order of accuracy. The parameters of the new cubature formulas of the 21st, 25th and 29th orders of accuracy to 16 significant digits are given.

In this paper we investigate the two-velocity stationary hydrodynamics system with a single pressure and inhomogeneous divergent and boundary conditions for the two velocities. This system is overdetermined. By replacing the unknown functions, the problem is reduced to a homogeneous one. The solution of the resulting system is reduced to the consecutive solutions of the two boundary value problems: the Stokes problem for a single velocity and pressure, and overdetermined system for the other velocity. We present the generalized statements of these problems and their discrete approximation using the finite element method. To solve the overdetermined problem we apply a version of the regularization methods.

We say that the square matrices A and B are of the same order quasi-commute if AB = σ BA for some scalar σ. Classical relations of commutation and anti-commutation are particular cases of this definition. We give a complete description of pairs of the quasi-commuting Toeplitz and Hankel matrices for σ ≠ ± 1.

It is proved that the uniform Lebesgue constant (the norm of a linear operator from C to C) of local cubic splines with equally-spaced knots, which preserve cubic polynomials, is equal to 11/9.

The paper studied the effect of texture characteristics gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) based on A 437-E acetylene black for electrosynthesis of H₂O₂ from O₂ in acid solution. Texture characteristics of the initial material (A 437-E) and its mixtures with hydrophobisator (fluoroplastic-4D (F-4D) were determined by the low temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA) method. Rate constants for hydrogen peroxide decomposition (K_chem) over these materials in acid solution were calculated. The dependence of electrochemical activity of GDE on the quantitative content of fluoroplastic-4D in the working layer was studied and process selectivity (γ) was determined. The effect of working layer texture of GDE has a substantial impact during developing highly developed surface 3-phase contact and removal efficiency of the target product from electrode pore volume. These conditions were met in electrodes with a low content of a hydrophobisator at comparatively high hydrophilic porosity. Minor microporosity of composites of working layers ensured low losses of the target product due to its heterogeneous decomposition and contributes to efficient removal from the electrode. The findings on accumulation kinetics of hydrogen peroxide during electrosynthesis from O₂ in acid solution at a current density of 150 mA/cm² in GDE with different F-4D contents were acquired. Acid solution of 2.43 М hydrogen peroxide with a current efficiency (CE) of 76 % and process selectivity of 0.69 was obtained in GDE using 5 mass % of F-4D for 5.5 h of preparative electrosynthesis.

Accumulation dynamics of biologically active substances (flavonols, catechins, tannins, pectin substances, saponins, and carotenoids) in the organs of aboveground parts of the plants Rheum altaicum Losinsk. growing in the experimental plot of the CSBG SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia) was studied. Their distribution character during vegetation period that is regrowth, budding, flowering and fruiting phases is demonstrated. The buds and flowers of plants may be a source of flavonols (7.40 and 5.89 %), catechins (0.91 and 2.01 %), tannins (32.37 and 27.83 %), and saponins (34.29 and 17.99 %, respectively), as established. Leaves in budding and flowering phases accumulate significant amounts of almost all groups of compounds, especially many carotenoids (160.05 and 191.81 mg/dL). Leaf petioles during these periods are a rich source of pectin substances (3.47 and 4.66 % of pectins, 7.22 and 9.20 % of protopectins), and saponins (24.06 and 22.3 %). Considering the findings, cultivated R. altaicum may be recommended as raw materials enriched with a complex of biologically active substances.

The paper is devoted to the development of an efficient scheme for analytical control of biogenic and oil hydrocarbons in bottom sediments using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique (GC/MS) without using toxic, expensive compounds and internal standards to acquire data of the depth of penetration of anthropogenic oil pollution and total contents of oil hydrocarbons (OHC). This testing scheme was performed for real objects with different environmental loads. Bottom sediment samples were taken in the Nizhnevartovsk District 30 km northeast from Nizhnevartovsk city. The study area is a series of lakes located in the territory of the Samotlor oil field in the West Siberian oil-and-gas province. The field is the biggest one in Russia. The deposit is the largest in Russia. Survey results of 28 oil-polluted water bodies allowed forming the scheme for carrying out analytical monitoring of hydrocarbons in bottom sediments, and also identifying a set of analytical parameters by which one can authenticate pollution of bottom sediments with oil and OHC, assess its level and composition characteristics, which in turn enables to receive specific data on the depth of penetration of technogenic oil pollution and the total content of hydrocarbons in bottom sediments.

The paper carried out approbation of dry fluoride technology for processing of zirconium-containing raw materials and treatment of the resulting fluorides from impurities under semi-industrial conditions. Research results of the process of fluorination of zircon and baddeleyite with elemental fluorine in devices of periodic and continuous action were given. The feasibility of efficient treatment of zirconium tetrafluoride from impurities via vacuum sublimation was demonstrated. Thus, high purity zirconium tetrafluoride was obtained. The design of a sublimation apparatus manufactured and tested under operating production conditions was proposed.

The paper carries out comparative analysis of products composition of ozonolytic destruction of sapropelite coal and oil shale kerogen from various fields of Russia. Sapropelite ozonation products could be used as fatty acid substitutes and other traditional flotation reagents based on oil during enrichment of metal ores and fossil fuels, as demonstrated. Thus, solid fossil fuels of sapropelite nature (properly sapropelite coal and non-sulphurous shale) that have a relatively regular structure of organic substances and oxidation products of uniform composition (mainly aliphatic mono- (C₉-C₂₅) and dicarboxylic (C₂-C₁₂) acids) could be considered as raw materials for obtaining analogues of flotation reagents based on oil that are used in the processes of enrichment of oxidized ores of non-ferrous metals, non-silicate salts of alkaline earth metals and ferrous metal carbonates. Products of ozonation of Barzas sapromixite (aliphatic, aromatic, and hydroaromatic acids) of sapropelite-humus nature may show shorthand and foaming properties in flotation of oxidized metallic ores and solid fossil fuels (coal and shale). Product composition of ozonation of Kashpirsk sulphur shale (aliphatic and sulphonic acids) allows obtaining sulpho-containing oxyhydryl flotation reagents based thereon. The latter can be used as collectors of non-sulphide minerals and emulsifiers. It is concluded that industrial development of oil shale Dmitrievsky and Barzas sapromixite deposits is promising. They are compactly located in the territory of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin with developed transport infrastructure and the presence of concentration plants in order to obtain chemicals and flotation reagents therefrom.

Modern medical science widely uses the following drugs that include 1,2,4-triazole structure: fluconazole, ribavirin, trazodone etc . In terms of fundamental research, the interest to 1,2,4-triazole derivatives is driven by great opportunities of structural design, which in turn opens up prospects to develop new generation functional materials with predetermined properties. Nucleophilic substitution may become one of the methods of functionalisation of 1,2,4-triazole ring at a carbon atom. 1-Methyl-5-nitro-3R-1,2,4-triazoles enter into a substitution reaction of the nitro group (S_N^ipso) with mono- and diatomic alcohols (tyrosol, phenylethanol, resorcin, hydroquinone) producing conjugates in 63.0-83.0 % yields, as demonstrated. Interaction process monitoring of initial substrates with O-nucleophiles and analysis of the resulting reaction products are carried out using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The rate and direction of nucleophilic substitution reaction depend on both the structure of the initial substrate and the nature of the O-nucleophile, as established. The process is accompanied by competitive reactions of the substrate with hydroxide anion and triazolone formed in this reaction. Consequently, the same N-C triazolyltriazolone structure, i.e . 2,2'-dimethyl-2Н,2'Н-[3,4']bi([1,2,4]triazolyl)-3'-one is recorded in reaction products, regardless of the alcohol used. Products of nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group in 1-methyl-5-nitro-3R-1,2,4-triazoles by mono- and dibasic alcohols show activity (antiischemic, antihypertensive, and antiarrhythmic) that is currently of high interest in Russia and abroad for treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, as demonstrated using PASS Online computer program. By using the method of holes, it is experimentally found that 1,3-dimethyl-5-(2-phenylethoxy)-1H-1,2,4-triazole displays antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi of the Fusarium oxysporum species.

Fenton reaction systems are widely used for oxidative activation of hydroperoxides in monooxygen oxidative functionalisation of organic compounds i.e. the introduction of an oxygen atom into the composition of organic substrates. The nature of intermediates that are direct oxidants until now remains a subject of hypotheses and discussions. Catalysts for Fenton oxidation are diverse, differing by the nature of elements (d,f,p elements) directly reacting with hydrogen peroxide species, its ligand surroundings, and the phase state. Literature explains the classic Fenton reaction in Fe²⁺/H₂O₂ systems generating either as a free hydroxyl radical, or iron (IV)-oxo cation; however, the both concepts were not verified. A common representation of hydrogen peroxide oxidation in Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ systems is not supported due to electrochemical criteria. The formation idea of the oxoiron (IV) species in Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ systems assumes the active participation of the ligand surroundings of Fe³⁺ ion as a second electron donor; therefore, it is limited by the nature of ligands, however, having obtained the widest spread in biochemistry when interpreting fermentative activity of Fe³⁺, in which protoporphyrin IX species are Fe³⁺ ion ligands. The key idea in copper Fenton chemistry that is hydrogen peroxide oxidation in Cu²⁺/H₂O₂ systems is even more unsupported from the standpoint of electrochemistry. Pathways for free hydroxyl radical generation are most often substantiated for systems based on other metals with variable valences. Interaction mechanisms of p elements with hydroperoxides are absolutely unclear. The concept of universal priorities of polarization and dissociation of hydroperoxides during their oxidative activation and decomposition by Fenton catalysts is proposed to the scientific community as a hypothesis. The initial transformation of Fe(II) dihydroperoxo species into a complex of Fe²⁺ ion with a molecule of oxywater (^-O-⁺OH₂)) that dissociates to form a complex of Fe²⁺ ion with the oxygen atom (iron (II)-oxene) in ¹D-singlet quantum state is assumed for the classic Fenton reaction. Afterwards, [Fe³⁺O^•-]²⁺ α-oxygen complex that is argumented as the major intermediate in Fe²⁺/H₂O₂ systems is formed resulting from the fast and inevitable intracomplex electron transfer. An opportunity for transformation of α-oxygen complex into intermediates for subsequent intermediates, such as oxoiron (IV) species, crypto-hydroxyl, and free hydroxyl radicals is demonstrated. A high probability for the invariability of oxidation degree of Fe³⁺ with the prevalence of [Fe³⁺O⁰(¹D)]³⁺ intermediate is substantiated for Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ systems, among other things, biochemical. The successful use of interpretation towards various catalysts, among other things, based on p elements is illustrated. Molecular oxygen (dioxygen) in the ¹∆_g singlet quantum state (¹O₂) that differs from the main (³Σ_g^-, ³O₂) triplet state is produced in Fenton degradation (disproportionation) of hydrogen peroxide. Singlet dioxygen is of preparative value in dioxygen alkene and alkadiene functionalisation processes, such as synthesis of hydroperoxides and cyclic peroxides. The life time of ¹O₂ generated in aqueous solutions of H₂O₂ is several microseconds. The ¹O₂→3O₂ quenching overcomes a ban for electron spin reversal via a yet unknown mechanism. The (¹O₂)₂ associate is formed from antipodes on the orbital moment, as supposed by us. Resulting from two simultaneous redox reactions, two ³O₂ species are formed. They are antipodes on spin moments of the unpaired electrons, the total spin of which is +1 and -1.

The state of Russian forest pyrology from the beginning of XXI century to present time was examined in the article. Main problems of basic and applied research of fire scientists for the last years were revealed. The identification of fire role as permanent ecological and evolutional factor of origin, development, and growth of forests was considered to be the aim of basic research. Applied research includes improvement and increase of efficiency of forest protection, estimation, and reasonable usage of positive fire role in a forest. The results of main basic and applied research of scientists from Siberia, Far East, European part of country, and Ural were examined. It was emphasized that to present time forest pyrology accumulated a significant amount of theoretical and applied knowledge. The results of investigations are the basis for planning of fire fighting, selection of means and methods of fire suppression, increase of efficiency of forest protection, estimation and reasonable usage of positive fire role. The foundations of pyroecology as a science of ecological and evolutional role of forest fires were laid down. In total, the results of investigations of Russian scientists were considered as the uniform system of knowledge of forest fire nature and methods of fire suppressions. In spite of this, modern state of forest pyrology in Russia could not be evaluated as satisfactory, especially after enactment of new RF Forest code since January 1, 2007. The main reasons of such state were determined. The suggestions of its improvement were provided.

A number of changes over the past few years in Russian legislation extended the range of issues that require development of highly professional management decisions in the field of forest fire management. For the analysis of such problems it is important to take into account following issues: 1. Main changes in the legal and regulatory framework in Russia. 2. The extent of use of independent sources of information (e. g. remote sensing monitoring information of the Earth). 3. The ability to use retrospective information about previous decisions (feedback). 4. Use of formalized models (specifications, guidelines and guidance materials). 5. The possibility and the need for Federal control. Considering of these above stated issues the priorities for development are: the formation of the regulatory and methodological basis of application of the Federal Reserve forces and fire-fighting equipment, the formation of guidelines and methodological documents of specific conditions and restrictions on visiting forests, development of plans for forest fire protection, as well as analysis of long-term fire danger index forecasts in forests, depending on weather conditions in order to further improvement of their quality. In order to solve future problems associated with the formation of the methodological framework for decision making on forest fire control (not suppression) in certain areas, forecasting the development of the forest fire situation in the regions, the formation of recommendations on the distribution of fire-fighting resources, it is important to develop the feedback; I.e. collection of relevant long term information, as well as the completion of the information base. It is important to form the organizational and technical framework for the development and regular updating of the information base on the results of certain technologies with descriptions of situations and decision making, and the consequences of their implementation.

In the paper we summarized the data on wildfires in Siberian forests that was obtained on the basis of long-term (1996-2016) satellite monitoring. Wildfire geospatial analysis is presented and main characteristics of fires are generalized and interpreted for current conditions in Siberian forests. It is shown the growth trend of burning of Siberian forests during the 20-year monitoring period. At the same time, the latitudinal variation of fires, as well as the fire danger period and the fire return interval correlates with the gradient of the main geophysical characteristic such as the incoming solar radiation. Remote sensing data were used to validate the adapted technology for estimating the energy characteristics of burning and to classify the fires of variable intensity. The technology for FRP (Fire Radiative Power) estimation was applied successfully to control extreme intensity or crown wildfires. Instrumental estimation for total annual area of extreme wildfires is at least 8.5 %, and it can reach 15-25 %. The adapted algorithms for predicting the dynamics of variable intensity fires is discussed. The typical times were evaluated for the stages of fire dynamics and the model curves were figured out for the limits of area increment. In addition, the characteristics of the satellite systems used (NOAA/AVHRR, Terra, Aqua/Modis, Suomi NPP/VIIRS, Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2), were discussed, including Russian segment (Resource-P), which are promising for increasing effectiveness of wildfire satellite monitoring in Siberia.

Nowadays aviation is among the most effective ways of early detection and suppression of wildfires. At the moment for the aerial wildfire fighting a few dozen models of aircraft are used worldwide, which are regularly modernized and renewed. In this article, authors give information about the history of fighting wildfires from the air, as well as analyze the current state of the issue with the use of aircraft and helicopter airtankers for firefighting, both at international level and in the territory of the Russian Federation. It is revealed that the most popular in the world still are the ground-based firefighting aircraft (regardless of the class of the carrying capacity). Amphibious firefighting aircraft now exist only in light (carrying capacity up to 5 tons) and in medium type (capacity up to 15 tons). Among the helicopter aviation, heavy firefighting helicopters are mostly widely spread, as well as medium multipurpose helicopters, which are, apart from suppression, involved into delivery of people and goods to forest fire sites. The article is devoted to the main directions, according to which the development of aircraft tanker equipment abroad and in Russia occurs. The attention is directed to the most promising developments, and specific recommendations on how to increase the effectiveness of the fire aviation usage in Russia are given. Based on the studies carried out, a conclusion is drawn that for different countries there can be promising different types of firefighting aircraft, considering their landing field infrastructure, characteristics of forests and hydro systems, as well as the total area of the forest fund.

The territory of the Krasnoyarsk Krai is substantially diverse in terms of climatic, silvicultural and economic conditions owing to its sufficient spread from the North to the South. These differences were to some extent taken into account when the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Krai was divided into seven forest regions: forest tundra of Central Siberia, highland taiga of Central Siberia, plain taiga of West Siberia, Angara region, subtaiga forest steppe of Central Siberia, Altai-Sayanskiy highland, Altai-Sayanskiy highland forest steppe. The regions show different levels of fire occurrence and different fire effects that require different levels of protection from forest fires. Optimization of the protection is based on activities that combine prevention and timely detection of fires depending on development of forest regions and intensity of forest management. The main focus of the paper is on possibility or inadvisability of prescribed fires, fire-use fires (fires that started naturally but were then managed for their beneficial effects) and the system of activities increasing fire resistance of the most valuable forests. It is justified that taking into account the effects of forest fires, selective protection of forests is expedient in forest-tundra Middle Siberia and highland taiga of Middle Siberia regions. The whole area of plain taiga of West Siberia region should be subject to protection but with various levels of intensity in different parts of it. The forest fund of Angara, subtaiga forest steppe of Middle Siberia, Altai-Sayanskiy highland, Altai-Sayanskiy highland forest steppe regions should be protected on the whole area. Application of prescribed fires is relevant in the subzone of South taiga, in the forest steppe zone as well as in the submontane and lowland taiga belts. Fire-use fires are admissible on limited areas in the subzones of Middle and North taiga.

Fire risk in major forest types and concomitant vegetation complexes across all altitudinal belts has been analyzed. High fire risk in woodlands is determined by domination of light needle coniferous stands in their structure and specific climate with continuous spring-summer droughts. Thus, the risk of landscape wildfires is high. The most drastic situations occur in very dry years of climatic cycles during forest pyrogenic anomalies when fire spreads across the main landscapes in several nature areas. Current fire-frequency is incompatible with high biosphere status of nature complex of Lake Baikal as an object of the World nature heritage. Extensive forest exploitation is unacceptable as well. Fire-prevention measures in the area require modernization. According to the results of many years of comparative studies of fire risk in phytocenoses with different species composition and structure of tree layers, the techniques of making fire stopping barriers were developed. The scheme of dividing the managed forests into isolated cells separated by special obstacles and fire-resistant forest borders combined with commonly used fire barriers is suggested. Fire-resistant barriers should be formed on both sides of main roads, passing through the intensively exploited woodlands dominating with common pine Pinus sylvestris L., Siberian stone pine Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb., and Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb. tree species. Such barriers are intended to stop the fire front of crown fires. The barrier width is determined by the cell order. The barriers are bordered with clearings with scarified soil strips of 3-4 meters in width. Trees and shrubs damaged in the process are removed during clutter cleaning. In places where the barrier passes through coniferous tree stands longitudinal corridors with scarified soil strips every 20-30 meters should be made. Reforestation and thinning are supposed to be combined with the area fire preventing arrangements.

The article discuss one of the priority security problems in Russia, which is elaboration of the strategic system of the forest and society safeguards from catastrophic forest crown fires in connection with rapid climate warming. It is postulated, that a most effective and reliable barrier for the dispersal of the intensive crown fire in a coniferous forest massive can be a sufficiently wide strip of deciduous tree species - «deciduous forest barrier», which has phytomass capable of absorbing crown fire energy and transforming them to surface fire, which may be extinguished by technical means. The actuality of the natural study of the transition parameters from the crown fire to surface fire has been noted, depending on climate, fire intensity and the deciduous barrier structure. The results of the quantitative natural investigation of the consequences of catastrophic crown fires of 2004 in the island pine forests of forest-steppe zone in Kurgan Oblast, which passed through the belt of 50-70 year-old birch stands of middle density, has been cited and formalized mathematically. It has been shown, that 150 m width of deciduous forest barrier is necessary as a minimum for the reliable transition of the high intensive front crown fire to surface fire in the forest-steppe conditions of the Western Siberia, but this width reduces with a decreasing heating effect. It has been proposed to create the complex fire-prevention forest belts of different construction for the protection of forests, industrial objects and settlements. Besides a basic deciduous barrier, their structure should include technologically necessary buffer zones and zones for the localization and extinguishing surface fire, which stop a crown fire. It has been recommended to use natural regeneration of deciduous tree species, as a most effective and non-deficient method for the creation of deciduous forest barriers in the predominant forest types, except the lichen pine forests, where creating deciduous belts is necessary.

Vegetation fires, including forest ones, are an important environmental factor. Development of natural resources is always linked with increased number of human-caused ignition sources. The latter increase the frequency of fires on adjacent forest and non-forest areas by an order of magnitude. Ecological impact of the “additional” fires may exceed the impact of industrial pollution and even put the industrial objects and settlements at danger. Therefore one of the components of the ecological expertise for resource-exploration companies (especially the oil and gas ones) in the forest zone should be pyrological expertise, which should primarily include assessment of fire hazard for vegetation sites in the oil and gas complexes. The design of oil and gas complexes requires an expert environmental impact assessment (EIA). Unfortunately, its main focus is on direct impact assessment. However, oil and gas companies produce also an indirect environmental impact, for example, through the change of the fire regime on the adjacent area. At present, the V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS develops a method of pyrological expertise for resource-exploration companies. The method is based on the use of vegetation fuel maps (VF maps) for an objective general assessment of fire hazard as well as an assessment of the current fire hazard depending upon the weather conditions. A method is suggested for making VF maps using remotely sensed data. Deciphering characteristics are developed for primary fire carriers shown in VF maps (on the example of the Yurubcheno-Tohomsky deposit).

This paper discusses the possibility of using fluorescent methods to assess the thermal effects on Scots pine needles’ assimilation apparatus. Two types of experimental studies were carried out. The assessment of the primary heat resistance of the needles from the forest stand previously unaffected by fire lies at the heart of the first one. To assess the effect of temperature stress on the pine needles’ photosynthetic apparatus functioning, the experiments on modeling a convective flow, simulating the ground fire effect were carried out. The second year needles from the 1^st class trees of the green moss-and-motley group of forest types located in the forest-steppe zone of Southern Siberia were studied. According to F_v/F_m fast fluorescence parameter (the maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II), it was demonstrated that after the heat stress, the assimilation apparatus of pine needles can be restored at different rates. This rate depends on the duration and intensity of heating. The second experiment was based upon the task of determining the ability to restore the assimilation apparatus of pine needles after the repeated influence of sub-lethal temperatures on plants in the recovery period after a ground fire of the previous year. Based on the analysis of the parameters of fast and delayed fluorescence, it was possible to detect differences in thermal resistance and the rates of pine needles’ photosynthetic activity reestablishment, which indicates modification of physiological processes in plants under the influence of the thermal stress factor, forming a positive acclimation effect. Thus, fluorescent methods can be used to diagnose the thermal resistance of needles. In particular, the indicator of delayed fluorescence as a criterion for assessing the resistance of the assimilation apparatus in response to the repeated action of stress factors during the recovery from fire. F_v/F_m ratio can be used to assess the response of the needles’ assimilation apparatus to stress during the first days after fire.

A new method of describing the processes of propagation and elimination of wildfires on the basis of agent-based modeling is proposed. The main structural units of the creation of such models are the classes of active objects (agents). Agent approach, combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can effectively describe the interaction of a large number of participants in the process to combat wildfires: fire spreading, fire crews, mechanization, aerial means and other. In this paper we propose a multi-agent model to predict the spread of wildfire edge and simulate the direct method of extinguishing a ground fire with non-mechanized crews. The model consist with two classes of agents, designated A and B. The burning fire edge is represented as a chain of A-agents, each of which simulates the burning of an elementary portion of vegetation fuel. Fire front movement (moving the A-agent) described by the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with using the indicatrises of normal front rate of spread (figurotris). The configuration of the front calculated on basis the algorithm of mobile grids. Agents other type, B-agents, described extinguishing process; they move to the agents of A type and act on them, reducing the combustion intensity to zero. Modeling system presented as two-level coloured nested Petri Net, which describes the agents’ interaction semantics. This model is implemented as a GIS-oriented software system that can be useful both in the fire fighting management as well as in staff training tactics to fighting wildfires. Some examples of modeling decision making on а ground fire extinguishing are presented.