Home – Home – Jornals – Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2017 number 5

We present results of U-Pb (SHRIMP II) and Ar-Ar geochronological study of the rocks of the Chuktukon massif, which is part of the Chadobets alkaline-carbonatite complex, and of the weathering crust developed after them. Perovskite from picrites and monazite from the weathering crust were dated by the U-Pb (SHRIMP II) method, and rippite from carbonatites, by the Ar-Ar method. Rippite has first been used as a geochronometer. The estimated ages (252 ± 12 and 231 ± 2.7 Ma) testify to two magmatism pulses close in time (within the estimation error) to the stages of alkaline magmatism in the Siberian Platform (250-245 and 238-234 Ma). These pulses characterize, most likely, the processes accompanying and completing the activity of the mantle superplume that formed the Siberian Igneous Province at 250-248 Ma. The monazite-estimated age (102.6 ± 2.9 Ma) is the time of formation of the ore-bearing weathering crust on the massif rocks.

During ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating, the age spectrum of the sample can be seriously distorted because of the averaging of its Ar isotope composition over the portion of the released gas. New methods of age spectrum approximation with suppression of distortions have been elaborated. The efficiency of these methods is experimentally demonstrated. A new method for measurement of age spectra with high resolution by the portion of the released gas is proposed. The method is based on the experimental data and permits refining of the age spectrum or its fragments. The applicability and efficiency of this method are also shown experimentally. The proposed method can be used not only to measure the age spectra during ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating but also to measure other isotope characteristics of the rock and mineral samples during the stepwise separation of the analyte.

The Igol’sko-Talovoe oilfield is one of the largest oilfields in southeastern West Siberia, which provides reference for Upper Jurassic reservoirs of the area. The reported studies included integrated interpretation of seismic and well-log data, mapping of tectonic and paleotectonic patterns and sediment thicknesses, as well as seismic-geological and basin modeling. The results were used for tectonic analysis and allowed reconstructing the history of the Igol-Talovoe dome uplift that traps Upper Jurassic oil accumulations. Local uplifts on the Jurassic surface within the Igol-Talovoe dome originated in the Neocomian above basement uplifts produced by erosion and tectonic activity. The local domes merged into a large anticlinal trap as a result of regional-scale vertical crust movements in the Cenozoic. Analysis of the Upper Jurassic hydrocarbon system and basin modeling show that oil generation by the Bazhenov Formaton source rocks began in the Turonian, culminated in the Cenozoic, and continues at present. The process has led to complete filling of the anticlinal trap and formation of the large Igol’sko-Talovoe oilfield. Geological and geophysical data suggest the same scenario for all Upper Jurassic reservoirs in southeastern West Siberia.

This study presents the results of geochemical analysis of organic matter and paleogeographic reconstructions supplemented by data from well log interpretation and cyclostratigraphic analysis for the Vasyugan, Georgiev, and Bazhenov Horizons of the Callovian-Lower Berriasian section in the western part of the Yenisei-Khatanga regional trough and adjacent areas of the West Siberian geosyneclise. It has been found that each horizon contains zones dominated by terrigenous, mixed, and aquatic organic matter. The distribution of different types of organic matter over the area and throughout the section was examined. It was shown that the accumulation of aquatic organic matter took place in the deepest parts of the trough during the Callovian-Oxfordian. The area of accumulation of aquatic organic matter expanded considerably and reached its maximum extent within the Bolshaya Kheta megasyneclise during the Kimmeridgian and Early Volgian and in the west Yenisei-Khatanga regional trough during the Volgian and Early Berriasian.

At present, sounding methods based on the effect of electromagnetic pulses on the environment are widely used for marine exploration of hydrocarbon deposits. The exploration is performed using research systems with special equipment fixed in the water column. The goal of this work is to develop equipment and methods for marine electrical prospecting that would allow reliable predictions of petroleum fields in the underlying environment with reduced labor intensity of the necessary surveys. For this purpose, a subsurface array for marine electrical prospecting during vessel movement is proposed. The effective frequencies, current strengths in cables, and the size and efficiency of the array are determined using both the theoretical knowledge of the operation of similar arrays in similar environments and numerical simulation of the developed array. The 3D finite element method is used for mathematical modeling.

Thermal regime in borehole is simulated by water-filled vertical channel passing through the rock massif. A constant temperature gradient is maintained at the external borders of the massif. Results of numerical simulation of natural thermal convection arising in the channel are presented. Analysis of the results shows the existence of two types of convective thermal effects disturbing the natural temperature field: transient effect, which manifests itself as temperature oscillations around the mean temperature value at a given depth, and quasi-stationary effect causing distortion of natural temperatures and temperature gradient. The obtained statistical relations for estimation of the characteristics of thermal effects and convection flow velocities agree with the data recorded in real boreholes.

The approaches to the determination of place and role of the economic universities in the Russian education are examined. The idea of universities performance assessment based on the appraisal of intellectual capital is proposed and justified. The value of intellectual capital is defined considering the degree of achievement of goals and objectives determined by the strategy of the university. The main provisions of the strategy Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management are provided.

In the article the author’s line item concerning forming of strategy of long-term development of the state which shall pursue the humanitarian aims, be based on the key values of the Russian society correlated to economic tasks is stated. It is provided that competitive advantages of the country will be able to be implemented most. It is noted that in the conditions of the developing tendencies of increase of technological threats in the 21st century, it is necessary to solve problems of socio-humanistic ensuring innovative development of the country. Promotion on the foreground of social progress of a problem of a humanization puts sociocultural priorities in the center of economic transformations that requires observance of necessary parameters of interaction of economy and culture as two major components of activity of the person. To become the leader of the socio-humanistic technologies reducing technocratic and globalization threats of a civilization by means of culture - worthy, according to authors of article, a target reference point of Strategy of social and economic development of the Russian Federation until 2035.

Planning optimization of the enterprise work in conditions of risk and uncertainty appears to be a multi-level system models. On the upper level of the achievement of the strategic indicators is provided in the development and implementation of innovations in conditions of the greatest risk. Approval of strategic decisions with tactical plans based on the idea of risk management through the establishment of stochastic reserves. Organization of operations management appears to be iterative, moving process (to reduce risks in production) and can be implemented given the constraints of tactical management.

The article on the basis of statistics of the World Bank describes modern status of Russian economy against economies of other countries. The main provisions of the programs of development of Russian economy, drawn out by the staff of the Institute for National Economic Forecasts of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the staff of the Institute of Economic Growth named after P.A. Stolypin, are also described. The need for development of the financial methods, aimed at assessment of efficiency of real investment and increase in cost of domestic companies, for implementation of the provisions of the programs, eventually - for development of Russian economy, is justified.

The article offers a methodological approach to construction of the system of management of investment strategy implementation at the municipal level. New functionality for organization of investment activity and its distribution between services is offered in relation to the existing system of municipal formations management. Tools of stimulation, support and maintenance of the investment strategy by groups of investment projects, reflecting responsibilities of municipalities regarding development of social and production infrastructure, local economy, are developed as an element of the system of management of the municipal investment strategy.

The article considers the problems of the analysis of the environmental safety in Russia against the world community. The research describes the experience of formation of the environmental indicators by various international organizations (IEA, OECD, World Bank, ECE etc.). A parallel was drawn with the Russian statistical database and the differences were revealed. A unique indicator system was formed, it is reasonable to use it at the Russian and international level for the analysis of the environmental safety of the territories. The suggestions for enhancement of the indicator system, used for assessment of the environmental state at the world and domestic level, were developed. The algorithms of measurement of the environmental sustainability of various territorial units were offered. A complex of economical-mathematical and statistical methods was used to carry out the study. The groupings, typologies and classifications of the countries by the level of the environmental sustainability were obtained as a result. The problem points, aggravating the environmental situation of the territories under investigation, were also revealed, and the ways to overcome them were pointed out.

The aim of this work is to show features of the population morbidity dynamics of theSiberian Federal district and its regions for the period 1995-2015 on the background ofchanges in the population morbidity of the other Federal districts of the Russian Federation.It is shown that the SFD is consistently ranked the first places in many of the mainclasses of diseases, and first of all the main contributors to the mortality and disablementof the population. The first places in morbidity in SFD combined with the younger agestructure of the population than in Russia on average. In the SFD the Altai region standsout sharply in a negative direction with the highest morbidity.

Euthanasia is one of the controversial and still unsolved medical-deontological, ethicreligious, moral-legal, social-philosophical issues, attracting attention of national and international science today. In this regard the article analyzes various points of view on such complicated target of study as euthanasia; its features are revealed and the need for applied statistical studies in this field is defined. The circumstances, transforming statistical evaluation of the scale, extent, efficiency and other parameters of euthanasia at the present stage into a serious research and practice issue without the only one and universally recognized solution, are revealed.

The article considers the features of the social and economic infrastructure of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, issues of evaluation of the level of its development using statistical methods in conditions of non-formed information base. A method of adjustment of original statistical data, based on demographic and territorial adjustment coefficients, is offered; it makes it possible to evaluate the condition of infrastructure and dynamics of its development of the part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, located in the Arctic zone. The characteristic of the social and economic infrastructure of the Arctic territories is given; it includes the spheres of education and science, healthcare, culture and leisure, sport, housing and utilities, transport, information and communication technologies, construction, public catering, public service, energetic and trade. The technique of adjustment coefficients for retrospective analysis and time series formation is applied. The main directions of development of the social and economic infrastructure of the concerned territories are discussed.

The behavior of participants of economic interaction sets the condition in which an economy functions. Economic actors make their financial decisions under uncertainty. In this context, we can say that the research problem is the evaluation of conditions of sustainability of a financial system as the dynamical capital accumulation process. Some among the economic subjects can act opportunistically what means pursuing one’s own interests with harming others. The article investigate the formalization of financial instability hypothesis (FIH). Based on the research, the model of a financial cycle of the company was proposed. The model takes into consideration the manipulation of financial statements.

The article deals with the problems of accounting and analytical support for sustainability management of an organization in the context of functional components of information area of management. The structure of accounting and analytical systems under the conditions of information environment forming of the balanced sustainable development of an organization has been identified.

In this paper there are several main points: the necessity of FDI definition and the interconnectionof a term and real subject of interest; problem of data sources and the choiceamong them are discussed. Methodology of data collection for each indicator should betaken into account because of the variety of data sources: the interpretation should bevalid to the data, awareness on different types of data allows using them together to providemore precise analysis. This research was made as an overview of available statistics onmicro, meso and macro levels. An important purpose of this paper is to demonstrate andsubstantiate incompatibility of data taken from different sources and necessity to use validtools of analysis for different indicators of the FDI activity, correctly interpret the resultsfor models based on different types of data and different research questions. Conclusionof this research is enforces by graphical analysis, summary statistics and analysis of spatialinterconnection among regions estimated for various indicators of FDI.

The article carries out an analysis of the existing methodological approaches to formationof a finance strategy of a corporation; the practicality of the existing tools regardingformation of a finance strategy of a telecommunication corporation in the Russian Federationis critically described. In particular, the authors characteristic of the following methodological approaches to formation of a finance strategy of a company, widely-spread inRussian economic literature: modified Du Pont factor analysis, concept of the sustainablyincrement rate of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), matrix model by J. Franshon andI. Romane, ADL/LC model of strategic management by Arthur D. Little and some others,which rest upon and perfect the mentioned approaches, is given. The authors methodologicalapproach on the basis of the ADL/LC model of strategic management by ArthurD. Little is offered; it improves the basic approach relating to the analysis of prerequisitesfor diversification of economic activity and change of the competitive environment of thecorporation, determination of the channels of translation of strategic financial goals to operatinglevel of management, analysis of the impact of macroeconomic indicators on targetfinancial performance. Within the framework of the model of strategic management byArthur D. Little the author offers the tools of strategic and operating target setting as necessaryimprovement, in particular: target performance indicators of financial managementfor telecommunication corporations in the Russian Federation in linkage to the forms ofpublic quarterly financial statements. Apart from introduction of the additional requirementsto the tools of formation of a finance strategy, approbation of the offered target performanceindicators of financial management at strategic and tactical level by the exampleof the analysis of the dynamics of the financial reporting indicators of Megafon PublicCompany for the period of 2014-2015 was carried out. The interpretation of the obtainedcoefficients, characterizing quality of financial management of Megafon Public Companywithin the offered financial strategy, is given.

The article considers problems of pension insurance system in the Russian Federationat the present stage of its development. The relevance of the topic due to the fact that thecurrent pension system in modern conditions of transformation of the Russian economyin need of reform. The importance and necessity of improving the efficiency of the currentdistribution and the cumulative pension insurance system caused by significant economicchallenges that prevailed in the country as a result of the crisis manifestations in theeconomy and also the lack of ability of basic institutions pension insurance and pensionsystems to ensure their long-term stability and sustainability, and to guarantee pensioners adecent standard of living. About the crisis state of system of pension insurance and securityalso points to the urgent development of a Strategy for long-term development of thepension system of the Russian Federation, the approved Order of the Government of theRussian Federation of 25 December 2012 № 2524-R, which began a new stage of reformingthe pension system, which was established benchmarks for improving the standard of livingof pensioners - the 40 % replacement rate by pension of the lost earnings and achieve aratio level of pensions at least 2-2.5 from the established subsistence level. In addition,2015 the new Federal pension laws, which laid the institutional framework of the newpension reform.

Food security is an essential condition for sustainable development of the country, its national security, especially in the context of the global crisis and the turbulence of the world economy. Therefore, the development of food industry is an important task of the government. The special significance of the food security aspect is determined by such factors as availability, economic accessibility and ecological safety of food. The authors carried out a study of the Russian food industry and defined the prospects of its further development in the context of the import substitution strategy. The article presents the food industry growth model. It is based on a modified Cobb-Douglas production function and it involves an innovation factor. Typology of Russian regions in terms of development of the food industry was obtained on the basis of adapted portfolio analysis matrices. The databases of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the data-line monitoring of the economic situation in Russia were the basis of the study.

The goal of research is the analysis of the current established regularities, typical of wage of staff of small and medium-sized enterprises, relating to three dimensional categories, focused on 14 types of economic activity and located in different regions of Russia. Preliminary results of the complete enumeration of activity of small and medium-size business for 2015 were used as initial data. The research was based on comparison of the indicators in business sector and full circle of enterprises and organizations, as well as comparison of wage level in total of small and medium-size enterprises in each constituent entity of the country with the levels of the cost of living.

The article presents an analysis of basic foodstuffs consumption by the population of Russia for the purpose of economic and physical availability of food. The article reveals the main tendencies to the change of consumption volume and structure, estimates the degree of achievement of efficient consumption standards. The article evaluates the basic foodstuffs consumption by the population of Siberian Federal District and analyses the regional variability of consumption indices. It enables to reveal the certain problems relating to provision of food availability for the population.

Today one of the main factors of effective functioning of economic agents, including those integrated with the state, proves to be innovative ideas and information, which are formed in the field of social and informational interaction. The parties of the interrelations in the field of information technologies are both legal and physical entities, as well as state authorities and public and private partnerships. The article is devoted to formation of the conditions of competitive growth of Russian integrated companies via transition of the latter to informational and technological phase of development.

The article offers the authors approach to diagnostics of the level of use of innovation and resource potential of Russian territories. Ongoing, average and dynamic results of the functioning of the regions and federal districts are processed on the basis of the official statistics data. The evaluation of the spread in values of main regional indicators for a long period of time is made. The interrelation of the specific economic and infrastructural factors is justified. Key directions of the development of the depressive territories are defined.

The authors investigate the questions of the credibility of educational institutions, trying to determine the specificity of interactions inside these institutions. The problem is raised of using the category of confidence in order to assess the quality of interaction between major participants of interactions in educational environment. The authors focus on the problem of differentiation between trust in educational institutions (level of interpersonal trust is personalized, the level of impersonal trust, institutional trust level) and the problem of operationalization of the concept of trust. The authors present the results of original empirical research and on this basis demonstrate the situation with trust at school as an educational institution, analyze the factors affecting the credibility of school from the parents’ side.

The article reveals the need for teaching of the subjects, presuming organization and carrying out applied study concerning a specific subject, caused by the transformations in higher school with regard to implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Declaration, aimed at improvement of the quality of education. The place of the «Methodology of applied studies in business statistics» and «Methodology of applied statistical studies» in the curriculum of the bachelor degree program regarding 38.03.01 Economy («Business statistics and analytics» and «Statistics» profiles) is considered. The offered subject and organization procedure for applied studies within the teaching process, relying on experience in their conduction at NSUEM, are presented.

The article studies the matters regarding the risks, which may arise in the process of strengthening of a company according to the method of creation of the second publication or acquisition of the existing media. The theory of «cannibalism» by Jean-Jacques Lambin in relation to media is reviewed; the theoretical analysis of the possible scenarios of the theory development is carried out as well. Besides, the possibility of assimilation of the image of the acquired publication, as well as strengthening or altering own image, is analyzed.

A critical analysis of the existing approaches to analysis of the state of competition on the basis of determination of the level of economic concentration is carried out. The authors approach of the basis of the analysis of market participants behavior, based on evaluation of activity of buyers in change of sellers when making purchases is justified and offered; its advantages in comparison with the accepted approaches are registered. Approbation of the approach by the example of the evaluation of the state of competition at the housing services Internet access services markets in Novosibirsk is carried out.

The article considers the impact of Airbnb platform on the hotel sector in St. Petersburg in general, as well as in certain districts of the city. Proceeding from the target audience of Airbnb hypotheses are made as to how the service may impact occupancy of the hotels. The results of the study prove the hypotheses of various impact in central and bedroom districts of the city, uneven impact on the rooms of different comfort category; dependences on the number of accommodation services, presented at the service, their proximity to the hotel and prices are revealed as well. The model also includes the factors, not directly related to Airbnb: proximity of the hotel to metro, hotel room capacity, price of accommodation and rating at Booking.com. The article explains possible reasons of the obtained results.

The analysis of Trans-Urals (the Bashkortostan Republic) steppes has been carried out using 428 relevйs. Groups of species indicating position of plant communities on moisture and stoniness gradients were defined. We used ANOVA-based technique of definition of indicator species groups. The role of indicator species in diagnostic combinations of Trans-Urals steppe syntaxa was determined.

Perpendicularity of solar rays incidence on land surface, termed slope insolation, is calculated as non-linear function of slope steepness and exposure. This variable better describes light and thermal regime of slopes. We demonstrate that grass cover insolation can be evaluated from slope insolation and tree crown closure. It was found for a terrain at the southern boundary of the forest-steppe that species richness and green mass of herbage were closely related to topography and insolation (R² = 0.77 and 0.83, respectively), and crown closure - to topography and slope insolation from the south (R² = 0.85). Soil moisture was in general negatively related to slope insolation. A critical level of crown closure (15 %) was determined, the limiting factor for herbaceous plants was soil moisture below this level, and light was above it. Grass cover insolation close to its average value (400 W/m²) differentiated phytocoenotic characteristics onto areas of increased and diminished values.

Radial growth of the Scots pine growing in the forest-steppe zone of Western Transbaikalia on five sites was studied. For each site additional samples were collected, which allowed to increase reliability and build two regional chronologies. The analysis of correlations between chronology and such factors as monthly temperatures, precipitation and Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient was performed. The analysis of a 10-day moving climatic series made it possible to clarify the periods of climate impact on growth: the basic limitation of pine growth in the region was observed by moisture availability, including conditions during the previous (from late July to late September) and current (May-mid-July) vegetative season. Also fluctuations of 23-35 years in the dynamics of climatic factors and radial growth of the pine were revealed.

A climate-related shift in the range boundaries of the western central asian subboreal species Melanargia russiae in the Urals region from the northern forest-steppe zone to the pine-birch forests was found. Morphological variation of M. russiae wings from the marginal northern populations and populations from the main part of the range in the Urals was studied. The results of the morphological traits (size, wing shape, wing pattern eyespots) complex analysis confirm the hypothesis of the local population formation in the south of the Sverdlovsk region and contradict the hypothesis of the migratory origin of M. russiae imago.

The changeability of seasonal molting completeness of the passerine birds of tundra and forest-tundra of Western Siberia is examined. There are all known variants of passerine molting in North Eurasia - from the complete postjuvenile molting at the places of birth from eggs to its absence and complete postjuvenile molting at the places of wintering or on the ways of migration, from the complete preconnubium molting at the places of wintering to its absence, from complete post-nuptial moult on the breeding grounds to complete molt on the wintering grounds or migration paths. The factors affecting the completeness of moult - features of the development of the subarctic, the length of the migratory route of the photoperiodic conditions during molting are discussed. The greatest influence on the completeness is exerted by the duration of daylight.

Two fungal-like organisms (class Oomycetes) and 263 species of fungi from 111 genera, 42 families, 23 orders and 7 classes in the territory of the nature reserve Aksu-Zhabagly were found. Twenty two species were found for the first time. The vast majority of species are parasitic (202 species), 56 belong to saprotrophs and 7 - to symbiotrophs. The classes Taphrinomycetes, Urediniomycetes and Ustilaginomycetes are presented exclusively by parasites. The class Ascomycetes has 21 species of saprotrophs, 27 parasites and 4 symbiotrophs. From the class Basidiomycetes the largest group of humus saprotrophs has 15 species, litter saprotrophs and parasites - 4 species each, symbiotrophs - 3 species, coprotrophs and xylotrophs - 2 species each, litter and humus saprotrophs - 1 species. Anamorphic fungi are represented by 91 parasitic species and 11 saprotrophs. In comparison with closely spaced Sairam-Ugam national park and the Karatau nature reserve mycobiota of Aksu-Zhabagly is characterized by a significant number of species from the classes Basidiomycetes, Urediniomycetes, Hyphomycetes and Coelomycetes. Thirty one species are common to these protected areas. The most numerous group of them are parasites.

Features of formation of soil fauna under 40-year coniferous and deciduous cultures created in identical climatic and edaphic conditions of southern taiga of Middle Siberia are considered. It is shown that the main distinctions in structure, density and biomass of soil invertebrates are caused by formation of a forest floor. For the first time by means of the bait-lamina test dependences of trophic activity of soil biota on density and biomass of invertebrates have been received.

Abundance, biomass, production and size-morphological structure of heterotrophic bacteria were determined and their contribution to the total plankton biomass was evaluated in the Rybinsk reservoir (the Upper Volga) during the ice-covered period. Structural and functional characteristics of bacteria, except for their cell sizes in winter were lower than those in the growing season. However, heterotrophic bacteria contributed mainly (89.3 %) to the total biomass of plankton community in winter. During the growing season phytoplankton was a major component of the plankton (48.8 %), while the bacteria averaged 36.5 %. The total plankton biomass under the ice averaged 148 mg C/m³ that was 2.6 times lower than in the period of open water. During the ice-covered period the number of protists was small and they consumed an insignificant part of the bacterial production, and the viral lysis was the main reason of the bacterial mortality.

The quantitative and qualitative diet features of the rodent species in arid conditions on the Terek-Kuma Lowland were studied. Species composition, shares and diversity of foods in diets of rodent species were revealed. Diets of rodent species consisted of many plants species. Meriones tamariscinus diet consisted of 29 plant species, M. meridianus diet consisted of 40, Cricetulus migratorius diet consisted of 26, Sylvaemus fulvipectus diet consisted of 34 and Mus musculus diet consisted of 30 plant species. Dietary overlap between rodent pairs was from lower to middle.

We provide a quantitative analysis of post-outbreak wildfire frequency within the confluence of the Yenisei and Angara affected by the Siberian silkmoth (Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv.). That catastrophic outbreak was observed in 1993-1995, extended for about one million ha and caused stands mortality in the area of about 460 thousands ha. For outbreak area the fire frequency was about 7 times higher compared to the reference, burned area - 20 times higher. The peak of fire activity within outbreak areas occurs in May - June, while that for undamaged coniferous stands - in July. The number of fires is correlated with the average monthly (June) air temperature ( r = 0.65). The area of fires has a negative correlation with the moisture conditions: precipitation ( r = -0.53), drought index (SPEI: r = -0.57), and ground cover moisture content ( r = -0.57). Extensive fires prevail within outbreak areas ( S > 1000 ha), while within control - smaller area fires. The multiple (re-occurred) wildfires are typical of pest outbreak area. The area of these fires is related to their re-occurrence by logarithmic dependency (17 % of the territory burned by forest fires twice, 5 % - three times, and 0.5 % four times). Wildfires in outbreak areas hinder initial forest recovery by destroying regeneration of coniferous: 20 years after the outbreak >90 % of disturbed areas are occupied by the grass-bush and small-leaved cenoses.