Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2017 number 7

According to 2D magnetotelluric (MT) data from northeastern and southeastern Altai, numerous neotectonic faults cut the Gorny Altai territory as a whole, as well as large basins within its limits, into blocks. Large neotectonic faults are traceable depthward in MT-based cross sections as zones of very low resistivities (below 0.5 Ohm·m). The MT data generally confirm the fault geometry inferred previously from morphotectonic and geological evidence. Fault plane dips are vertical in normal and strike-slip faults and inclined in reverse faults. The nearly vertical and dipping zones of neotectonic faults crosscut a horizontal conductivity anomaly at depths of 10-15 km. The anomaly makes a natural divide between the zones of brittle crustal failure above and ductile downward pressing of material below. It may be responsible for the high tectonic and seismic activity potential of the upper lithosphere in Gorny Altai associated with growth of mountains and crust thickening. Beneath the Chuya and Kurai large basins, the conductivity anomaly occurs at a shallow depth of 10 km and has a resistivity below 10 Ohm·m.

The general basement subsidence trend in the Tunka rift is locally interrupted by uplift (basin inversion). The inversion uplift causes deformation to basin sediments and shows up in the surface topography as morphostructures of two types. Inversion in the area is either part of rifting, when the subsidence-to-uplift change is driven by the rifting mechanism, or perturbs the rifting trend as superposed Gobi-type mountain growth, but is never associated with change from continental rifting to other tectonic setting. The presence of buried erosion cutouts in the rift valley floor indicates that wave-like vertical motions, with erosion during uplift and deposition in the erosion cutouts during subsidence, superpose on differentiated (orogenic) motions. The latest phase of basin inversion acted in the Tunka rift in the second half of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, and the amount of uplift varied from a few tens to a few hundreds of meters. The highest 300 m uplift was in the Tor rift basin, as estimated from relative elevation of its ~55 ka sediments. In general, inversion uplift occurred over 40 % of the Tunka basin area (872 km2 of 2240 km2), and about 450 km2 of this uplift (49 % of the uplifted area or 20 % of the rift valley floor) grew by the Gobi-type mechanism. Quaternary sediments lie with a hiatus upon the Neogene strata in almost all sedimentary sections of basin margins, thus indicating that the deposition area reduced for a long period in the rift history and reached the former extent only in the earliest Late Pleistocene.

We present a new model of crustal deformation in the Pamir-Tien Shan region. There are two different ways of assessing the deformation: block and continuum modeling. In this study we adopt a continuum modeling approach, which is based on computation of the two-dimensional strain rate tensor field of the Earth’s crust. This approach allows independent computation of the deformation at any point of the computation grid by solving an over-constrained system of linear algebraic equations based on the linear term of the Taylor series expansion of any geoenvironment point velocity function about its radius-vector. We propose a detailed description of this method including a significance criterion introduced by the author for estimating the reliability of modeling results. We discuss the parameters of this deformation model for the Pamir-Tien Shan region, computed from the GPS velocity data measured at 506 sites of the Central Asian GPS network. The most distinctive features of the estimated strain field are N-S shortening of the largest basins in the Tien Shan and at the junction between the Pamir and Tien Shan, as well as the westward motion of the eastern and western boundaries of the Pamir relative to the Tarim plate and Tajik depression.

Ilmenite, apatite, monazite, aeshynite-(Y), zircon, baddeleyite, thorianite, uraninite, and copper-containing native gold have been revealed in specific magnetite-chlorite-carbonate rocks and chloritolites in the Karabash ultrabasic massif in the South Urals. Dolomite from the magnetite-chlorite-carbonate rocks are characterized by a rather uniform isotope composition (δ¹³С = -0.9 to -1.9‰, δ¹⁸О = 11.5-13.6‰, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.70422-0.70469) corresponding to a mixture of sources: marine limestones and mantle fluids. We determined the isotope compositions of antigorite from serpentinites (δD = -79.1 and -89.6‰, δ¹⁸O = 7.4 and 7.6‰), of chlorite from chloritolites (δD = -57.8‰, δ¹⁸O = 7.8‰), and of magnetite-chlorite-carbonate rocks (δD = -59.2 and -69.6‰, δ¹⁸O = 6.4 and 5.9‰). The latter probably formed by the mechanism of filling of the free space at 480-280 ºC, and chloritolites were developed after serpentinites. Oceanic serpentinites, gabbros, limestones, and mantle fluids can be considered the source of material during the formation of magnetite-chlorite-carbonate rocks. A comparative analysis of the latter and the massif rodingites (chlograpites) bearing copper-containing gold was carried out. The established common features of these types of rocks are the localization in zones of tectonic melange, the presence of chloritolite rims, geochemical specialization, thermal conditions of formation, and isotope parameters of minerals and fluids.

Experimental and methodological works were carried out by the thermomagnetic geochemical method (TMGM), one of geoelectrochemical methods, within the Svetlyi Bor platiniferous massif (Central Urals). We have analyzed the results of observation along two (search and test) profiles. The known distribution of platinum contents along the ditch in the test profile confirmed the effectiveness of the used method and made it possible to recognize the best indicators of platinum from the geoelectrochemical research data. The obtained results helped to reveal PGE-promising areas and suggested the presence of deep-seated “blind” orebodies.

Several metallogenic belts were earlier recognized by S.S. Smirnov in Transbaikalia rich in polymetallic endogenous mineralization. Despite the continuing geological and geophysical studies in the region, the borders of these belts are still hotly debatable. The results of geophysical and seismic tomographic studies in East Asia (where a stagnant oceanic slab was discovered in the mantle transition zone) and the location of highly productive ore-magmatic systems in the regional Earth’s crust testify to the spatial coincidence of the projection of the frontal part of the slab and the Dalainor-Gazimur-Olekma mineragenic zone. Most of large and superlarge ore nodes and fields with Au, Mo, U, Pb-Zn, Cu, and fluorite mineralization are localized in this zone. The difficult problem of mineragenic regionalization here can be solved by proving the probable influence of mantle fluid flows formed near the frontal part of the slab on the formation of highly productive ore-magmatic systems of the above zone oriented orthogonally to the earlier recognized belts. The experience gained during the comprehensive studies of minerageny not only in eastern Transbaikalia but also in other ore-bearing provinces can be used to choose ore-promising areas for prediction, prospecting, and assessment works.

A comprehensive study of water samples from the Medvezh’e, Yubileinoe, and Yamsoveiskoe oil-gas condensate fields was performed for the rapid identification of liquids from gas wells. The proportions of condensate, formation, and process waters in the produced mixture are assumed on the basis of their physicochemical parameters and chemical composition. Their dielectric parameters were studied at a frequency of 0.6 GHz. Dependences of the dielectric and radio emission parameters on the total salinity and concentrations of major cations have been established. Algorithms for identifying different types of well water based on their dielectric parameters are proposed.

The source spectra of M = 4.0-6.5 subduction earthquakes of 2011-2014 in Kamchatka are studied. The dataset comprises 1272 source spectra recovered from S waves of 372 earthquakes recorded by six digital rock-ground stations. The structure of the spectra is examined on the basis of a spectral model with three corner frequencies f_c1, f_c2 , and f_c3. It was assumed that the spectra behave as f ^-2 between f_c2 and f_c3, where f_c3 denotes source-controlled f _max after Aki and Gusev. To determine the corner frequencies, we extracted the source spectrum from S- wave spectra using a previously developed attenuation model for the study area. The spectra were first reduced to the reference hard-rock station, employing a specially determined set of spectral amplifications of stations. We approximated the recovered source spectrum by a piecewise power-law function, estimated f_c1, f_c2, and f_c3, and examined their dependence on the seismic moment M ₀ (i.e., scaling). The dependence f_c1 (M ₀) does not contradict the hypothesis of source similarity when one expects . For f_c2 and f_c3, the scaling is close to and , respectively, indicating a clear violation of the similarity, especially prominent for f_c3. Systematic identification of the frequency f_c3, its determination, and analysis of its scaling are the main results of the study, important for understanding the physics of earthquake source processes. The use of f_c3 as a source parameter in strong ground motion simulations will eliminate biases in estimating attenuation parameters, in particular, the spectral decay parameter «kappa».

A new method is suggested for calculation of transient electric-field response to conducting magnetically viscous earth excited by a grounded line source. Calculation algorithms are implemented in the computer program FwLL_MV. Using a conducting uniform, magnetically viscous half-space as an earth model, we have shown that magnetic relaxation affects the TEM response of equatorial and in-line arrays. As in the case of loop arrays, apparent resistivity steadily decreases with time. The higher the half-space resistivity and the shorter the offset, the earlier the voltage and the apparent resistivity begin to decrease as 1/ t . Magnetic relaxation and decay of eddy currents are independent processes within the range of resistivities typical of rocks.

We present results of the first research into the thermal regime of the water column of man-made Lake Atomic (Semipalatinsk test site) performed in 2013-2015. The temperature data have shown a two-layer stratification of the water column. In the upper layer (0-30 m) there are significant yearly temperature variations caused by seasonal climatic changes and wind-wave mixing. In the lower layer (30-80 m) there is a stable nonlinear temperature distribution. This lake can be classified as meromictic, whose upper layer consists of weakly mineralized «light» water and lower one, of highly mineralized «heavy» water. This stratification prevents seasonal mixing of waters of the entire column (from surface to bottom).

The study of cirrus clouds, which significantly affect the climate, is carried out using lidars. Interpretation of the lidar data is based on the direct solution of the problem of light scattering by particles of crystal clouds. Optical characteristics of perfect ice hexagonal columns, obtained previously, poorly agree with the lidar observation results. The work describes calculations of the optical characteristics of irregular hexagonal ice columns, which are in a good agreement with the experimental results. The calculations for particles with deformation of a dihedral angle of 90° are presented. It is shown that the logarithm of the scattering matrix can be well linearly approximated by the logarithm of the particle size. This can significantly speed up the calculations of the optical characteristics of clouds. It is ascertained that the optical characteristics are in a good agreement with the lidar observation results throughout the entire range of sizes calculated even at deformation angles of a few degrees.

The study shows the results of retrieving the fraction of quazi-horizontally oriented ice plates in a cirrus cloud of randomly oriented ice columns from the data of simultaneously sounding Raman lidar and ceilometer. It is show that in the case of absence of a layer of quasi-horizontally oriented particles the perpendicular and parallel components of the backscatter coefficient of vertically oriented Raman lidar coincide up to a constant factor with the backscatter coefficient of 5° inclined ceilometer. If quazi-horizontally oriented plates appear in a cloud, the fraction of the plates and the flutter angle can be retrieved from the difference of the backscattering coefficient profiles with help of the extinction coefficient profile.

Analytical equations are derived for the useful signal reflected from the rough surface of an object and the noise signal scattered (in the single-scattering approximation) by aerosol, which is between the transmitting-receiving system and the object, in the approximation of Gaussian distributions of the field of a partially coherent laser beam, coefficient of diffusion reflection from the object, phase scattering function of the atmosphere, and the receiving aperture transmission function. The ratio of these signals is calculated as a function of the distance to the object.

A technique is suggested for the joint consideration of turbulent (refraction) and aerosol (scattering) distortions when imaging laser illuminated objects. The technique is based on the joint solution of the parabolic equation and the radiation transfer equation by the split-step method. Turbulent distortions are simulated with the common phase screen method. The aerosol scattering simulation is based on the division of the object-observer distance to a certain number of statistically independent scattering layers, for each of which coherent (for forward scattering) and incoherent (for forward and back scattering) components of the scattered field are formed in the single-scattering approximation. The results of simulation of coherent and incoherent images of a laser radiation illuminated object are presented.

The article justifies the importance of determination of the assessment indicators of the financial condition of an organization from the perspective of internal management and control, the methods of determination of their threshold values are suggested. The examples of calculation of the threshold values on the basis of the official statistical data on small and medium-sized business entities in Russia are considered at the industry level.

The formation of the regions of Russia as international tourist destinations over the next 7-10 years meets the state interests, actualizing the analysis of the relevant prerequisites. A hypothesis, according to which a significant prerequisite for formation of the international tourist destination in a region is being created under sustainable growth of investment in hospitality area, is justified theoretically. The analysis of the statistical data on the amount of investment in basic capital of the hotels and restaurants in the regions of Russia during 2010-2015 (at 2010 values) made it possible to establish that this prerequisite is not enough in our country due to chaotic nature of investment and lack of the regions where the amount of investment would increase constantly. At that, the regions where investment is problematic and even catastrophic are revealed. The state policy regarding tourist and hospitality industry in the regions requires optimization so that the amount of investment will grow sustainably to provide high quality services for foreign tourists in prospect.

The article considers the interrelations of all participants of the investment process with a direct investment fund, as well as accompanying issues and conflicts of interest at every stage of functioning of the fund. The analysis of the process made it possible to reveal the fundamental principles, which should be followed by a managing company in interaction with an investor and portfolio company, as well as to define the reasons of occurrence of the conflict of interest during investment through a direct investment fund.

The study is aimed at an empirical assessment of economic growth sustainability of the metallurgical industry in Russia. The author has systematized the main approaches to assessing of economic growth sustainability. An estimation algorithm based on unified objective statistical data. The advantages of that method are availability of indicators, the simplicity and complexity, using this tool for any industries. The results of the study show us the low quality (instability) of the economic growth of the metallurgical industry in Russia. This fact we can explain macroeconomic shocks and the poor strategy of the industry. We also defined that the Russian metallurgy at the current stage of development is in a situation of a «profit trap». It situation is characterized by a short-term effect.

The article describes the features of the calculation of the integral evaluation of technological structures in the coal industry with the use of economic-mathematical methods and empirical data on the working coal industry enterprises. The tendencies of innovative technical and economic development, which are currently characterized by technological heterogeneity of the sector, moral and physical deterioration of equipment, a high level of use in the production process of outdated technologies have been determined. Taking into account all sorts of uncertainty, low-contrast, incompleteness and inaccuracy of exogenous industry operating parameters for the assessment of technological structures. The mathematical apparatus of fuzzy factors theory has been used.

Need of search of internal reserves of social and economic development of the Russian Federation at the interregional level is proved. Division of the territory of the Russian Federation into macroregions (the economic region, federal districts) is studied, at the same time the conclusion is drawn on what from the economic and legal points of view it is optimum to attract to identification of reserves of development at the interregional level of association of economic interaction of regions of the Russian Federation (AEV). Activity of the operating AEV is analysed, conclusions are drawn on factors of success of AEV and on spheres where interregional cooperation is most effective.

Foreign trade for Tajikistan is an important factor in solving many economic and social problems in particular, as at present, and in the long run. The main task of the state in this area is to create the legal, institutional and other conditions for the development of the country’s exports and improving its efficiency. This article is devoted to the analysis and improvement of the regulatory and institutional support export activities of the Republic of Tajikistan.

A complex analysis of the main indicators characterizing the availability of the infrastructure designed for service of the bank cardholders in the Novosibirsk region is presented. An analysis of the main indicators characterizing functioning of bank cards in the regions (quantity and volume of transactions in dynamics) is carried out. The key issues restraining the growth rate of non-cash bank card transactions are revealed and considered.

A linear model of optimal control for the marketing of a homogeneous product is considered. The process of production and promotion of the product for the manufacturing firm is divided into two consecutive periods; the first one is devoted to production, while the second one - to the sale of the product. The activities of the firm during these periods (and, consequently, the mathematical description of its activities) are significantly different. The state variables of the model are given by variables characterizing intangible assets (both consumers and sellers), called «goodwills». The firm seeks to maximize profits, subject to not less than a predetermined period of goodwill at the end of the sales level.

This article deals with the problems of factor analysis of the organization’s total risk index. Our task was to perform the decomposition of this index into a sum of three factors - operational, non-operating and financial risks. Risks were measured with the use of appropriate indicators of the effects of leverage. The factor analysis of the cumulative risk is based on an equiprobable scheme. The method has been tested on four organizations for different time intervals. With the use of the tool of exponential smoothing we attempted to predict the changes in the target index and in factors.

The article considers the issue (relevant to forensic financial and economic examination) of the necessity of obtaining a categorical conclusion regarding a summary economic indicator upon availability of its multiple assessments, caused by different variants of initial data and calculation methods. The solution of the issue by means of the theory of statistical games is suggested and the method of obtaining a categorical conclusion upon availability of multiple assessments is justified. The application of the method is demonstrated by the example of the forensic examination of actuarial calculations.

Financing of economic growth and economic development at the subfederal level, due to the limited financial resources, is considered, the regularity of the formation of a new financial instrument - rational financing is justified. The concept of rational financing has been formed from the scientific and practical points of view. A methodology for determining the rationality of subfederal level financing is proposed. A factorial model of the allocation of financial resources was developed and tested, and the regions and federal districts were typologized from the standpoint of rational financing of economic growth.

In the article constructs the criterion (test) that allows us to check the hypothesis on the homogeneity and independence of sampling elements of random variables having the continuous distribution. The constructed criterion is exact and, in contrast to the various criteria of the series, does not require the imposition of conditions on the sample size and conditions for the moments of random variables. The criterion does not depend on the distribution of the observed random variables and can be applied, including, for samples of small volume. This test is suitable for testing the hypothesis of homogeneity and independence of perturbations (errors) of regression models. Authors describe the methodology for applying the developed criterion for revealing the structural shifts observed in time series. The structural shift in 2008 is revealed in study of the dynamics of the Russian Federation gross domestic product in the period from 2000 to 2008 years.

Energetic polymers containing nitro, nitrato, and azido groups release high energy during combustion and thereby increase the performance of the systems. A number of energetic polymers have been found suitable for use as binders in high-performance propellant and explosive formulations. This review describes the synthetic aspects and applications of various modern energetic polymers for explosive formulations and propellants.

The structure of a premixed flame of syngas (H₂/CO/O₂/Ar = 0.0667/0.0667/0.0667/0.8) of stoichiometric composition stabilized on a flat burner at a pressure of 5 atm was studied experimentally and by numerical simulation. The chemical-kinetic mechanisms for the oxidation of a H₂/CO mixture proposed in the literature. Good agreement was found between the results of the experiment and simulation. Calculations of the flame structure of the same composition at a pressure of 1 and 10 atm were performed to establish the effect of the pressure on the chemical reaction kinetics in the syngas flame. The results were explained by kinetic analysis of the mechanisms.

A mathematical model, laboratory setup description, and results of a numerical-experimental study of specific features of an unsteady two-phase flow of the air-ethanol fuel composition in the duct of a resonance gas-dynamic system (RGS) are presented. The basic specific features of ignition of the fuel mixture in the resonance cavity are detected. The conditions of ignition are determined, and the ignition delay time of the fuel composition in the RGS is estimated. The data obtained in this study can be used for modeling physical and chemical processes and for choosing liquid fuel injection modes satisfying the conditions of ignition of two-phase fuel mixtures in the RGS.

A new chemical reactor network model is developed to predict the emission of nitrogen oxides in an industrial combustion chamber operating on liquefied petroleum gas. The boundary conditions and operating parameters used for this model are typical operating conditions of an industrial combustion chamber. The global mechanism is developed by GRI-MECH 3.0 in the UW code. The model predictions are compared with experimental data. The chemical reactor network model provides an accurate estimation of nitrogen oxide emission.

This paper describes the model of the propagation of solid-phase exothermic reaction in a layer between inert materials with various thermal and physical properties. The model is implemented numerically. The relationships between the ignition time and the model parameters, as well as the behavior of some energy characteristics under various conditions in time (heat reserve in the heated layer and excess of enthalpy). The influence of the thermal and physical properties of inert materials on the temperature distribution in the sample in stationary and nonstationary regimes is demonstrated.

On the basis of the previously proposed model, the values of the self-diffusion coefficient of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H₂, D₂, N₂, O₂, CO₂, NH₃, and CH₄ The previously proposed model is used to determine the values of the coefficient self-diffusion He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H₂, D₂, N₂, O₂, CO₂, NH₃, and CH₄ in the liquid and dense gaseous states, which were compared with the experimental data obtained at a pressure ≈200 MPa and a temperature ≈500 K. The calculations are carried out with the use of the state equation of these substances in the form of a modified Van der Waals model. The self-diffusion model was generalized for the case of mutual diffusion in binary mixtures, which is based on the modified model of the Van der Waals state equation for mixtures. The model coefficient of mutual diffusion for a great number of binary mixtures of the above-mentioned individual substances is determined, and the results are compared with the known data. Without special calibration for the experiment, the model correctly predicts the relationship of the self-diffusion and mutual diffusion coefficients (with their change by several orders of magnitude in the case where the density changes from gaseous to liquid) with both pressure and temperature. For most substances considered in the paper, the maximum deviations of calculations from the experiment do not exceed 30-50%.

Results of modeling propagation of a shock wave formed by an explosion of a spherical charge of a high explosive in a semi-infinite space bounded by a plane substrate are reported. Problems of the action of such a wave on objects rigidly fixed on the substrate (single prism and a set of prisms simulating an urban area) are considered. The computations are performed in a three-dimensional inviscid formulation with the use of the AUTODYN module of the commercial software package ANSYS. These numerical predictions are compared with experimental data on the static pressure in sensors mounted on the prism walls. A possibility of providing an adequate description of the unsteady flow pattern formed around the obstacles mounted on the substrate is demonstrated. Based on these numerical data, the intensity of the shock wave action on various objects is estimated.

The problem of interaction of an expanding spherical shock wave with a layer of particles is considered within the framework of the model of mechanics of continuous media with due allowance for granular pressure in the dense gas suspensions. The influence of particle collisions on the shock wave expansion process is analyzed. Generation of collision pressure and formation of shock wave structures in the gas suspension are found to be the governing factors of motion of the cloud of particles at the initial stage.

The influence of mineral additives (6.2-70% and water (15-54% to lignite on the possibility of its burning in an air flow in a continuous detonation regime in a radial vortex combustor 500 mm in diameter is studied. A syngas with a composition CO + 3H₂ is used for transporting the coal mixture and for promoting the chemical reaction. It is shown that regimes of continuous spin detonation, conventional combustion, and pulsed combustion may occur depending on the amounts of the mineral (TiO₂) added to coal, water, and syngas. The boundaries between the domains of existence of detonation and combustion are determined in the coordinates of the ratio of the syngas flow rate to the rate of consumption of the combustible portion of coal and the mineral component of coal and water. It is seen that the continuous spin detonation regime persists if the mineral additive fraction in the lignite mixture is up to 65% and the water fraction is smaller than 30%. It is also demonstrated that the syngas flow rate should be increased with increasing mineral additive fraction and increasing coal humidity in order to ensure burning of the combustible component of syngas.

The detonation properties of mechanically activated mixtures of ammonium perchlorate and aluminum were studied. The transition from combustion of low-density charges to detonation was investigated. Dependences of the detonation velocity of compacted charges with various types of aluminum on the activation time, the charge density and diameter were obtained. For compositions with nanosized aluminum, the detonation velocity was found to depend nonmonotonically on the reverse charge diameter, remaining almost unchanged in a certain range of charge diameters. It is shown that the joint use of mechanical activation and nanosized components of the composite explosive significantly increases the detonation capacity, reduces the critical diameter, and shifts the maximum on the detonation velocity vs. density curve to the highest charge densities.

This paper describes the problem of the behavior of a mixture of small graphite particles with water in the conditions of shock-wave action at a pressure of 32 GPa and a temperature of up to 1200-1600 K. Graphite particles at these pressures and temperatures are capable of transforming into cubic diamonds or at least into their hexagonal form that is lonsdaleite. It is shown that, for sufficiently small graphite particles of the order of 1 m, their mixture with water for about 10  m can heat up to the above-mentioned temperatures and undergo phase transformation, remain in those conditions for about 50 ms, and then efficiently cool down during the next 50s to the temperatures below 300 K, while remaining in the diamond phase.

X-ray diffraction of particle fluxes formed by shaped charges with a combined steel liner consisting of a hemisphere and a cylinder with a hemispherical part of degressive thickness (decreasing from top to bottom). It has been found experimentally that the transition from a constant to a degressive thickness of the hemispherical part increases the velocity of the head portion of the jet flow of the liner material formed during its compression, which is subsequently cut off during collapse of the cylindrical part. The maximum velocity of the particles obtained as a result of <cutoffs> in experiments was 8.6 km/s.

Analytical formulas are obtained for calculating the limiting penetration velocity of two-layer cermet and ceramic-organoplastic targets that take into account the structural characteristics of the target and the physical and mechanical properties of the impactor and target materials. Using these formulas, the ballistic stability of targets were studied, and the possibility of optimizing their structure was shown. Received the results agree qualitatively with available experimental data. The optimal relative thickness of the ceramic layer which provides the maximum penetration velocity was determined in the range of the surface density of the target 30-50 kg/m² for different substrate materials. It turned out that these velocity values depend weakly on the surface density of the target and are mainly determined by the properties of the substrate material.