Home – Home – Jornals – Scientific journal “Vestnik NSUEM” 2017 number 2

The article analyzes the existing system managing the regional and municipal development. It is shown that for many years this administration system has exhibited its inability to ensure the implementation of periodically stated strategic objectives for the development of the Russian economy and the execution of regional policy. The evidence for the current system's ineffectiveness is an almost complete absence of positive results in achieving these objectives and executing the defined priorities of economic development in regions and municipalities. We give the rationale for an integral institutional system to manage the strategic development of a region and its municipalities, providing means for designing necessary planning and forecasting documents and their further implementation. The administration system is presented as a set of interconnected mandatory subsystems, which include organizational structures (an insti-utional system), planning and forecasting documents, and a control mechanism (instruments of impact). We identify problems that the existing administration system is unable to resolve or solves ineffectively. The article also assesses the role that an institutional administration system plays in designing and carrying out strategic directions of region socio-economic development and provides recommendations on how to create an institutional system to manage the development of a region and its municipalities. We propose directions on forming an integral system to manage regional and municipal development, as well as present the basic elements of the state and municipal administration mechanism under the new conditions of socio-economic development that may serve as a foundation for advancing metho-do-ogical and methodical aspects of regional administration in the Russian Federation.

The paper considers three methods for estimating the security levels of the country and its regions. The work is timely and important as a response to several strategic documents on transport, economic, food, and information security recently adopted in the Russian Federation. Our analysis of methods used in practical calculations of security levels is built according to the following scheme. First, we fixate an object which security is to be estimated, then define the main notions used by the method developers and determine indicators applied in estimation. Finally, we discuss ways to normalize these indicators and formulas to calculate an integral indicator that would generalize a group of indicators or the indicators of an object as a whole, and show their advantages and disadvantages. The conclusion is made that all the considered approaches can be helpful in estimating the levels of economic security of Russia and its federal subjects. Their comparison allowed identifying the main assessment stages, which are as follows: determination of a set of initial indicators, their quantification, normalization, calculation of the generalizing indicators for groups of normalized indicators, subjects of the Russian Federation, and the whole country.

The article analyzes changes in the spatial distribution of regional banks and branches of Moscow and regional banks in Russia over the period of2000-2016. It has been established that the differences in bank concentration around the subjects of the Russian Federation are related to their institutional characteristics and not only to their economic potential. We provide the results of a quantitative evaluation of the effect that these factors exert on the dynamics of the number of regional banks and branches of banks. The calculations also show that the localization of regional banks and branches of Moscow banks varies by periods: from 2000 to 2009 and from 2010 till present. Before 2009, regional banks were more numerous in regions with republican status, relatively independent regional authorities, and prominent national and ethnic characteristics; they based their operations on the local labor market and educational potential of the population. Since 2010, the local institutional environment has become worse at protecting the regional banking network from Moscow banks. Republican status and local conditions no longer hamper the expansion of Moscow banking networks as much as they used to before.

Based on price levels (cost-of-living indices) across Russian cities, the article computes regional price levels relative to the Russian average over 2009-2015. A regional price level is defined as a weighted average over region's cities where there is a statistical observation of consumer prices. Shares of the population in relevant cities (as at the beginning of year) serve as the weights. We compare the obtained results with approximate estimates of regional price levels that are applied in many publications. These estimates are based on the cost of the fixed basket of goods and services for cross-regional comparison of consumer purchasing power. The comparison makes it possible to conclude that the approximate method provides an adequate accuracy, as 90% ofdeviations fall into the range of ±5%. Regional price levels obtained are applied to estimating real (i.e. comparable between regions) incomes per capita relative to the national average over 2009-2015.

The article considers the task of restoring economic growth in the Siberian Federal District (the SFD). It is shown that for the most indicators the regions in this area have worsened their positions over the period between 2014 and 2016. The district's shares in the regional structures ofproduced GRP, level of employment, and estimated fixed assets decreased. An emerging issue is a decline in the technological level of the industry. Local consumer market and investment in fixed assets experience greater losses than the rest of Russia. Having analyzed the dynamics ofpublic debt and deficits of federal subjects' consolidated budgets, we conclude that the SFD regions do not have sufficient financial resources for effective policy actions to stimulate economic growth. The article gives recommendations on how to reduce the impact of the existing negative trends in different economic areas.

The article presents the results of research on the development and application of methodological tools for an integrated assessment of the impact that a large-scale infrastructure project has on the development of the regional and national economy. The methodological framework of this study is a combination of two major areas of analysis and evaluation of project efficiency: project analysis techniques and methodological approaches to studying the economy in view of spatial and cross-sectoral aspects while using an interregional input-output optimization model (OMMM). When assembled, these areas provide an estimate of indirect project efficiency, as well as obtain results in terms of the main macroeconomic indicators at the national and macro-regional levels. We present the results of calculations carried out for the first time on a real project with reliable information in the framework of suggested approach to estimate the public efficiency of infrastructure projects. The article introduces a comprehensive assessment of the impact of ESPO-2 on the economy of Russia and the Far Eastern Federal District with regard to redistri-butive and indirect effects resulting from the project.

The article examines changes in fertility that took place in the regions and federal districts of Russia between 1990 and 2014. To estimate the changes, we used the b-convergence and the s-convergence. Over the period under review, differences at the regional level increased and then decreased again due to the socio-economic peculiarities of Russia's development. At the federal districts level, the overall situation was similar except for less variation. There were no significant convergence models for the Ural and Siberian federal districts; the regions of the Northwestern and Volga federal districts were diverging; in other federal districts, the regions were converging. Although demographic policies greatly affected population behavior, we recognize a need for additional measures aimed at reducing differences between regions because of «clubs» of regions forming on fertility basis, which may have a negative impact on the socio-economic development of Russia. The article concludes with recommendations concerning the state demographic policy, namely for developing measures meant to change reproductive intentions in low-fertility regions.

The paper analyzes the changes in the spatial distribution of population in Yakutia between 1897 and 2015; the considered indicators are the urban and rural population, the density of population in urban and rural settlements, and the impact of activity types on the settlement system. The quantitative estimations for the level and dynamics of the spatial concentration of population are based on the Theil index. We discover differences in the dynamics of population concentration and characteristics of the settlement system throughout the periods of region's development. Market relations have redirected the spatial structure of economic activity in Yakutia, despite a series of constraints resulting from climate, economic, and national factors. The transformation of the settlement system in Yakutia is heterogeneous: the population in cities tends to concentrate which leads to urban agglomerations, while rural settlements demonstrate a trend towards size convergence.

The article discusses the relevance of studying competitive cooperation of territories, reveals its essence, prerequisites, and major ways of formation, as well as emerging difficulties and contradictions. Competitive cooperation of territories is supported by business representatives, public authorities, and the academic community, as illustrated by the results of sociological research. We define and rank the factors that initiate and intensify territorial cooperation in a competitive economy; at the same time, we name the ones that hinder its development. Based on the study findings, territories are ready for some self-restrictions during cooperation in the prospect of reaching a consensus. The article describes possible positive and negative effects of competitive cooperation, determines the most preferred and most promising actions for its establishment. We identify the fundamental characteristic properties of competitive cooperation and give recommendations on how to include them in its development. The article proposes examples depicting real promising projects of competitive cooperation in the Ural Federal District and particularly in Sverdlovsk Oblast.

The article analyzes the development of large companies in Siberian regions as elements of regional innovation systems, on the one hand, and as elements of sectoral innovation systems, on the other. It evaluates the interrelation between the companies' innovation activity and their operational efficiency. We test a hypothesis that innovative companies are more efficient than non-innovative ones. Characteristics related to the innovative development of large companies are partially responsible for their performance: only intra-innovation environment plays an important role, while neither regional nor sectoral innovation environments determine the efficiency of large companies. Such companies may consider innovation activity as a means to improve performance, although they are poorly integrated into regional and sectoral innovation systems.

The article describes the main spatial transformations in the Northwestern macro-region of Russia during the post-Soviet period. The St. Petersburg metropolitan area and the Finnish-Russian border area served as an empirical polygon of the study. An analysis of the spatial structure of the St. Petersburg area revealed the city's still undeveloped land market. This fact hinders further deep restructuring and modernization of the urban environment in accordance with the principles of the most European cities. Common features for the Finnish-Russian border area development are as follows: to include border zones in the system of international cross-border transport corridors; to create new multilateral automobile border-crossing points; to build new roads and reconstruct the existing transport routes.

The article discusses the possibilities of using crowdsourcing in the regional management system. It features crowdsourcing practices and benefits that contribute to better governance. We analyze the results of a survey on the region residents' attitude towards the prospects of using crowdsourcing. The survey respondents were experts already familiar with the technology of introducing crowdsourcing in business operations, as well as citizens of Barnaul, Altai Krai. We elaborate on the examples of crowdsourcing application, highlight its particularities, and specify a designated use area. Based on respondents' self-assessments, it is demonstrated that in the immediate future this technology will develop through organizing crowdsourcing mini-projects (in the form of crowdfunding), involving the generations born after 1983 and 2003 in crowd-sourcing, and engaging the leading universities in crowdsourcing activities as providers of crowdsourcing participants from among students. We conclude that despite the demand for crowdsourcing, there exist many problems that hinder its use in addressing social and state challenges.

The article analyzes the Mongolian projects to regulate streamflow in the Selenga River transboundary basin. It rationalizes a program aimed at evaluating probable consequences of streamflow regulation for Russia's territory. These estimates consider the needs to maintain the safety of Lake Baikal and the Selenga River transboundary basin, meet demands of water users and consumers in Russia and Mongolia under different water availability conditions. The obtained results will help to prepare science-based proposals for mutually beneficial use of transboundary water resources and to articulate a science-based position of the Russian Federation on this issue in international negotiations.

The article proposes an approach to considering quantitative relationships between population morbidity and the state of the natural environment around large thermal power plants. By exercising this approach with data from the Lesosibirsk industrial hub in the Lower Angara region, we managed to establish quantitative relationships between morbidity of child population and the factors affecting it. The article constructs hazardous substances dispersion maps that depend on climatic conditions, the location of production facilities, and characteristics of emissions in the area under study. Variant calculations carried out to determine the concentrations of hazardous substances in the territory, with due regard to the changed conditions for the purification of thermal power plant emissions, made it possible to conclude that it would be inexpedient to build a TPP of a given capacity in the Lower Angara region because of a possible increase in the incidence of upper respiratory tract diseases in children (up to 260-280 cases per 1,000 inhabitants a year).

The article analyzes the social and spatial segregation of the city on a status basis from the perspective of the residential market. We use housing cost and prestige as indicators. The analysis methodology is built upon a combination of the cartographic method and an expert survey of real estate market specialists. We distinguish territorial clusters as fairly dense areas of Novosibirsk usually with residential houses of the same kind, relatively homogeneous in housing cost and prestige. Based on the analysis of the market for new residential construction, we describe the types of territorial clusters that differ in housing cost and prestige. The article also examines the ways to maintain residential homogeneity within territories.

The article suggests a methodical approach to corporate strategic decisions aimed at gap elimination in the processes of creating value for consumers and extracting value for company's stockholders. Within the framework of this approach, we design a strategic value creation/extraction matrix that classifies problematic situations typical for different stages of corporate development and determines adequate ways of value management. Approach verification is based on examining business operations of 40 high-tech companies in Novosibirsk.

The article shows the problem of the standard theory of real investment efficiency evaluation (TRIEE). The standard TRIEE does not describe the important economic fact and does not correspond to the principle of simplicity. It means TRIEE doesn’t able estimate and compare efficiency of investment with different parameters (sum of investment, its period, its NPV). The relationship between the TRIEE and the value based management theory (VBM) is shown. The solution of the TRIEE problem is described - a new method for assessing the effectiveness of various-parameter real investments. It is substantiated that the use of this method allows to maximize the company value. Other tasks that can be solved with the help of the new method are shown.

The fundamental properties and principles characterizing the functioning of economic systems are presented, as the initial knowledge and challenges for the development of a robust governance model that provides protection against the destabilizing factors generated by uncertainty. The concept of introduction of robust governance economic systems is stated. New knowledge about creation of robust stability of open systems is deduced. Disclosed, as carriers of uncertainty, types of business situations. Generalized mathematical structures in the application to the knowledge of uncertainty. A typology is proposed as a generalized representation of the characteristics determining the levels of the display of uncertainty in the process of cognition of this phenomenon.

The article reveals the essential characteristics, key features of public-private partnership, its role in the social and economic development of the state. A comparative analysis of the specifics, approaches and forms of implementation of public-private partnership in the Russian Federation and foreign countries is carried out. On the basis of the analysis, restrictions on the development of public-private partnership in the Russian Federation are singled out, as well as directions for intensifying the implementation of public-private partnership projects in the Russian Federation.

The article contains the analysis of efficiency of Russian antimonopoly law norms, which specify the rules for detecting the dominant position, based on the approach towards the assessment of antimonopoly regulation institutes. It was shown on the example of wholesale electricity market and the oil-refining industry that current legislations’ criteria don’t allow to identify the possibility of economic entities to determinate market conditions. In such situation costs of market agents and antimonopoly authority are increased.

The point at issue is history of how science came to a conclusion of statistical nature of regularities of mass phenomena, of statistical dependence, of statistical process, of, more simply, our living in a statistical world. One must know it at least on trivial and intuitive level. Mankind has been facing the fact for a long time, but a clear and sensible concept of nature of statistical regularities of nature and society makes it possible to control various processes, technology and even own life behavior more competently.

The article suggests an outline of analysis of dynamics and interrelations of productivity and remuneration of labor, making it possible to reveal the impact of various structural changes on variation of absolute and relative gain of their mean values. The comparison with the outline of analysis of absolute and relative gain suggested by other authors is made, their reducedness to each other is shown, the similarities and differences in the regularities of formation of absolute and relative gain productivity of labor and salary are revealed. The calculations of interrelations of the levels of economic development of the regions and salary in the regions are made, the conditions of formation of the salary level of the engaged in a certain activity are analyzed.

The article deals with the problem of forecasting the economic risks of the organization, measured by the corresponding indicators of the effects of leverage. The cyclic nature of these indices is considered. For the study of repeated regularities, an algorithm is proposed for describing the time sequence of the studied indicators through a system of harmonic oscillatory processes as a result of the addition of independent periodic oscillatory processes that differ in the period of the complete cycle when the amplitude and the time shift of each oscillatory process are taken into account. The method is approved at three organizations, at different time intervals.

A hypothesis is put forward that the boundaries of informativeness of the current intellectual property accounting concept can be extended by the development of the accounting methodology based on multiple interests of users of financial reporting and possibility of various interpretations of economic events in the course of accounting reconstruction proceeding from the accepted theoretical concepts. The need for verification of the hypothesis via a conceptual model of intellectual property accounting is argued. The author defines and justifies the notion, types of the conceptual model and its building stages; the analysis of its main elements and relations between them is carried out; the functions of the developed conceptual model are examined and described from the perspective of theory and practice.

The article is devoted to explanation of the double entry methodology in the balance accounting theory by A.P. Rudanovsky, which is a synthesis of three independent schools of accounting - single entry bookkeeping, logismography and single entry cameral bookkeeping. An attempt to explain the essence of the double entry via the mathematical theory of complex numbers is considered.

The article considers a periodization of process of management accounting evolution based on main socio-economic factors of origin and development of management accounting. There are the three groups of factors. First group includes factors of productive human activities, a production systems and technologies, the second one consists factors of forms and systems of social relation, the third group deals with factors of economic development, and the forth group reflects a development of social sciences. This study also systematizes the main fields of theory and a practice of management accounting, developing under the influence of these groups of factors.

We present a review of the modern information on palaeolimnological investigations in Russian part of Northern Eurasia. The results from the north-western part of the European Russia are presented in more details because this part of the country is better studied by palaeolimnological methods. Conditions of lacustrine sediment deposition around the Late Pleistocene/Holocene boundary are discussed together with the role of different external factors in formation of chemical composition of lake sediments, including such factors as volcanic activity and large meteorite impacts. Results of major paleoclimatic and paleoecological reconstructions across the northern Siberia are presented. A special attention is paid to the databases of biotic and abiotic parameters of the lakes as аn important basis for the reconstructions of climatic and ecological changes during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene

The macro-entomological method deals mostly with terrestrial species of insects that have hard exoskeleton (Coleoptera, some Hymenoptera and Homoptera, and sometimes other Orders). The method shows great potential in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions of Quaternary in the world and in Siberia in particular. However the review of scientific publications shows that the fossil insects from Siberia are studied unevenly in different regions. The most studied sites are located in the north and in the middle parts of Western Siberia and in the northern-east of Eastern Siberia. The rest of Siberia is still almost unstudied. The main purpose of this paper is to present the macro-entomological method (sampling, laboratory treatment, applications) to a wide community of researches. In many cases insects enable more accurate paleoreconstructions than traditional paleobotanical methods. The macro-entomological method is especially effective in recognition of differences in superficially monotonous grassland communities which are typical for cold periods of Pleistocene.

We investigated chironomid fauna of surface sediments and a short sediment core (lake Bolshoy Kharbey) from Pechora river basin, Northern Russia. Twenty three investigated lakes have thermokarst, glacial or floodplain origin and are characterised by low mineralization, mostly hydrocarbon-calcium type of water and low concentration of biogenic elements. Most of the lakes have circumneutral pH around >7 and only two lakes are slightly more acidic with pH > 6. In the modern sediments we identified 96 chironomid taxa. Distribution of chironomids in the studied region is driven by continentality, mean T _July and рН. Chironomid communities from the core of the B. Kharbey lake demonstrate the highest similarity with the fauna of the deeper lakes of the glacial origin. The glacial lakes have the highest indices of continentality and the lowest winter temperatures within the investigated data set. The chironomid fauna of the glacial lakes is composed of the profundal, oligotrophic and cold-stenotherm taxa. The fauna of the floodplain and thermokarst lakes is more closely related to T _July and is composed of littoral and phytophilic taxa of meso- or eutrophic waters and moderate temperature conditions. The fauna of the acidic thermokarst lakes considerably differs from the other lakes. Chironomid communities here are represented by acidophilous taxa, and by the littoral and shallow water acid-tolerant taxa, that apparently, also can tolerate acidification. Studied sediment record covers ca last 250 years. The reconstructed T _July during the entire period remain slightly below the modern temperatures. From 1970 reconstructed T _July shows steady increase. The reconstructed water depths (WDs) of the lake are higher than today till 1980. The highest WDs are reconstructed for ca 1970. After that the WDs gradually decrease to the modern level. Changes of the WDs are most probably related to changes in the precipitation rate.

We studied a sediment core from the lake Khatanga-12 (Taimyr Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk region). The core is 131.5 cm long and covers ca of 7100 years of sedimentation. In this study we performed a chironomid analysis, made a qualitative reconstruction of the paleoenvironment in the region and quantitative reconstructions of mean-July air temperature and lake water depth using Russian regional statistical chironomid-based models [Nazarova et al., 2008, 2011, 2015]. The lake was formed during the mid-Holocene warming as a result of thermokarst processes. Development of the ecosystem of the lake Khatanga-12 was influenced by climatic factors and cryolithogenic processes. Mid-Holocene warming around 7100-6500 cal. yrs BP activated thermokarst processes and resulted in formation of the lake basin. Cooling was reconstructed between 6500 and 4500 cal. yrs BP. The sediments of the lake during this period have been formed by erosion processes of the lake banks. After 2500 cal. yrs BP reconstructed conditions are close to modern.

The article presents results of a comprehensive geochronological study of gyttja sediments from a profile located on a terrace above flood-plain on the right bank of the Ob River near Kolpashevo Town. The Th/U dating of the gittya yielded in ages in the range of 110-95 kyr. The results of the spore-pollen analysis suggest that the gyttja layer was formed in widespread middle taiga forest landscapes, with a dominance of spruce and that the climatic conditions were similar to modern. We assume that gyttja was formed in the interstadial time during MIS-5c or at the end of the Kazantsevo interglacial during the MIS-5e.

We present results of taxonomic and ecological investigation of diatoms from polygonal ponds and Quaternary permafrost deposits of the Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island and a reconstruction of climatic changes on the island during Late Pleistocene/Holocene transition using fossil diatom assemblages from the permafrost deposits. The taxonomic list of diatoms includes 159 species. Main ecological factors, driving the distribution of diatoms in the investigated area are mean July air temperature, рН, conductivity, water depth, and concentrations of Si⁴⁺ and Al³⁺. Rise of the water depth and formation of stable lacustrine conditions in the ancient thermokarst lake was related to climate amelioration and took place in the Late Pleistocene before 11860 ± 160 yrs BP and during the early Holocene between 11210 ± 160 and 7095 ± 60 yrs BP.

The paper presents the results of palynological analysis of fourty surface samples collected from the various geomorphological levels such as low and high floodplains, surfaces and slopes of terraces, tops of island remnants, etc. from different parts of the Lena River Delta. The obtained spore-pollen spectra (SPS) were compared to the modern vegetation. We studies the role of the long distance transported pollen and of the pollen from the local plant biocenosis in formation of the subrecent SPS. The modern vegetation is most adequately reflected in the SPS of the samples collected from the higher altitudes that range from 11 to 52 m above river level (a.r.l.). The SPS of the other samples contain up to 40 % of the long distance transported pollen (mostly Pinus s/g Haploxylon) . This results in a significant decrease in the share of the local pollen in the SPS. Our results will help to improve the reliability of palaeoclimatic reconstructions based on palaeopalynological data in Arctic regions.

Results of complex investigation of deposits from the dune massifs - tukulans Mahatta and Kysyl-Syr from the Vilyui river basin (Central Yakutia) are presented. On the basis of lithological and palynological data, and also on 17 radiocarbon dates, we reconstructed the structure of tukulans, performed a preliminary reconstruction of their development in the Vilyui river basin and of the environmental conditions during the chronological interval of their formation: Late Pleistocene - Holocene. We found that tukulans represent an aeolian type of deposits lying on sedimentary layers of a complex facial structure. Development of the vegetation during the last 40 thousand years can be divided into four stages; development of the tukulans is represented by three chronostratigraphical phases.

The paper presents results of the cladoceran analysis of a 382 cm long lake sediment core, collected from a pingo in the alas Khara Bulgunnyakh in Central Yakutia. According to the Cladocera analysis the formation of the lake coincided with the Holocene climatic optimum ~6600 cal. yrs BP. Using cluster analysis we identified four statistically significant ecological zones that are based on changes in species composition of the subfossil cladoceran communities. The period of optimal conditions for Cladoceran is characterized by complex community structures and numerous cladoceran remains in sediments, which accumulated between 6500 and 6000 cal. yrs BP. The development of the thermokarst water body was rapid and its existence was short, amounting at a total of ~800 years.

The article presents the first high resolution geochemical and pollen records from sediments of the Lake Baunt (55'11'15" N and 113'01'45" E), located within the continuous permafrost zone. Those records were used to obtain the first reconstructions of the environment and climate of the north Buryatia including the weathering conditions in the catchment area in the post-optimal time of Holocene. Over the last 7000 years the environment and climate on the north-east of Buryatia were heterogeneous. A relatively warm and dry climate was reconstructed for the end of the Holocene Climatic Optimum between 6900 and 6000 yrs BP. Later at about 6000-1500/1000 yrs BP the climate became colder that might have led to weakening of chemical weathering processes at more intense permafrost processes. The climate over the last 1500-1000 yrs BP was colder than today. The calculated environmental indices show different values in sediments of relatively warm and relatively cold intervals and reflect sedimentation conditions that have been controlled by climatic changes.

We reconstructed environmental changes that took place during the development of the Izyubrinye Solontsy Lake that belongs to the Solontsovskie (Shanduyskie) lake system located in the midlands of the Eastern Sikhote-Alin. Lakes were formed by landslides from the paleovolcano slopes. We performed a high resolution reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental changes using multi-proxy data (botanical, diatom, spore-pollen, radiocarbon analysis) from a peat section. We revealed high variability of the lake and the surrounding swamp palaeoenvironments in response to climate change in the late Holocene. Peat accumulation started ca 4000 ¹⁴С yrs BP. The main peat-forming plants were Sphagnum mosses and herbs, except for the period between 2330 and 1530 ¹⁴C yrs BP (2360-1480 cal. yrs BP) when the swamp was overgrown by larch forests and predominantly woody peat accumulated. Forest ecosystems on the lake coasts were quite stable. During the warm phases the role of fir and broadleaved trees increased in coniferous forests that include cedar; during the cooling intervals birch became more widespread. During the last millennium secondary forests occupied the lowlands. We determined ages of paleofires.

Being natural surfactants, organonitrogen bases affect the behaviour of oil disperse system in-situ conditions and upon technogenic exposure on oil fluids. In this regard, characteristics of major compounds of highly paraffinic oils and resulting asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits are important for understanding participation of these compounds in the formation of organic deposits. The work studies the distribution and composition of organonitrogen bases in highly paraffinic oil and a model of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits obtained there from under laboratory conditions. Concentrates of high and low molecular mass bases are isolated using sedimentation techniques, extraction, and liquid adsorption chromatography on impregnated oil and sediment sorbents. High molecular mass compounds with a strongly developed alkyl skeleton prevail among highly paraffinic base oils. The fraction of these compounds is higher in sediment than in oil, which indicates their predominant participation in deposit formation. The composition of the isolated bases was characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. According to the structural-group analysis, average molecules of organonitrogen bases of oil and residue consist of polycyclic nucleus involving aromatic and saturated cycles with various alkyl skeletons. Average molecules of high molecular mass compounds with strongly developed alkyl substitution (the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain (29-32)) may contain 2-3 aromatic and 4-5 saturated cycles. Weakly alkylated (three to five carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) high molecular mass bases are more cyclical due to the development of both aromatic (K_a = 6-9) and naphthene rings (K_n = 10-13). Alkyl substituents in the structure of their average molecules are presented by methyl groups only. According to the results of chromatography-mass spectrometry studies, the composition of low molecular mass compounds of oil and asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits is characterised by identical sets of alkyl-substituted quinolines, benzo-, dibenzoquinolines, and azapyrenes, among which alkylbenzoquinolines prevail.

The paper presents the results of biological tests of granular complex humic fertilizers (CHF) with the addition of carbamide (urea) and simple superphosphate. CHF samples were obtained from lignite (brown coal) of the Tisulskiy deposit (the Kaychakskiy plot, Kemerovo Region), their production method is given. Samples of complex granular fertilizers, initial coal and humic acids (HA) were characterized using ¹³С CP/MAS NMR, technical and elemental analysis. An integral indice, i. e. the index of phytoactivity (IP) that was calculated as the average value of the sum of indicators of the germinative energy, the seedling height (SH) and root length of seeds was used for objective testing. It was performed on seeds of spring wheat Iren by soaking them in an aqueous solution of CHF. Seeds were germinated under the conditions of GOST 12038-84. The effect of major components that were HA and mineral additives contained in the composition of CHF was determined. It was found that alongside with the composition of CHF, the functional group composition parameters might affect biological activity. It was demonstrated that the synergistic effect of HA and introduced mineral additives was observed. The presence of HA in CHF allowed decreasing the concentration of the solution to soak seeds without decreasing its biological activity. The tested CHF showed high phytoactivity (IP = 1.19-1.45). The maximum biological activity was noted in samples treated with superphosphate. The ability of HA to decrease the suppressive effect of large concentrations in solutions of mineral fertilizers was determined.

Major characteristics of cellulose obtained from fruit shells of oat by the hydrotropic method were studied. It was demonstrated that bleaching of technical cellulose sample contributed to cellulose concentration and the removal of the bulk of noncellulosic compounds in the product. Samples of esters close by major characteristics to mastic-lacquer colloxylins were synthesised under conditions of preparation of highly soluble cellulose nitrates. Cellulose fibres of fruit shells of oat and cellulose nitrates obtained were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was found by IR spectroscopy that hydrotropic cellulose was identical to cellulose from traditional types of plant raw materials by major adsorption bands. It was demonstrated that the resulting esters were cellulose nitrates.