Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2009 number 2

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are devices that display the most intense development in modern microelectronics. At the moment, however, the majority of electronic engineers and users of hi-tech devices do not possess sufficient general information about this new direction in microelectronics. The present paper describes the current status of this direction, numerous possible applications, and prospects of its further development, including the transition to the nanometer range and creation of nanoelectronic elements. Specific features of operation of some particular MEMS devices, their characteristics, and areas and scales of applications are considered.

This paper considers a new linear multichannel x-ray detector designed on the basis of a BLPP-369M4 silicon photodiode array (2612 photodiodes, array pitch 12.5 μm, height 4 mm, and dynamic range 104). The structure and characteristics of the multichannel detector are given, along with the Kα1,2, Kβ1, andKβ5 x-ray emission lines and a K-edge absorption spectrum of metallic copper recorded on a universal URS-2I spectrometer using this detector. The resolution and the signal/noise ratio of these spectra are superior to those of spectra recorded by an SRPP-21 gas ionization counter at the same recording time. The detector has a spatial resolution of 20 μm and an x-ray detection limit to equal 1 quantum at λ = 1.54 Å. It is suitable for studying the fine structure of absorption spectra at 1-10 Å.

Specific features of operation of one- and two-capacitor microelectromechanical converters (MEMC) of energy of mechanical microscopic vibrations into electric energy with a modulated electrode-gap magnitude and with allowance for the mutual influence of electrical and elastic forces are analyzed, and the characteristics of these two devices are compared. The main factors restricting the increase in MEMC power are demonstrated to be the effects of "collapsing" and the condition of conservation of positive rigidity of the system. Expressions for estimating the limiting MEMC parameters are derived. The possibility of electrical energy generation in the presence of "real" sources of wide-spectrum microscopic vibrations is considered.

An algorithm for optimal estimation (in the sense of the minimum average risk criterion) of the spatial position of non-Gaussian impulse noise in digital images is proposed based on the signal difference between the center of the slide aperture and its other elements. An expression for the boundary values of the admissible signal interval is obtained that provides the potentially achievable zero probability of noise estimation error. Results of numerical studies of the efficiency of the synthesized algorithm show its advantages over the well-known nonoptimal algorithm.

A frequency search algorithm for estimating polyharmonic signal model parameters is considered. The algorithm uses the symmetry property of functionals of residual partial sums. The proposed frequency search algorithm provides a decrease in the amount of calculation. The efficiency of solving the estimation problem is determined.

The problem of automatic recognition of half-tone images based on the minimum information discrimination principle is formulated and solved. A method of directed enumeration of the set of alternatives in the Kullback-Leibler information metric is proposed as opposed to the method of complete enumeration of competing hypotheses. A program and results of an experimental study of the method are presented. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is characterized by increased accuracy and reliability of automatic image recognition.

A group of nonlinear perspectives for displaying three-dimensional visual scenes on elliptic surfaces and the interior of spheroids is considered. Scenes are transformed using a patented method for displaying objects with space compression and subsequent projection onto a sphere.

A new method is proposed to reduce image distortions caused by random noise and rectilinear uniform motion of the object or recording system. The of a restoration model is based on a statistical regularization method, and the obtained system of linear equations and inequalities is solved using a multistep support vector method. An advantage of this approach is that the iterative nature of the algorithm makes it possible to take into account the a priori information on the solution represented by the inequalities. The results of numerical experiments showing the efficiency of the algorithm are given.

This paper presents the results of modeling of several digital filtering algorithms of the ADC output codes for suppressing periodic and impulse noise signals and normal noise. The algorithms were tested in LabVIEW. It was shown that they provided real-time suppression of normal and impulse noise to a level from −57 to −63 dB.

The resonant properties of dielectric subsurface objects in the microwave range are considered. The paper gives formulas and experimental results for the properties of some small-size (∅ ≈ 200 mm) dielectric objects in sand with a moisture content of 6% at depths up to 8 cm at frequencies of 270-620 MHz and for metal springs which can be part of these objects at frequencies of 900-1200 MHz. It is shown that the objects can be identified by their amplitude-frequency characteristics in the microwave range.

This paper considers the problem of determining the true (nonsampling) variance of the Allan parameter-the main frequency instability characteristic of frequency generators, synthesizer, and standards in the time domain. The variables influencing the efficiency of estimating the parameter are determined and compared in magnitude. For frequency fluctuations with flicker noise power-law power spectral density, the parameter estimate accuracy is most significantly affected by the variance of the estimated average frequency-the quantity included in the Allan parameter and defining the quality of averaging over a finite time interval.

The article determines and describes the main stages of the theoretical analysis on the «quality of higher education» concept. The philosophical and methodological principles of application of the «quality» concept are introduced. It is shown that these principles are applicable to provide conceptual strategies in the higher education system development in the post-industrial society.

In clause specificity of modern integration processes in a domestic science and education is analyzed. The urgency of a problem is connected with search of ways of an output of a science and education from the crisis situation shown in inadequacy of development by a theoretical-methodological scientific component of modern domestic education. The author brings to a focus that specificity of integration of education and a science directly is connected with character of that historical epoch in which there is a education and development of this process, and also directly is connected with historical traditions (including regional), setting an orientation and actually specificity of development and education, and a science.

The problem of development of domestic formation in conditions of globalization is based on a necessary philosophical reflection, and should be considered in a context of questions of social philosophy, in a context of questions of specificity of modern development of Russia which cause development of modern domestic formation. There is a deep interrelation of philosophy of formation with political, strategic, tactical doctrines of educational activity. The radical changes which have been last in a public life of Russia, have caused to a turn of transformations in sphere of formation. In clause it is shown, how being the factor of reflection social dynamics of life, formation, as well as all society, experiences deep system crisis, there is an active search of ways of an output from this crisis.

In clause education as cultural phenomenon and the major party of ability to live of a society is analyzed. A basis of the methodological analysis of educational processes is the philosophy of education. The main task of modern philosophy of education becomes judgement of the base bases of education and a pedagogical science, development of an ideal of the formed person, finding-out of a place of education in modern culture. The basic function of philosophy of education consists in development of ways and ways of the sanction of the arisen crisis of education, and also in creation of an image of new school. In opinion of the author, philosophy of education as the independent scientific discipline can offer a fundamental substantiation of an ideal of erudition and the purposes of modern education.

In the article, such aspect of the deformity of social consciousness as legal nihilism is under analysis, as well as the role of education in the correction of this process. A special attention is given to the problem of estimation of the law from the positions of morality as one crucial source of the Russian legal nihilism. The author proves the impossibility of the estimation of state and law from moral positions. Social order is designated as the limiting positive pole of law.

The article is devoted to the research of legal entity as a social relation. The aim is to show the necessity of teaching the law according to the traditions of society. The author studies legal entity according to the cosmic model of the world.  The result of research is that the person including legal entity is a social relation, which is determined by the actual law and other social rules which are completed by the law.

The importance of the problem of the success mindset can be derived from the necessity of creating in the educational space of the higher education institution an integral complex of conditions, which foster professional formation of the prospective specialist and his/her success in the professional activity. The competence orientation in the educational space of the specialist training gives rise to the problem of revealing the "field" of success of the person in the social and work activities. There are considered some questions concerning modern perusal of the «success of the person» context and the introduction of innovative technologies of training of the successful specialist. The offered model provides formation of the success mindset as a competence and personal value of the prospective specialist.

a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"TEXT";s:4:"TEXT";s:789:"This paper describes the results of investigation of the design-technological mentality formation in a process of graphic disciplines studies and how the mental level of the design-technological thinking influences the social-personal potential of the mechanical engineer. The research was carried out within the framework of the departmental analytical special-purpose program "Development of the higher education scientific potential (2006-2008)"; project RPN 3.1.1.11077 "Development of teaching materials and educational technology for training high level engineers for innovation activity in scientifically based high-technological machine building industry". The proposed principles have been realized at the «Aircraft engines» Department of Samara State Aerospace University (SSAU).";}

The aim of this article is to describe philosophical foundations of modern educational technology with application of mathematical methods and informational technologies. This educational technology was developed by the author with the aim of quality increasing for higher law education in our country. Modern problems of the domestic law education are touched upon in the article. It is necessary to get over these problems to realize the effective training of highly qualified and highly-moral specialists in the branch of jurisprudence. Highly-moral and well educated jurists are necessary for our country to realize democratization of all public life spheres. Therefore, educational quality of specialists in the branch of jurisprudence in this time is a problem of the State importance.

The subject of the author's analysis is connected with a unique experiment in the sphere of higher education in Novosibirsk from the year 2006 till present time.  The main aim of this experiment is student's participation in a new administrative project of teaching the management personnel through solving practical problems. The unity of the student's theory and practice has showed high social results in different aspects of our life. Young people want to see our country as a powerful motherland.

The subject under analysis is the change in relation between functional and value-related components of contemporary education system. Domination of functionalism is reflected by its unlimited informatization, which results in its turning into programming and, finally, gets automated.  If we want to keep a humanistic character of our education we need to reproduce in it all forms of culture, not just the scientific ones. The School must be a place of life.  We need a kind of ecology of education system.

The green crystals of Ni_1.5H[Ni(OH)₆W₆O₁₈]·12.5H₂O and blue crystals of Na₄[Ni(OH)₆W₆O₁₈]·16H₂O were isolated from the acidified (to Z = ν(H⁺)/ν = 1.00) solutions of Ni(NO₃)₂-Na₂WO₄-HNO₃-H₂O systems. The synthesized salts were identified by chemical analysis, XRPA, and IR spectroscopy. It was shown that the heteropolyanions belonged to the Anderson-Evans type of structure. An X-ray diffraction study of Na₄[Ni(OH)₆W₆O₁₈]·16H₂O was carried out (M_r = 1932.07, triclinic, space group P-1, a = 8.0089(11) Å, b = 10.5758(14) Å, c = 12.1987(16) Å; α = 69.268(13)°, β = 71.069(12)°, γ = 83.816(11)°; V = 914.0(2) ų at T = 293 K, Z = 1, ρ_cal = 3.510 g/cm³, F₀₀₀ = 874, μ = 19.470 mm^-1,
-16 ≤ h ≤ 16, -21 ≤ k ≤ 21, -24 ≤ l ≤ 24; the final R factors are R_F = 0.0277, wR² = 0.0469 for the observed reflections (R_F = 0.0606, wR² = 0.0523 for all independent reflections); S = 0.953; CSD-419883). The structure was solved by direct methods and refined in an anisotropic approximation. Hydrogen atoms were found in a difference synthesis and refined in an isotropic approximation with geometrical limitations. The nature of water in Na₄[Ni(OH)₆W₆O₁₈]·16H₂O was characterized by DTA. XRPA was used to identify the thermolysis products of heteropoly compounds.

The products of thermobaric treatment of the metastable Re_0.50Rh_0.50 nanocrystalline phase (а = 2.733(2) Å, с = 4.364(4) Å, space group P6₃/mmc, CSR ~5 nm) in a high-pressure chamber were studied. Storage of the phase at 2000°С and 1.5 GPa for 3 min led to the formation of a fused particle (∅~1 mm). The initial composition did not change, but the coherent scattering region (CSR) increased to 52 nm. An increase to 4 GPa in pressure also did not lead to a decomposition of the metastable Re_0.50Rh_0.50 phase, the unit cell parameters remained the same, and the size of the CSR increased by a factor of four.

An analysis of the structures of minerals with [Hg₂]²⁺ dumbbells including poyarkovite [Hg₂]₃Cl₂O₂, shakhovite [Hg₂]₂Sb(OH)₃O₃, vasilyevite Hg₂₀O₆I₃Br₂Cl(CO₃), and kelyanite [Hg₂]₆[SbO₆]BrCl₂ was carried out. The determining factor in structure formation is the ordering of the centers of the cluster groups of mercury and large anions by systems of equidistant parallel planes with d_hkl ~ 2.5-4.5 Å. The different combinations of atoms and fragments in the structure are ordered by their own pseudotranslation lattices; this probably reflects the stages of crystallization. The crystal structures under study are examples of balance between the local interatomic interactions and the forces that create long-range order for different stoichiometries, masses, and sizes of components.

The atomic structure of antimony(III) bromide crystals with anilinium was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis of (С₆H₅NH₃)₂SbBr₅ (a = 19.704(3) Å, b = 7.914(1) Å, c = 25.556(4) Å; space group Pbca, Z = 8, ρ_calc = 2.365 g/cm³). The crystal structure consists of infinite chains of [SbBr₅]^2- complex anions formed by sharing six vertices and the anilinium (С₆H₅NH₃)⁺ cations, through which the chains are linked in layers by N-H…Br hydrogen bonds. The geometrical aspects that determine the luminescent spectral properties of the complex are discussed.

Methods for the synthesis of trans-diammino complexes [RuNO(NH₃)₂(NO₂)₂(OH)] (I) and [RuNO(NH₃)₂(H₂O)(NO₃)₂](NO₃)·H₂O (II) are suggested. The compounds were studied by IR spectroscopy and X-ray phase and X-ray structural analyses. Crystal data: space group P-1; a = 6.2328(2) Å, b = 11.0488(3) Å, c = 11.0981(4) Å; α = 71.942(1)°, β = 83.291(1)°, γ = 86.877(1)° (I); space group P2₁; a = 6.6290(2) Å, b = 13.4389(5) Å, c = 7.0180(2) Å, β = 114.281(1)° (II). Complex II readily lost some part of crystal water on storage in open air.

[RhPy₄Cl₂]Cl·4H₂O (I), [RhPy₄Cl₂]ReO₄ (II), [RhPy₄Cl₂]ClO₄ (III), and [RhPy₄Cl₂]ReO₄·2H₂O complex salts were synthesized. The crystal structure of compounds II (P4/ncc, a = 25.5655(3) Å, c = 14.3521(4) Å), III (P2₁/n, a = 13.5308(3) Å, b = 15.1044(5) Å, c = 23.3457(8) Å, β = 93.327°), and dyhydrate of II (Pbcm, a = 10.6199(9) Å, b = 10.4964(9) Å, c = 22.9834(16)Å) was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The thermal transformations of the complexes were studied by differential thermal analysis. The substances were characterized by IR spectroscopy, XRPA, and element analysis

Positions of hydrogen atoms in the crystal structure of basic lead carbonate hydrocerussite are determined by the РМ5 quantum chemical method. Raman and infrared spectra as well as thermodynamic functions are calculated for this compound by the theory of crystal lattice dynamics.

NMR relaxation spectroscopy (RS) is used to examine the molecular structure of paramagnetic bis-diisobutyl dithiophosphinate complexes of lanthanides (by the example of europium and lutetium) with 1,10-phenanthroline in CDCl₃ solution. The results obtained are consistent with the results of studying the molecular structure of bis-diisobutyl dithiophosphinate complexes of yttrium with 1,10-phenanthroline in the crystalline phase by XRD.

Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to study the state of iron atoms in samples with a composition of
CuCr_1-xFe_xS₂ (x = 0.01-0.30). It is shown that at x ≤ 0.02 samples are solid solutions in which iron atoms have an oxidation number of 3+ and replace chromium atoms in octahedral sites. When the iron concentration increases, the second phase - chalcopyrite CuFeS₂ - forms along with the solid solution. The relative iron concentration in this phase increases from 11% at x = 0.03 to 52% at x = 0.30.

The crystal structure of cesium diberyllium phosphate hydrophosphate Cs[Be₂(PO₄)(PO₄H)] obtained hydrothermally is analyzed. Unit cell parameters are: a = 4.8860(5) Å, b = 10.7330(11) Å, c =
13.0061(15) Å, α = 92.540(10)°, β = 92.451(9)°, γ = 90.948(9)°, space group P 1. In the structural motif consisting of РО₄ and ВеО₄ tetrahedra, Ве,Р two-link chains and ribbons are distinguished, typical of a short a-translation of ≈4.9 Å. The presence of ternary and terminal O ligands along with bridging ones determines the term interrupted super framework. The group of two Ве tetrahedra with a common edge is detected for beryllium phosphates for the first time.

X-ray diffraction is applied to study a new crystalline modification of K₂[Pd(NO₃)₄]-β-K₂[Pd(NO₃)₄]. It is found that the phase is isostructural with Na₂[Pd(NO₃)₄] and Rb₂[Pd(NO₃)₄]. Square coordination of the Pd atom is formed by oxygen atoms of monodentately coordinated nitrate groups.

The cluster complex of K₆[Re₁₂CS₁₇(CN)₆]·2CH₃OH·10H₂O composition is separated by recrystallization of the K₆[Re₁₂CS₁₇(CN)₆]·20H₂O compound from methanol. The compound crystallizes in hexagonal space group P-6m2 with unit cell parameters: a = 10.9932(14) Å, c = 14.631(4) Å, V = 1531.3(5) ų, Z = 1, and d_calc = 3.720 g/cm³.

A new compound is synthesized; its crystal structure is studied by XRD at 100 K. Crystallographic data: C₃₆H₃₈B₁₂N₆Mn, M = 739.39, triclinic symmetry, space group unit cell parameters: a = 10.3131(3) Å, b = 13.4839(4) Å, c = 15.1132(4) Å; α = 97.696(1)°, β = 108.324(1)°, γ =
102.211(1)°; V = 1903.9(1) ų, Z = 2, d_calc = 1.290 g/cm³. The structure is solved by direct and Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix LSM in the anisotropic (isotropic for hydrogen atoms) approximation to the final factor R₁ = 0.036 for 10169 I_hkl ≥ 2σ_I (Bruker-Nonius X8 APEX CCD diffractometer, λMoK_α). The structure contains two crystallographically different anions.

Solvothermal reaction (water/methanol) of cobalt perchlorate hexahydrate, sodium thiocyanate and 2-(pyridine-3-yloxy)pyrazine (PP) resulted in the formation of a two-dimensional coordination polymer [Co(μ-PP)₂(SCN)₂]_n. The solid complex has been characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy; its crystal structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/n, a = 7.4643(19), b = 9.237(2), c = 15.540(4) Å, β = 94.995(5)°, V = 1067.4(5) ų, Z = 1. In the crystal structure each 2-(pyridine-3-yloxy)pyrazine molecule acts as a bidentate bridging ligand coordinating to two adjacent Co(II) ions with Co…Co separation of 9.5176(18) Å to yield a two-dimensional sheet structure in the plane (-1 0 1).

Synthesis is performed and the molecular structure is analyzed of methyl-18R-13-isopropyl-10а,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-oxahexacyclo[12.4.0.0^5а,4a.0^13,12.0^1,1a.0^10a,6а]heneicosane-7-carboxylate II. Compound II С₂₇H₄₀O₄ crystallizes in orthorhombic symmetry with cell parameters: а = 11.9915(15) Å, b = 12.1674(16) Å, c = 15.8094(17) Å, space group P2₁2₁2₁, Z = 4, d = 1.234 g/cm³.

Synthesis is performed and the molecular structure is analyzed of methyl-4-anti-hydroxyimino-1-dioxolano-13-isopropyl-10а,7-dimethylpentacyclo[10b.8.5.0^4b,10b.0^6а,10а.0^1а,4a]icos-14-ene-7-carboxylate IIa. Compound IIa С₂₇H₄₀O₄ crystallizes in monoclinic symmetry with cell parameters: а = 13.785(13) Å, b = 7.302(7) Å, c = 13.817(13) Å, β = 94.799(19)°, space group Р2(1), Z = 2, d = 1.164 g/cm³.

The crystal structure of 6-bromopeganol in a new polymorphic modification is found and determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. For the crystal structure of the new polymorph the formation of a centrosymmetric closed dimer (associate) is also characteristic. It consists of two bromopeganol molecules bound by centrosymmetric reciprocal hydrogen bonds O-H…N(1). This polymorph differs from the known one in the mutual arrangement and interaction of these associates.

The molecular structure of 23,24,25,26,27,29,30-heptamethyl-19,28-oxahexacyclo[15.13.18.0^17,18.0^13,14.0^8,9.0^5,10]tetracos-3-yl acetate III. Compound III С₃₂H₅₂O₃ crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the unit cell parameters а = 13.265(15) Å, b = 6.481(7) Å, c = 32.274(4) Å, β = 99.333(2)°, space group С2, Z = 4, d = 1.176 g/cm³.