A method for constructing fast projection-variance algorithms based on convolution algorithms for calculating variances of Radon projections is proposed. It is shown that the use of bilinear interpolation of the convolution kernel and parabolic interpolation of quantized estimates of directional fields increases the accuracy of the algorithms by more than a factor of 2. Two methods for constructing directional fields on the basis of Radon projections are considered and compared. Examples are given showing the computational efficiency, accuracy, and noise resistance of the proposed algorithms.
V. S. Kirichuk, V. P. Kosykh, T. Kurmanbek uulu
Keywords: detection of objects, small-scale objects, adaptive filtration, multichannel filtration, accumulation of images
Pages: 14-22
An algorithm is proposed for detection, in a sequence of images, of small-scale objects moving with a known velocity vector, the initial positions of the objects being unknown. Random noise is suppressed by four-channel filtration based on estimating subpixel coordinates of the objects in the sequence of images. Results of numerical experiments are presented as a dependence of the detection probability on the false alarm level for different object sizes and input noise levels.
Methods are proposed to generate thredimensional surface images with improved angular resolution for low-altitude airborne multichannel radars based on the optimal reconstruction of reflection fields and narrow-band Doppler filtering.
A. P. Trifonov, R. V. Kutsov
Keywords: applicative model, detection, unknown velocity vector of object motion, unknown intensities, maximum likelihood algorithm
Pages: 34-45
Synthesis and analysis of the maximum likelihood algorithm of detecting an object extended in space are performed. The influence of the absence of a priori information on the velocity vector of object motion and image and background intensities on detection efficiency is studied.
A method based on invariants of in-plane motion of an object is developed for compensation of systematic errors of measurements in goniometric systems. Exact equations are derived for systematic errors of measurement of the object latitude with ignored fluctuating errors of measurement. Analytical expressions are also derived to calculate the standard deviation of the error in estimating systematic errors being taken into account, which allow us to impose grounded requirements to tactical and technical characteristics of goniometric systems designed for observation of various objects.
V. V. Savchenko, D. A. Ponomarev
Keywords: stochastic time series, autoregression model, forecast estimate, whitening filter, minimum information divergence criterion
Pages: 56-64
The problem of automatic segmentation of a stochastic time series into homogeneous data segments one cluster long is posed and solved according to the general formulation of the disorder problem. A new algorithm with cluster normalization by the variance of the generating noise is developed using an autoregression model and the minimum information divergence criterion. It is shown that the main advantage of the proposed algorithm over existing analogs is high dynamic properties. The algorithm was tested by analyzing stock market dynamics in the United States and Russia. Estimates of the admissible (threshold) level of disorder in a time series within one cluster are obtained using the Kullback-Leibler information measure.
V. G. Alekseev
Keywords: probability density function, nonparametric (kernel) estimator, uniform consistency of estimate with increasing sample size
Pages: 65-72
Nonparametric (kernel) estimation of a probability density function f(x) for a sample of finite size is considered using the -approach. The smoothness parameter β of the estimated probability density is introduced. For the case β > 2, it is shown that the convergence of the density estimate fn(x) to the function f(x) can be improved by using alternating-sign weight functions (higher-order weight functions). Estimation of the derivatives of a function is briefly considered using the same approach.
The properties and areas of application of images formed by an array of light emitting diodes with modulated brightness observed in an oscillating mirror are considered. It is shown that these properties can be used to immerse large groups of spectators into virtual environment.
A new iterative algorithm of tomographic reconstruction of objects on the basis of projection data available in a limited range of angles only is proposed. The algorithm is based on calculating artificial projections in those directions where projection data are unavailable. By means of numerical simulations, it is verified that the algorithm developed ensured high quality of reconstruction up to the angular interval of 45-60
A. B. Bogdanov, I. A. Borisova, V. V. Dyubanov, N. G. Zagoruiko, O. A. Kutnenko, A. V. Kuchkin, M. A. Meshcheryakov, N. G. Milovzorov
Keywords: data mining, pattern recognition, informativeness of attributes, function of rival similarity
Pages: 91-101
This paper describes the Spektran software system intended for automated analysis of object-attribute data tables which implements data mining algorithms based on a function of rival similarity (FRiS). The Spektran system is used to analyze a set of objects (microparticles of a substance) described by spectral characteristics. The following basic problems of data mining are solved: particle clustering by similarity of their spectra, selection of the subset of the most informative spectrum channels, identifying the classes to which particles and their mixes belong and some others.
M. M. Vekshin, A. V. Nikitin, V. A. Nikitin, N. A. Yakovenko
Keywords: microlenses, integrated-optic coupler, glass substrate, channel waveguide, field-induced ion migration, directed and radiation modes
Pages: 102-108
A multichannel microlens integrated-optic coupler is designed. The coupler outputs the radiation through the substrate surface, thus, the signal detectors can be located on the surface. The procedures of coupler design, fabrication, and investigation are described.
Specific sources of the error of forming the angle measuring structure topology by raster scanning based on the thermochemical technology of latent image writing in chromium films are analyzed. Relationship between this type of error and the specific features of dynamics of chromium film heating by laser radiation is found. A structure writing correction algorithm is proposed and implemented. The algorithm ensures an accuracy of synthesizing angle measuring structures of about several seconds of arc.
A modified signal channel of holographic memory is proposed and studied theoretically and experimentally. Compared with a conventional optical scheme, the channel enables to decrease the spread in signal of reconstructed images of information elements, which is caused by their interference in the case of a restricted Fourier hologram aperture, increase the signal-background ratio, and reduce the sensitivity to misalignment of the image and the photodetector array.
Historical progress of development and improvement of soil research in West Siberia is considered. The contribution made by the first Siberian researchers in soil science, followers of V. V. Dokuchaev's ideas, is considered. A large amount of work made by expeditions of the Migration Administration and the Commission on Exploration of Natural Productive Forces at the Academy of Sciences is stressed. Special attention is paid to the modern status of the investigations of Siberian soil and the position of the Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry SB RAS in these investigations.
History of formation and the set of methods of the new science, namely ecology of soils, are discussed. The object, subject, positions in the system of sciences and the most urgent problems are defined. The necessity to relate the ecology of soil to the sciences of the biosphere class is justified. Examples illustrating some statements, regularities and laws of the ecology of soil are described. It is shown that different components of soil humus and their ratios have specific connections with the characteristics of climate and fall within quite definite ecological ranges of the existence of soil kinds with different ratios of humic acids.
V. A. Khmelev, A. A. Tanasienko
Keywords: formation of black soil, black soil, profile, regime, horizon, humus, resource, erosion, deflation, conservation
Pages: 151-164
On the basis of the generalization of literature and our own data characterizing the virgin and ploughed black soil of the Pre-Altay forest-steppe and West Siberian soil provinces, it is concluded that these kinds of black soil comprise the gold fund of the soil of the Novosibirsk Region (NSR): they served and still serve as a reliable basis of the agricultural production in the most highly developed region of West Siberia. However, the black soil of NSR are exposed to increasing erosion destruction. These phenomena, being negative for land tenure, become most strongly pronounced in the regions where the most valuable kinds of black soil - leached and podzolized - are spread. Because of this, soil conservation and natural economic measures are attaining increasingly high importance.
V. A. Androkhanov, V. M. Kurachev
Keywords: technogenic landscapes, soil-ecological condition, initial, organic-accumulative, turfen and humic-accumulative embryozems
Pages: 165-169
Methods of diagnostics and evaluation of the soil-ecological state of technogenic landscapes (dumps of coal open-pit mines of the Kuznetsk Basin) at different stages of their formation and designing, as well as the methods of determination of soil-ecological efficiency of recultivation are described.
V. G. Dvurechensky
Keywords: embryozems, technogenic landscapes; group structure of iron; humic acids; fulvo acids; orientation of soil formation
Pages: 171-177
Behavior of iron forms and its differentiation in the soil profile in embryozems of different soil-climatic zones of the Kuznetsky Basin are considered fort he first time as a diagnostic index of the character, intensity and direction of soil processes.
As a result of the investigations carried out during the years 2006-2008 in the high-mountain Chuya depression of Mountainous Altay, the new data on the diversity of the components of soil cover of this territory in light of the new classification of the soils of Russia have been obtained. Some features of the interconnection of soil components with biotic and abiotic constituents of the geosystems of the high-mountain steppe were revealed.
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Keywords: Siberia, soil cover, lake, soil combinations, microzonal distribution, landscapes
Pages: 187-193
The composition of the soil cover of the Shira steppe lake depressions and the question of microzonal distribution are considered. Peculiarities of the geometric forms of soil structures comprising the soil cover are revealed; the properties of the components composing soil combin
M. V. Shchelchkova
Keywords: permafrost sediments, later Pleistocene, enzymatic activity of soil, invertase, thermodynamic characteristics, temperature coefficient, activation energy, immobilization
Pages: 195-201
New data on the enzymatic activity of the tundra peaty gleyey soil and permafrost sediments on the Later Pleistocene age (11-25 thousand years ago) are analyzed. It is shown that invertase, protease, phosphatase, catalase, peroxidase are well conserved in yedoma and in buried soil horizons; urease is conserved to a smaller extent. On the basis of the investigation of thermodynamic characteristics of active invertase, such as temperature coefficient and activation energy, it was established that this enzyme is present in soil in the free state and in the bound form (immobilized on the surface of organic-mineral colloids). The degree of immobilization of active invertase in the buries soil horizons is high, which is likely to play an important part in the conservation of its molecules at negative temperatures for a long time.
Effect of various factors and conditions of soil formation on the formation of ring differentiation of the soil cover of the Central Tuva depression is considered.
In the majority of works dealing with the investigation of the water schedule of soils, the objects of observations were single kinds of soil as either point or one-dimension
Lifting of the level of subsoil waters within the limits of the Ishim-Irtysh steppe watershed during the years 1980-2000 is established. The influence of forest belts, roadside cunettes, settlements and tilled micro-depressions on the multi-year dynamics of subsoil water level is considered.
S. Y. Kudryashova, L. Y. Ditts
Keywords: soil-ecological monitoring, geoinformation systems, digital model of the relief, typological diversity, steppe depressions
Pages: 233-230
On the basis of large-scale maps based of the data of interpretation of the space aerial photographs and the digital models of the relief, an estimation of the natural-anthropogenic transformation of the typological diversity of the soil cover in the steppe depressions of the Altay-Sayan region is carried out. The boundaries and the information content of the soil contours corrected suing the remote data may be used as the controllable indices in building up the schemes of soil-ecological monitoring.
Divergence value, calculated as the quantitative index of the closeness of probabilistic distributions of soil properties, is used to estimate the degree of differences of soil kinds in connection with the inhomogeneity of soil formation factors, as well with natural and anthropogenic processes. We report the results of the calculations of divergence of humus content in the soils of the dry steppe zone of the south of West Siberia, caused by the difference in granulometric composition, deflation and agricultural use. This allows us to reveal the most vulnerable varieties and to range natural and anthropogenic effects according to the value of their influence on soil properties.
Two aspects of the stability of grass ecosystems are considered theoretically and with specific examples: the ability to maintain the structures and functions, and the ability to recover them after disturbances. The low resistance of the species structure of the grass community and the high stability of the biotic turnover, both its structure and functioning, were demonstrated. In spite of the low resistance, the species structure of the phytocenosis possesses high elasticity, which is expressed in its recovery within a short time interval in the presence of seeds and after removal of the stressing action.
Development of bog formation processes at the southern boundary of the taiga zone in West Siberia is analyzed depending on the cyclic changes of climate, which is depicted in the botanical and chemical composition of peat. It is shown that modern climate warming did not interrupt bog formation which occurs here due to forest underflooding with water of bog massifs and periodic underflooding of floodplain depressions during the cycles in wet years.
A. V. Naumov, N. P. Kosykh, E. K. Parshina, S. Y. Artymuk
Keywords: raised bog, productivity, ecological state, transformation, gas exchange, monitoring
Pages: 251-259
The article deals with the studies of the ecological condition of forest-steppe raised sphagnum bogs. The main factors affecting the functional condition and the dynamics of rare disappearing natural object were revealed. On the basis of the facts, the problem of transformations of the unique plant communities was considered. The role of ryam complex bogs in the atmospheric gas exchange processes was discussed in connection with the outlined climatic trend. The need for regular overall tests and monitoring was motivated.
N. P. Myronycheva-tokareva, S. V. Shibareva, P. Gromadka
Keywords: vegetation, peat, element composition, carbon balance, plant material resource, production, destruction
Pages: 261-267
Estimation of the resources of pytomass and nutrition elements deposited in it in a grass bog is given. A comparison between two grass bogs and one sphagnum bog in these parameters is carried out. One of the grass bongs is situated in Russia, other two bogs are in Poland. The comparison showed that the common climatic and geochemical features of the position affect the chemical nature of the phytomass. Grass bogs are richer in nitrogen that sphagnum ones; both Polish bogs have an increased K and decreased
Pool of biogenic ecotoxicants at urban grass plots is considered. The toxobity of the seeds of cultivated plants in water from melted snow and in the filtrates of cultural liquids of mciroorganisms is estimated. Injurious fungi, bacteria and insects are revealed, pathological variations of cyanobacteriae are discovered, the microbiological activity of soil at the sod base and outside it is determined.
In the article there is presented the viewpoint of the author concerning the efficiency of development of the noosphere education in Russia. The modern society is considered by the author as a society of risk; accordingly, it is necessary to develop education on a new level. The noosphere education is a system of scientific-theoretical, gnoseological, methodological and practical ideas concerning the nature of education and its efficiency in the society; this type of education implies consciously operated, value-focused and mutually conditioned development of the person, society and the nature. In turn, in the context of noosphere, there arises an opportunity for a synthesis: unification of the individual and collective intelligence, as well as spirituality. This creates a new quality of integral thinking. However, the danger of losses, resulting from the specificity of various natural phenomena and various activities of human society, is increasing.
The article analyzes the issues of organizing of the teaching mathematics process applying to the students of pedagogical institutes. The dynamically developing modern society sets up new requirements for the quality of the specialists training: the ability of self-education, self-development, the activities changing, adequate reactions to the social and cultural conditions. One of the most important directions of solving of these problems is developing and implementation of adaptive pedagogical technologies, based on the individual activity approach, when the knowledge, received by the students, is not the goal, but the means of developing their personal qualities and widening their abilities to act. The article presents the results of investigations and examples of the author's technologies of teaching mathematical disciplines.
E. V. Krum
Keywords: modular-rating technology of teaching, teaching-methodical charts, informatization of the teaching process, individualization, differentiation
Pages: 250-257
The recent years have been marked by intensive implementation of innovative technologies into the educational process. In the article there is considered a modular-rating technology of teaching geometry to the students of pedagogical institutions of higher education, created by the author. A teaching-methodical set, which includes the author's program, teaching-technological charts, and computer textbook, provides individualization and differentiation of the teaching process. This set creates conditions for the active independent work of the students. All this creates preconditions for organization of the teaching process, which admits of quality training of the future math teachers.
The article considers the content of the academic-research activity of schoolchildren while studying mathematics. The author compares the activity of a scientist and a pupil in the research process, reveals the peculiarities and the content of the pupil research activity. These peculiarities are the following: the aim of gaining knowledge and skills in the research process, the aim of acquiring scientific investigation methods (analogy, induction, deduction, etc.), influence on the pupil personality change, pupil's development (sense of purpose, curiosity, development of the creative potential). The content of the pupil research activity includes theoretical knowledge and activity methods, as well as the corresponding skills.
In the article there is considered the problem of quality training of the students of agricultural specialties, in particular, mathematical training. There is also described the role of mathematics as an educational subject, its peculiarity, the goal of its studying; there is described the content of the educational-methodical materials on mathematics and the probability theory electronic textbook. A high professional level of the contemporary specialist cannot be achieved without solid knowledge of mathematical methods and informational technologies. Their application in the education process arouses students' interest, increases motivation to study mathematics, wakes up curiosity, and forms such qualities as the ability to think logically, the will and persistence in attainment a purpose.
V. K. Suhanova, O. V. Plotnykova
Keywords: education, modernization, key competences, experimental studies in physics, institution of higher education in economics, professional adaptation
Pages: 273-278
The purpose of the article is to define the ways of forming key competences on the basis of the physics training material. The article considers the opportunities of the experimental studies in physics to solve this task and the trends of its modernization, taking into account the principles of the problem-oriented training and the professional adaptation requirements. The authors give a classification of the general labor skills which can be formed while studying physics. The peculiarities of teaching physics at the institutions of higher education in economics and nutrition have been considered. There is presented a list of experiments including some elements of scientific research, which can be applied to the experimental studies in physics at the institutions of higher education of that type.
In the article, there is considered a technological procedure of goal-setting, which is essentially a key component of the methodical system of any academic discipline. The presented theoretical conclusions and generalizations are illustrated by the concrete examples reflecting the problems of improvement of the future experts training in applied mathematics.
