Home – Home – Jornals – Region: Economics and Sociology 2008 number 1

Two samples of Na-substituted leucite with Na/(Na + K) = 0.74 (1) and 0.89 (2) were studied by dilatometry, thermogravimetry, and X-ray powder diffraction method. Sample 1 is a mixture of analcime and leucite, and sample 2 consists of analcime alone. The miscibility of K⁺ and Na⁺ in hydrated analcime is estimated at 15-20 at.% K⁺. The thermal behavior of the samples varies depending on their Na/K ratio. Dehydrated Na,K-analcime undergoes a trigonal distortion; its structural model is proposed. The earlier recognized difference in the thermal behavior of primary and secondary (obtained from leucite through K⁺-Na⁺ exchange) analcimes might be due to the influence of unsubstituted K⁺.

Epidote is traditionally considered a mineral indicating metamorphic and metasomatic genesis of rocks. Recently, the magmatic nature of epidote of many granitoid intrusions has been proved. We present the first data on the magmatic origin of epidote, which is one of the rock-forming minerals of anorthite fassaite and biotite-amphibole gabbros. These rocks form block inclusions in the serpentinite melange plate localized in gneisses of the Proterozoic Selyankino strata of the Il'meny Mountains complex in the South Urals. The holocrystalline structure and cenotypal appearance of the epidote gabbros, their gabbro, porphyritic, and ophitic textures, the induction surfaces of synchronous growth between the hosted minerals, the mineral crystal faceting, and high-temperature paragenesis evidence the magmatic origin of the rocks.

The JXA-8100 microanalyzer software provides precise electron-probe microanalysis of rock-forming minerals, with a relative deviation within 1.0-1.5%, if the matrix effect in the samples is predominantly determined by only one physical factor: either atomic number or absorption. If the matrix effect is of binary character, i.e., is owing to the simultaneous action of two commensurate factors (absorption and atomic number), the analysis error grows up to 4-14%.

Modern hydrotherms of the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ) are divided according to contents of ore and rare elements and gas composition into: (1) carbonaceous, forming in carbonate rocks, (2) hydrosulfuric and H₂S-free nitric and methane, discharged in Cenozoic deposits, and (3) nitric, produced in granitoids. Carbonaceous hydrotherms are enriched in Sr, Ba, Y, Co, and Cr; nitric ones, in Li, Rb, Cs, Mo, W, and other granitophile elements; and hydrosulfuric hydrotherms are saturated with complex metals. High contents of U and associated elements are specific for oxidized nitric alkaline thermal waters and are atypical of carbonaceous ones, and high contents of Au are observed in methane hydrotherms. Separation of ore elements between organic and clayey matter takes place as early as the initial stage of sediment formation. During sediment accumulation, these elements pass into hydrothermal solution in the same separated associations. In oxidizing (Eh ranges from +50 to +260 mV) alkaline medium, U and, obviously, other elements of uranium association, present not only in granitoids but also in the organic matter of sediments, pass into the solution most actively. Alkaline medium (7 < pH < 10) favors the transition of Mo and W from igneous rocks and sediments into the solution. Methane hydrotherms (8 < pH < 9, Eh < -70 mV) can accumulate gold. In strongly reducing (Eh ranges from -200 to -360 mV) alkaline (pH > 8) hydrosulfuric anoxic medium, chalcophile complex metals of the clayey matter of sediments are the most active to pass into the solution. Thus, as Eh decreases and H₂S concentration increases, hydrothermal solution extracts various element associations from igneous and sedimentary deposits in the sequence U-Mo, W-Au-Sn, Cu, Pb. In the solution the differentiation of elements continues. Hence, the separation of ore-element associations at the initial stage of sediment formation, long before the hydrothermal activity, is the first track in a chain of processes leading to the differentiation of ore deposits according to formational types. Hydrotherms confined to deep-fault zones contain an endogenous fluid with mantle ³He/ ⁴He values close to those in methane and carbonaceous hydrotherms of the Tunka rift depression in the BRZ. According to results of thermodynamic modeling, the fluid consists of CH₄, H₂O, and CO₂ and obviously lacks mantle ore elements, as it was initially of hydrocarbon composition.

The petroleum potential of the Riphean-Vendian Chunya sedimentary basin has been explored by seismic reflection profiling and drilling in recent years. The results of the study have been used to estimate the initial hydrocarbon resources in the basin and separately in four oil and gas areas distinguished in Riphean, Lower Vendian, and Vendian-Lower Cambrian reservoirs.

The task was to detect the groundwater contamination with hydrocarbons (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel) without drilling special boreholes, by means of NMR geotomography. Near the town of Abakan (Khakasia, RF), experimental measurements were carried out at a gas station where gasoline leakage is possible and the contamination of groundwaters was monitored through observation wells. In the immediate vicinity of the source of pollution, signals with essentially different times of relaxation were rather distinct: Short signals came from hydrogen protons of water, and much longer signals, from hydrogen protons of gasoline.

Tomographic inversion of ~130,000 Pand ~11,000 Sarrivals from 1045 events recorded by the world seismological network (ISC catalog data) has been applied to image the three-dimensional velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath the Baikal rift and Mongolia. The inversion-derived P and S velocity anomalies show a good agreement. At depths above 200 km, low-velocity zones occur along the contours of the high-velocity Siberian craton and in Mongolia and coincide with fields of Cenozoic volcanism. The deeper mantle appears quite homogeneous, with anomalies no greater than 0.5% and a single low-velocity feature beneath the Siberian craton. The tomographic image is poorly consistent with the hypothesis implying the existence of large mantle plumes under Mongolia which has been checked with synthetic tests. According to the tomography-based geodynamic model, volcanism in the East Sayan mountains may be induced by a hot plume rising from beneath the Siberian craton, but the source of volcanism in the area of Hangayn remains open to discussion.

Ungrounded horizontal loop transient responses of uniform conductive and magnetically viscous earth have been simulated using two different codes. One algorithm employs the relationship between viscous magnetization and the magnetic flux it induces in the receiver loop. In the other algorithm, the Helmholtz equation in a boundary-value problem is solved using the Fourier transform with frequency-dependent magnetic permeability. The two solutions are identical for noncoincident loops but differ when the transmitter and receiver loops are closely spaced (at 1 cm or less). In the latter case correct results are provided by the first code. The magnetic relaxation and eddy current responses appear to be independent at conductivities typical of the real subsurface. Therefore, TEM responses of magnetically viscous conductors can be computed using the superposition principle. Although transients change in an intricate way as a function of loop geometry and earth parameters, these changes exhibit certain patterns which may be useful at the stages of exploration and TEM data processing. In configurations where the receiver loop is laid outside the transmitter, the interaction of magnetic relaxation and eddy current decay causes sign reversal in transients. This reversal occurs at late times after an earlier sign reversal due uniquely to eddy current.

An approach to simplifying the calculation of efficiency indices of distributed computer system functioning is described. The approach makes it possible to derive, in terms of uniform methodology, equations for calculating probabilities of states as well as moments (initial and central) of arbitrary order for system transient functioning. Results of numerical analyzing the functioning efficiency of massively parallel processing computer systems are presented.

The errors of quadrature signal interpolation are analyzed. Quantitative assessment of the noise effect and the quadrature signal distortion is given. A method for estimating the accuracy of quadrature output sensors is proposed.

The method for inspecting grid spacers (GSs) using diffractive optical elements is considered. Synthesis of diffractive elements, calculation of projecting optics, and also adjustment and calibration of the measurement system are presented. Methods for processing images obtained on different GS elements are described.

A problem of tongue-selective diagnostics of the burning process in multiburner research and industrial installations is considered. The main factors that govern the response of optical sensors and gas analyzers to changing processes in the chamber as a result of fuel redistribution are determined. A simulation model of the object investigated is created. The model takes into account the determined dependences. A tongue-selective combustion diagnostics algorithm based on the developed model is proposed and demonstrated.

Results of applying domain engineering technologies to the development of distributed measurement systems are reviewed. An ontology of the subject domain

A new optical method for measuring sizes of a dispersed phase (gas bubbles in liquid or drops of liquid in gas) illuminated by a laser

A problem of optimal assignment of parallel program branches to processor cores of a distributed computer system (CS) in order to minimize its execution time is formulated. The formulation takes into account the hierarchic organization of the distributed CS communication network, the property of multicore processors, and the structure of a parallel program information graph. Stochastic sequential and parallel algorithms for solving the problem are proposed. Results of algorithm modeling by a cluster CS are presented.

A structure of hardware-software universal time provisioning in a seismic-acoustic system for rock mass geomechanical monitoring is described. The structure was tested at a mine in the Chitinskaya Region. A measure of inaccuracy of universal time counting is analyzed and calculated.

Results of thorough program synthetic aperture modeling intended for clearing up the influence of some interferences on the quality of synthesis, in particular, the additive noise and yaw of a vehicle with hydrophones as most significant ones, are described. It is proposed to compensate for the impact of vehicle yaw on the quality of synthesis by additive correction of the yaw angle by the criterion of maximizing the quality of the peak characterizing the observed pin-point object.

A method for designing refractive surfaces for forming required light distributions from compact light sources is developed. Calculation of the refractive surface is based on gradient minimization of the error function representing the difference between the calculated and required illumination fields. The method is based on surface representation via the eikonal light field distribution in the adjacent plane. The eikonal function is defined as a polynomial. An analytical expression for the error function gradient is obtained. Refractive surfaces for forming rectangular and triangular light distributions are calculated.

It is found that the hue of two-layer objects with the volume diffuse light scattering depends on the angle of light incidence and the top layer thickness of the object.

A two-cavity metal-dielectric structure with four very thin silver layers is described. The structure is calculated within the scope of two models: a homogeneous layer and a conducting surface. The silver film parameters were measured experimentally. It is shown that results of calculating the spectral transmission of the filter with the experimentally measured parameters differ drastically from calculations with optical constants of bulk samples.

A method for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation is proposed. The method rests on measuring the light intensity reflected from FBG sensors by means of a standard optical time-domain reflectometer. Multiple FBGs along the fiber optic line are interrogated through time division multiplexing. Specifications of FBGs enabling linear response of the sensors to strain and temperature are determined. The threshold sensitivity to strain is 0.8

The influence of the residual birefringence in optical windows on the results of ellipsometric measurements is considered. The optical properties of the windows are described by a complex relative transmittance. Corrections to the ellipsometric parameters, which arise in measuring on static ellipsometers, are calculated under the assumption of weak window anisotropy in a linear approximation. Analysis of the obtained relationships shows that the corrections are partly averaged in two-zone measurements. It is found that the optimal position of the windows corresponds to orientation of their optic axes at an angle of 45

The author presents his concept for technological basis of regional economy considered as a set of major industrial products produced in this region. The author shows the role which technological systems play in the innovation development in regions; describes theoretical grounds of how such systems emerge, progress and disappear; and also models their dynamics in the form of ordinary nonlinear differential expressions. The case-study for the Novosibirsk Oblast displays feasibility of the innovation development express-analysis made by identifying a set of technological bases which compose regional economy.

The paper identifies major types of meso-economic systems. Due to the multi-dimensional approaches to the cluster classification, we can find out basic peculiarities of knowledge and technologies applied and industrial and management structures in the different types of clusters; can understand the ways of how firms could contact industrial and technological environments and can identify interrelations between knowledge characteristics and an economic growth as well. The technique proposed by the authors allows classifying different meso-economic systems according to their diversity, their functional, institutional and social links and the nature of the innovation and technological processes applied.

Our analysis of the statistical data over 2000-2005 shows positive correlation between centralization of fiscal expenditures and GDP dynamics in most units of the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, not any increase in federal subsidies stimulates an economic growth because, among others factors, regional fiscal investments rather than centralized ones influence more positively on a speed of a regional growth. To increase the part of federal fiscal money transferred to conditional investment projects in regions could be considered an optimal strategy of intergovernmental relations from the point of view of higher economic growth rates.

The paper analyses different variants of the distribution of responsibilities between governments and the issues concerning enlargement of financial base for local governments. We consider local government here as a political and socio-economic base of any contemporary country. The tendency to decentralize government

The paper shows present practice of applying some assessments to validate the efficiency of spatial location of economy in Russia which can not be regarded appropriate but are very popular with validating different and even contrary point of views. The author stresses that such practice has tendency to grow. Why such assessments are being applied is the question which the author analyses and concludes that such practice does exist because the rhetorically formulated objectives and measures of regional policies substitute for a proper scientific approach, and this phenomenon is directly connected with the tendency to concentrate more and more financial and management instruments of regional policies in the federal center.

In instable institutional environment, prototypes of future institutions are different actors

The factors which slow down or stimulate the development and promotion of innovations into regional economies and the factors which stimulate the development of regional economies are considered by the authors as those influencing on macro-, meso- and micro-levels. The proposed approach has been applied to the analysis of factors influencing on the implementation of the Power Electronics Program. The authors conclude that in ideal situation, any innovation policy should be system-based and targeted, i.e. should contribute to neutralizing negative factors, and therefore slowing down ones, on all said levels and should promote relative stimulating factors.

The paper considers the features of how technopark structures form and develop in conditions of Russian economy. We revealed that management mechanisms being insufficiently elaborated and the lack of institutionalized procedures for assessing the efficiency of units within such innovation systems lower the effective function of the innovation systems. The authors analyze the approaches to the management mechanisms applied in Academgorodok, Novosibirsk City in the sphere of elaboration and management of development programs for innovation enterprises and renting the real estates and equipment or services, and conclude that basic elements of effective management in the Technological Park, Academgorodok, Novosibirsk City have been already built as the program objectives, goals and undertakings proved to be in balance with all the units of the Technological Park. Nevertheless, the development of a monitoring system is required to trace the dynamics of the situation in the Technological Park and to react properly.

Analysis of an expanding banking system in Russian regions shows a fragmentary character of present banking market; only 15% of Russian regions have a relatively advanced banking system. In most regions, the fact that a corporate sector is financed by a private one has been observed. In some regions, there are structural disparities between credit and deposit operations. Our regressional relationship analysis shows that availability of banks in a region correlates with deposit operations, and shows no correlation with credit ones. This means that not all banks conduct credit retailing contrary to deposit operations. In all regions except some, the problem outstanding debts of corporate and retail sectors could be regarded tolerable. The individuals

The development of the Kovyktinsk Gas-condensate Field in Irkutsk Oblast would have positive ecological impact  on the region because the provision regional industries and population with gas supply would promote the substitution dry natural gas for power-generating coal. At the same time, exploitation of this field will immediately affect the environment and mostly the regions where the field are to be developed. To find a compromise

The paper considers the assessment techniques for ecological damages from energy-saving technologies such as the assessment of aborted damage for ecologic and economic environments according to an advanced technique; the market tools and mechanisms provided by Kyoto Protocol and the assessment of ecologic and economic effects according to the world

The paper summarizes the foreign and home practices of how communities participate in discussion of projects of ecological importance. The author shows identical and distinguishing features of public participatory procedures in different countries. The author also presents some real examples of how public opinion does influence on the assessment of projects in Russian regions, and the role of new legal instruments which they play to improve national legislation in the sphere of public participatory decision making. The ways of how world

The paper analyzes how energy balances as the management tools could be applied by municipal units, and shows why their introduction into municipality

One of the bases for transfer from a paternalistic policy to partner relations is creation of a participatory system of decision-making for Aboriginal peoples in the filed of natural resource management, including their engagement in provision the companies

The article is devoted to consideration of the problems of social adaptation and the strategies of social adaptation of persons with disabilities in the educational conditions of the higher education institution. The author considers the methodological problems of adaptation and offers a typology of the strategies of social adaptation of persons with disabilities from the point of view of normative and interpretative approaches.

The author considers the problem of education with reference to the ages of the human life (the young man

The author considers social, cultural, and spiritual problems of modern family, manifesting in the complex social-economic conditions of Russia.

Higher education today is one of the social institutes, essentially influencing the development of the society and, to a great extent, forming its intellectual potential. The author analyzes the problem of the quality of educational process as one of the questions of reforming of the system of higher education in Russia.