Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2007 number 3

Basic and ultrabasic rocks in high- and ultrahigh-pressure collision belts can provide important petrological information. Mantle-derived and

The relative abrasive stability of kimberlite indicator minerals such as pyrope, picroilmenite, olivine, and apatite as well as diamonds and kimberlite fragments was studied experimentally, and the following sequence of mineral abrasive stability was established: pyrope-olivine-picroilmenite-apatite-kimberlite fragments. Diamond did not virtually change during the experiment. Kimberlite fragments appeared to be rather stable. Their relics were preserved until the end of the experiment, whereas the other minerals acquired wearing-resistant shapes. Pyrope, olivine, and apatite were shaped into an oval. Owing to anisotropy of microhardness, picroilmenite forms hexagonal tablets, which are typical of ancient haloes of indicator minerals in all diamondiferous regions. The parity analysis of the abrasive stabilities of pyrope and picroilmenite has shown that in the haloes of

Formation of mountains of the Central Tien Shan is usually explained by the isostatic response of the crust to its shortening caused by the India-Eurasia collision. The rise of the region in the period from Oligocene to Late Pliocene (2 myr ago) reached ~700 m on average, which corresponds to the isostatic response. For the last 2 myr (Late Pliocene-Quaternary), the rate of rise increased by an order of magnitude. This is proved by the coarsening of Cenozoic molasse up the sections, acceleration of cutting of drainage systems into ridges, and formation of new ridges within basins. In the Quaternary, most of intermontane basins underwent uplifting, though not so intense. The average rate of lateral crustal shortening increased ~2-2.5 times only, and the contribution of this process to the Late Pliocene-Quaternary orogeny was no more than 10%. The acceleration of rise was caused mainly by the convective replacement of the mantle lithosphere by the less dense asthenosphere. This was due to the quick softening of the mantle lithosphere as a result of the infiltration of active fluid from the lower mantle. Such accelerations of crustal uplifting took place in the Pliocene and Quaternary in many continental regions. This evidences that mantle processes, first of all, the full or partial replacement of the mantle lithosphere by the asthenosphere, played an important role in the formation of mountains.

We discuss the patterns of Late Cenozoic faulting and crustal stress in the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system. The Late Cenozoic faults are mainly of NE and ENE strikes. Faults of these trends, along with W-E faults, have been principal seismogenic structures. They have normal or left-lateral oblique geometry with different amounts of horizontal motion. The N-S, NW, and NNW faults bear signature of mostly right-lateral strike slip, and those of the WNW direction are left-lateral strike-slip faults, often with a normal component. The rift basins in this part of the rift system have had different evolution dynamics, with the most rapid faulting and sedimentation in the Muya basin. According to structural and seismological data, regional stress in the area has been stable and dominated by NW extension through the Pleistocene-Holocene and the Present. The directions and obliquity angles of principal normal stresses and percentages of stress types show local lateral variations. The evolution of the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system can be explained by a model of oblique rifting which accounts for the architecture of rift basins, the pattern of Late Cenozoic active faults, and the stress pattern derived from structural and seismicity data. The model is consistent with centrifuge models of magma emplacement during continental oblique rifting. Oblique extension associated with underplated magma can be maintained in the area by mantle plumes beneath the Kichera, Upper Angara, and Chara rift basins. The presence of subcrustal magma chambers may explain why the three basins formed before other basins in the NE flank of the rift system.

Thick sand-argillaceous deposits filling the paleorelief roughness are widespread in the south of the Irkutsk amphitheater. The origin of these deposits is still debatable: Some researchers relate them to eolian processes, and others consider them sediments of a dammed paleolake. A series of sand-argillaceous sections was studied in order to refine the genesis of deposits in the area of possible flooding. Results of these studies and laboratory analyses of the deposits argue for their lacustrine genesis and a drastic change in sedimentation conditions during the early formation of the paleolake. The tectonically induced instantaneous Badarma landsliding to the Angara River valley is assumed to have caused the damming of the main rivers in the study area.

Results of analyses for ¹³⁷Cs in soils sampled in more than 800 localities have shown that the Baikal area pollution is much contributed by local radioactive fallout from the Semipalatinsk nuclear ground tests. We studied the effect of the amount of atmospheric precipitation and the types of landscapes and soils on the content of ¹³⁷Cs in regional soils. Local radioactive fallout is confirmed by the total beta activity of daily atmospheric precipitation measured at regional weather stations.

A fault zone is considered an open nonequilibrium dynamic system in which its constituent subsystems evolve by self-organization in a nonlinear synergetic process of successive changes of structural levels (stages). A new term fault dissipative structure is suggested for an ordered 3D space-time structure produced in a fault zone by self-organization of fracturess of different scales. The approach is used in physical modeling to simulate the evolution of a strike-slip fault zone in an elastic-viscoplastic lithosphere and to recognize space and time criteria diagnostic of fault dissipative structures through fractal and entropy analyses.

We report the first experience of deriving the magnitudes of prehistoric earthquakes in southeastern Gorny Altai from the size of largest landslides they triggered using an empirical correlation between the earthquake magnitude and the volume of associated landslides. The applicability of this relationship to the Altai region has been checked against data on the M = 7.5 Chuya earthquake of 2003 that induced a great landslide event. The paleoearthquake magnitudes derived from landslide volume are the minimum estimates; the largest magnitudes of earthquakes of about the same size and location as the Chuya event have been predicted with a simplified linear dependence of earthquake magnitude versus detachment length. The magnitudes obtained with the new approach are of a satisfactory accuracy improving proportionally for younger earthquakes. The estimates spanning magnitudes from 6.9 to largest possible in nature indicate high seismic activity of the area through the Holocene and its seismotectonic identity with the Mongolian Altai.

Patterns of distribution and community structure of heterotrophic flagellates and bacterioplankton were investigated in the Vatinsky Yogan river (the Tyumen region). Low microbial abundance was recorded in the river. 38 species of heterotrophic flagellates from nine taxons and a group of uncertain taxonomic position were found in the river. The majority of them belonged to the consumers of bacteria and detritus. A positive correlation between the oil concentrations in water and in bottom sediments, on the one hand, and the abundance and biodiversity of heterotrophic flagellates, on the other hand, was established.

The comparative an

The goal of the experimental investigation is to compare the activities of the cellular elements of thermoresistivity in the eurybiont amphipoda species belonging to different faunal groups. Amphi

The species composition of tugai and desert communities of orthopterous insects in the lowlands of South-Western Tajikistan is described, the features of their formation at the height of 300 to 800 m above sea level are demonstrated. The diversity of communities is observed to decrease with an increase in absolute height. The season

Development of irrigation in the plains around the Pamiro-Alay caused the formation of new habitats for dragonflies (Insecta, Odon

Six natural-zonal and altitudinal-zonal ant complexes and five areal groups were discovered in the ant faun

Green leaves of immature plants of Serratula coron

Monoaminoxidase that deaminizes serotonin, tryptamine, benzylamine was revealed in the mitochondrial fraction and homogenates of liver tissues of fish species Cyprinidae (Carassius carassius, Carpinus carpio), Coregonidae (Coregonus peled), Carangidae (Trachrus picturatus picturatus). Deamin

Changes in the phenetic diversity of the population of East-Siberian grayling Thymallus arcticus pallasii Valenciennes, 1848 from the Buyunda river (the upper Kolyma) depending on the sex and age of individuals are analyzed. Among 16 phenes of the coloring of grayling dorsal fin in Eurasia four ones were detected on the dorsal fin of the East-Siberian subspecies. Fish of advanced age have a larger number of webs with the long-strip phene in comparison with younger fish, mainly webs without patterns or with patterns in the form of spots and short strips are present. Statistically significant differences between female and male individuals in the frequencies of the two phenes of four were detected. Variability of patterns in connection with fish growth should be taken into account when describing the habitus of grayling.

The data on the interpopulation changeability and differentiation of pike populations in different types of water bodies on Middle and South Ural are presented. The investigated pike populations are significantly different from each other both in the entire complex of morphological traits, and separately in the complexes of plastic and account traits. The main component of distinctions between populations is a complex of plastic traits. In the population distinction over the entire set of features, the biotope conditions had a larger weight than the affiliation of a water body to a definite basin or its geographic position.

The presented data show that under conditions of a city forest park the total abundance and species alpha-diversity of small-sized ground vertebrate animals (amphibian and small mammals) can be conserved close to the n

For the purpose of ornithofaunistic zoning, Northern Eurasia within the boundaries of the USSR of 1990 was zoned into 250 regions over the vegetation map of 1 : 20 000 000 scale so that each region occupied a territory of n

A city is like an island among the natural landscape. Therefore the principles of island ecology are suitable for a city. This approach may be used also to consider a city within its boundaries: the number of green open spaces, aquatories, their area, degree of fragmentation and distance from the perimeter of the urban zone. Natural analogues of urban bird communities in relation to diversity and domination may be the communities at an early stage of succession, under extremal conditions or often exposed to disturbances. Obviously adaptation of birds to urban habitats occurs as a result of pre-adaptation and various modifications. In some cases urban bird populations survive changes of reproductive biology and behavior. However, the observed changes are not universal for different species.

The data on the distribution of 26 species of birds (Passeriformes and Piciformes) were collected on the permanent test area in Moscow region by the method of repeated mapping of nest territories. The distribution of species according to environmental conditions was an

The effect of photoperiodic conditions of the Subarctic region on the feed and sexual activities of bird species wintering at the latitude of the Arctic circle, on time constraints, duration and completeness of post-juven

The bird communities of one of the least investigated regions of Russia is characterized. The main trends of territorial changes of the dominant and faun

Results of sensurihg of migratory birds during the years 1995

Reasons of variation in the number of eggs in duck clutch are considered for three duck species. The data on 1676 nests of mallard (An

The problem of perennial dynamics of the number of rodents is under investigation for more than a century. Its stalemate state is proposed to be accepted. In our opinion, the crisis originates from the attempts of the majority of researchers to reveal the facts of mortality leading to the failure of a population instead of revealing augmentation of population as a result of reproduction. The phenomenology of the dependence of the cyclic phase on the intensity of population reproduction is concealed. It is proposed to consider the problem of the population dynamics as two separate problems: the dynamics of

Siberian roe inhabits various forest formations growing in the subzones of middle and northern taiga of the middle part of East Siberia. However, the ecological connection of this species with the tracts of

Numerical modelling of a conjugate convective-conduction heat transfer in a rectangular region with a heat-release source was carried out in the presence of forced flow and mass exchange. The distributions of thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics, which describe the specific peculiarities of flow regimes under study, were obtained. The mutual influence of forced and free-convective flow was analysed. The scales of the effect of determining dimensionless complexes (Gr, Br, Re) on flow regimes were established. The evolution of analysed process was shown.

The influence of the plate inclination angle relative to the horizon on a distance between formed rivulets and breakdown of a falling water film was studied experimentally on a heater of 150×150 mm. Dependences of the distance between rivulets on the heat flux density and plate inclination angle were examined. In experiments two zones of influence of the heat flux on a distance between rivulets were revealed: at θ≥20

Electric characteristics of a high-frequency torch discharge measured by the resonance method are presented. It is shown that discharge capacity determined by the modified Neumann scheme is close to the value of electrostatic capacity. Capacity of discharge channel was calculated with consideration of propagation of a surface electromagnetic wave along this channel.

The role of electromagnetic forces and the forces of viscous friction with the arc plasma flow in the flow formation within the cathode melt is considered within the framework of numerical modelling; a comparative estimation of the separate influence of each of the above forces is carried out. The melt flow pattern is found to form mainly by electromagnetic forces. The character of the effect of electromagnetic forces is determined to a considerable extent by the ratio of the radius of cathode attachment of the arc on the melt droplet and the rod cathode radius.

The spatial combustion of turbulent jets in furnace devices is modelled numerically basing on equations for multi-component turbulent reacting gaseous mixtures. The dependencies are obtained for the influence of the secondary air velocity and composition of gaseous components on torch configuration at a diffusion combustion process. The effect of regime parameters on the increase in torch sizes, which arises at the interaction of secondary air with gaseous components, has been elucidated.

The experimental data obtained previously on the investigation of power characteristics and the possibility of the self-start of the Darrieus rotor are anlysed. These results are used at the design of new two-tier wind turbines with straight blades. The full-scale tests of two design variants showed the prospects for the development of wind turbines with the Darrieus rotor. At a reasonable design, they do not need any devices for the rotor orientation and start-up, are little sensitive to wind gusts and can have a high level of power characteristics, which is not inferior to the best samples of the units of propeller type.

Operation of the diametrical disc fan was studied experimentally at low (5- 50 torr) pressures in air. The effect of a drastic decrease in volumetric flow rate of the fan was revealed at pressures below 40 torr (flow rate crisis), what does not correlate with published data. The critical value of dimensionless parameter corresponding to flow transformation and formation of a closed flow inside a fan was determined and proved experimentally.

In the center of author

Models of the world, ways of manufacturing of public life, and the styles of scientific knowledge. In the paper, the basic ways of the public life manufacturing, individualistic and collectivist, are considered. The author proves regulations about volume that each of these ways of manufacturing forms the corresponding model of the world and the style of scientific knowledge.

In the modern world, knowledge becomes the basis of people

The paper presents a preliminary consideration of the problem of practical reason formalization. The advantage of using the abductive inference on the level of theoretical reasoning opens some perspectives to use it as an instrument for solving the problem of formalization of practical reasoning. We just need to accept that the intentional actions of practical reason are the beliefs of a special kind, which are constructed and justified as the beliefs of theoretical reason. Interrogative logic and the definitory and strategic rules of inference are very similar to the prominent features of the practical reason, for example, to its teleological spirit and orientation to the best preferred state of affairs.

In the article, the philosophical analysis of the concept of