Home – Home – Jornals – Flora and Vegetation of Asian Russia 2025 number 4

Kotulskite PdTe – the most abundant palladium mineral in platinum-group element (PGE) deposits of the Fedorova-Pana Layered Complex (FPC). This paper presents new data on the noble metal paragenesis and chemical composition of kotulskite from the North PGE Reef at the Peshempakhk target. At this target, the North Reef, extensively explored at the Kievey deposit, extends eastward. Low-sulfide mineralization containing up to 15 g/t PGE + Au outcrops here but does not form ore bodies at depth. The study aims to identify mineralogical distinctions between the discontinuous mineralization at Peshempakhk and the ore bodies of FPC deposits. 890 grains of platinum-group minerals and Au were studied in polished sections using electron microscopy, including energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis; kotulskite was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy against a synthetic analogue. The noble metal assemblage at Peshempakhk comprises (in relative vol. %): kotulskite (38 %), isomertieite (22 %), sperrylite (18 %), stibiopalladinite (11 %), hollingworthite (3 %), and gold (3 %). The noble metal paragenesis of the target differs from that of the main FPC deposits, where sulfides and tellurides of PGE predominate, namely braggite, vysotskite, merenskyite, moncheite, and kotulskite. Kotulskite at Peshempakhk averages 8.4 wt. % Bi, whereas deposits exhibit a more complete kotulskite-sobolevskite solid solution series with average Bi concentrations between 13.3 and 20.2 wt. %. Additionally, the studied kotulskite includes an antimony variety containing up to 10.3 wt. % Sb. The simultaneous presence of the two kotulskite types points to an origin under the most low-temperature conditions of a magmatic setting. Thus, the noble metal paragenesis and composition of kotulskite from the FPC PGE mineralization are its key typomorphic features. These results can be used to forecast ore zones in similar settings.

A petrological, geochemical and geochronological study of gabbro intrusions of the Utlyktash complex in the northern part of the West Magnitogorsk zone of the Southern Ural was conducted. The studied intrusions are confined to the margins of the Imangulovo syncline of syncollisional origin and its periphery. The age of Uraz gabbroic massif according new LA-ICP-MS data is 333±3 Ma. The geochemical features and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of the Utlyktash complex rocks reflect a weakly depleted mantle PM-like source for gabbroids with subsequent significant magma fractionation and minor crustal assimilation (up to 6%). Thermodynamic modeling supports the fractionation model of a single parental melt from which all the studied gabbro bodies crystallized. ID-TIMS and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating (ranging from 0.44 to 2.73 Ga) indicates the involvement of ancient continental crust and ophiolitic material from the zone of the Main Ural Fault, along which the Magnitogorsk island-arc terrane was thrust onto Laurussia paleomargin. The geological position of the Utlyktash complex and its geochemical correlation with basalts from the central part of the Magnitogorsk megazone suggest formation during syncollisional rifting in the early Carboniferous period, preceding the assembly of the Laurasia supercontinent.

We report results of geostructural, mineralogical, petrographic, geochemical and geochronological (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar) investigations of ophiolites in the northern and southeastern fragments of the Tatarka-Ishimba suture zone of the Yenisei Ridge combined into the Rybnyi-Panimba belt. They consist of massive and pillow-lava metabasalt, massive and layered metagabbro and metadolerite, and represent fragments of the upper part of the oceanic crust. They formed in a mid-ocean ridge or marginal sea setting from depleted mantle sources corresponding to components of N-MORB and E-MORB geochemical types. We propose a model for the tectonic history of emplacement of ophiolites on the margin of the Siberian craton in the Neoproterozoic time. At the Meso–Neoproterozoic boundary (Stenian–Tonian), 1051–916 Ma, the thrust structure was formed and the oceanic crust fragments (ophiolites) were accreted to the passive margin of the Central Angara Terrane (microcontinent). The subsequent convergence and collision of this microcontinent with the Siberian craton (786–749 Ma) caused the formation of strike-slip/thrust deformation in the rocks of the Tatarka-Ishimba suture zone including ophiolites. In the Cryogenian (708–700 Ma), strike-slip and reverse fault deformations occurred in these rocks due to a new episode of tectonic activity caused by the transition between convergent settings – end of the collision and start of the active continental margin.

Investigation results on combustion of methane and ammonia diluted with hydrogen are presented. The effect of hydrogen addition on the physicochemical properties, flame flashback conditions, and boundaries of stable combustion is determined over a wide range of fuel-air equivalence ratios (from lean to rich mixtures).

The paper describes the results of an experimental study of a supersonic transverse flow around a cylindrical body. The complicated flow structure being formed is visualized by means of shadowgraphy and by seeding the flow with particles. The experiments are performed to study the classical transverse flow around the cylinder and the flow with ejection of a gas jet from the cylinder surface. Several locations of the hole over a circumference in the cylinder midsection are considered (the aspect ratio of the cylinder is λ = 3.2). The influence of the hole location on the flow structure formed due to supersonic interaction of the incident flow and the jet is described. The study yields new experimental data on the flow structure formed due to supersonic interaction of the incident flow and the jet for different locations of the hole. The flow patterns are provided and analyzed.

The paper describes a method for the synthesis of titanium carbide films using magnetron sputtering in a small-anode discharge. As a result, the synthesized films exhibit a density lower than that for the films produced by the stan-dard method of magnetron sputtering. The generate coating were subjected to annealing in oxygen-bearing or nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting films were studied using several characteristics and methods: volt-ampere characteristics of the magnetron discharge and the small anode, images from scanning electron microscopy, x-ray phase analysis, resistometry and spectral measurements for optical transparency. Our study demonstrated that the samples synthesized in a setup with an anode are thicker than those synthesized without anode. They also exhibit a smaller size of crystallites, lower transparency, forbidden band and a higher resistance. Taking into account the unchanged regime of magnetron operation, this indicates a reduced film density.

The paper discusses computational and experimental methods for evaluation the thermo-erosion characteristics of launch escape propulsion subsystems (LEPS) equipped with a thermal protection coating under natural operating conditions. Combustion mixture flow was simulated using a commercial CFD software. Based on the obtained data, heat flux distribution across the LEPS surface was determined. Firing tests conditions of thermal protection materials are also described. A gas-dynamic tunnel was used to reproduce the natural operating conditions. Quantitative characteristics of thermo-erosion resistance for materials were calculated based on the experimental results with corrections for the period of non-stationary coating heating.

It seems to be very promising to study the fundamental processes occurring during the mechanochemical production and subsequent combustion of composite powder fuels consisting of coal and waste of the wood, pulp and paper, and agricultural industries. The mechanisms of combustion of composite fuel particles made of lignocellulose and coal remain understudied. This paper examines the processes of ignition and flame combustion of composite fuel samples and mixtures obtained from sawdust and anthracite.

Methods of numerical simulation were applied to studying the interaction of high-temperature air jets arranged in a mixing chamber of a triple-jet plasma-chemical direct-flow reactor. Computations produce the 3D distributions for velocity and temperature in the mixing chamber. Simulation indicates the flow circulation zones and the spatial temperature distributions on the inner walls of the reactor. The study offers the data on the heat flux for inner walls depending on the existence/absence of a thermal protection coating on the inner walls. This approach can be used for numerical simulation for multiple-jet reactors with different designs and purpose.

The density and thermal expansion of a liquid rubidium-lead alloy containing 50 at. % Pb were investigated for the first time by the gamma-ray attenuation technique in the temperature range from the liquidus to ~1000 K. It was found that the molar volume of the Rb₅₀Pb₅₀ melt is 30 % less than the molar volume of an ideal solution of the same composition. The temperature dependence of the melt density is highly nonlinear, therefore the volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion decreases by more than 1.5 times with an increase in temperature from 864 to 1010 K. Based on modern concepts of the structure of liquid metal systems with partially ionic nature of interatomic interaction, the behavior patterns of the thermal properties of a liquid alloy are briefly analyzed.

The article examines one of the modern arguments in favor of mathematical platonism - the explanatory indispensability argument. The philosophical prerequisites for the formulation of this argument are considered, namely: the philosophical views of the late W.V.O. Quine and the mature H. Putnam, H. Field’s “Science without Numbers” and M. Balaguer’s “New Fictionalism”, with special attention paid to the analysis of the concept of “nominalist realism” of the latter. That “nominalist realism” not only does not correspond to the views of theoretical physicists and chemists, but also faces a number of philosophical problems, is shown by using examples from theoretical physics, chemistry, and biology.

The semantics of types and tokens presented in the latest analytical philosophy in the research of J. Katz is considered in this article. The authors of the article argue that this semantic concept provides the most optimal interpretation of the functioning of natural language. This interpretation takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of the semantic projects of G. Frege and the late L. Wittgenstein.

The article critically examines the prevalent idea in analytical philosophy that the first-person singular pronoun “I” uniquely expresses the first-person perspective because of a direct correlation between an individual’s self-awareness and her ability to refer to herself with this pronoun. First, I outline the general idea of the problem concerning the linguistic expression of the first-person perspective. My focus is primarily on the problem of the cognitive significance of indexicals as well as the problem of ambiguity between de se and de re readings of the sentences involving indirect speech about an individual’s propositional attitudes. Many advocates of the criticized idea implicitly subscribe to the so-called “awareness condition”, while their explanation of how an individual acquires such awareness has a strong Cartesian flavor. Second, I argue that natural languages do allow impersonal use of the personal pronoun “I” and have multiple ways to express the first-person perspective. Both these facts challenge the idea of the unique role the pronoun “I” has in language systems. I propose to explain the lack of a single way to express the first-person perspective by referring to the context-dependent nature of language. To put it differently, the ways of expressing the first-person perspective depend on the context of use in communicative situations.

As is known, the Turing machine, developed long before the advent of computers, was not intended to take into account the interactions of programs, computers and other devices. However, the operation of the Internet and artificial intelligence involves different types of interactions. In modern computer science, various models have been created that take interactions into account. In this paper, I examined models of extended Turing machines and extended algorithms to determine whether the Turing machine model is adequate to describe and solve the problems that these models can handle. I showed that extended Turing machines correctly describe the behavior of the Turing model and successfully solve the problems that it can handle. Also, in the article I described the problem of controlling the movement of a car driven by a robot by a Turing machine, it does not cope with this problem, but extended Turing models provide a solution to it. Therefore, the question of the strict relationship between the capabilities of Turing machines and extended Turing machines remains open.

The article explores Michael Polanyi’s concept of tacit knowledge and its relevance in contemporary scientific and technological contexts. It reviews the historical and epistemological background, the social dimension of collective tacit knowledge in science, and the challenges posed by the “black box” problem in artificial intelligence. Using the evolution of chess algorithms from Deep Blue to AlphaZero as a case study, the article illustrates the shift from explicit, formalized knowledge to opaque, tacit knowledge. It emphasizes the enduring importance of tacit knowledge for understanding the nature of scientific practice and modern cognitive systems.

This article analyzes the paradoxical role of Kant’s philosophy in the emergence of the historical turn. The central issue is that while Kant rejected empirical history as a foundation for philosophy, his critical system provoked a rethinking of philosophical knowledge as historically conditioned. Five core ideas are explored: 1) Kant’s “Copernican turn” as a model for later philosophical turns; 2) the interpretive opacity of his system as the origin of the hermeneutic tradition; 3) the concept of rational progress as a basis for historical philosophy; 4) the distinction between the historical turn and historicism; 5) the roles of Neo-Kantianism and Hegelianism in consolidating the historical approach. The author argues that the historical turn grew out of Kant’s discussions with his contemporaries, the internal tensions of the Kantian system and the reaction to it, especially in the 19th-20th centuries. As a result, philosophy, which for a long time had rejected the historical method, in the 20th century acquired the features of a historically reflexive discipline.

The work is a continuation of the previous article, devoted to turns in the history of philosophy. The author admits that the true meaning of the concept of a turn occurs when the authors of the turn make a return to the generic beginning in their philosophical practice, return to the generic source, turning to ancient and then mythological roots. A true turn occurs when the ontological foundations are questioned and the need arises to return to the beginning, in order to perform the act of thinking again through this return, in order to return ontological power to this act, and to man - his original place, so that he can begin to think again. In this case, it is assumed that a true turn begins when a philosopher makes a new, different beginning, turning to ancestral sources, thereby restoring the spiritual tradition. The author proposes to consider the hypothesis according to which all the turns that took place in the twentieth century are parts of the anthropological turn, since all of them in one way or another concerned primarily the ontological ill-being of man, concerned various aspects of his activity, revealing various kinds of human deficiencies and shortages - in knowledge, communication, in the means and methods of research, in language, logical analysis, spiritual practices, etc. In this case, different types of turns, be it linguistic, rhetorical, pragmatic and others, act as different attempts to fill this or that human deficit. Thus, the usual and well-known turns in the history of philosophy relate more to different kinds of practices for the development of those other means that a person needs - means of knowledge, or means of communication, or means of thinking, or linguistic means. But they all relate to the main and constant - to the anthropological turn, understood as the restoration of the source, an appeal to the ontological beginning, the restoration of the place of man in the world.

In the postpositivist philosophy of science, with all the variety of directions, the dominant tendency - the turn of the philosophy of science to the history of science - is quite generally recognized. Postpositivist interpretations of the history of science (T. Kuhn, I. Lakatos, K. Popper, etc.) are created in explicit or implicit polemics with the positivist concept of evolution; and thus remain within the conceptual boundaries of this paradigm. In this regard, those versions of the history of science that go beyond this paradigm are of interest. They include E. Husserl’s concept, in which the history of science is viewed through the prism of the genesis of deductive sciences (geometry and mathematical physics) - from the emergence of the original sense to the formation of a scientific tradition in these theoretical sciences, which for each given generation of scientists acts as a “universal a priori of history”. The emergence of mathematical physics in the New Age is evaluated by him as a break with the previous scientific tradition, which means a crisis in science, which is accompanied by the crisis of European humanity as a whole. Based on E. Husserl’s works on the history of science, the article reconstructs a system of basic concepts that recreates a phenomenological version of the history of science.

The article attempts to reconstruct philosophically scientificity as a category based on the speculative-dialectical system of G.W.F. Hegel. Contrasting reductionist and rational approaches to scientific knowledge, the author focuses on the need to include scientific discourse in the sphere of reason (Vemunft), expressed in conceptual necessity. Particular attention is paid to the “Science of Logic” as the foundation of Hegel’s ontology and epistemology, as well as to the criticism of empiricism, positivism and formal logic as insufficient foundations for scientificity. The relevance of Hegel’s approach is substantiated in the context of the modern crisis of fragmented knowledge and reductionist strategies in science.

Decompositional Dual-Aspect Neutral Monism (DAM) aims to overcome the opposition between realism and idealism, eliminate the subject-object dualism, solve the quantum measurement problem and the hard problem of consciousness. We argue that DAM represents a form of idealism/antirealism and cannot serve as a philosophical foundation for quantum mechanics. At the same time, we believe DAM possesses heuristic value. The position can be reinterpreted from the perspective of Contextual Realism (CR), which rejects the premises of (post)modern philosophy and affirms that contextuality is both an epistemological and ontological feature of reality.

In the process of the development of modern science, researchers have obtained a large number of results, which make their own unique contribution to the formation of scientific knowledge. After F. Bacon, it is generally accepted that the scientific result or scientific knowledge, first of all, indicates knowledge obtained in an experiment or empirically. At the same time, as the history of science shows, experiments, as a rule, were not set up and carried out randomly, but were mainly conditioned by hypotheses formulated by great scientists in the process of their thinking on a special kind of being. In this regard, without denying the importance of an experiment in the process of scientific knowledge, we will formulate the following problem: does scientific knowledge arise in an experiment or is an experiment only a means of manifestation of a hypothetical idea of the general content of a special kind of being that has already arisen in thinking? Answering this question, we come to the conclusion that scientific knowledge constantly passes through аbstrаct, dialectical and speculative moments of a completely reasonable logical method of thinking. These moments of thinking are necessary prerequisite and condition for the emergence of scientific knowledge. Thus, it is revealed that scientific knowledge does not arise in the experiment itself, but is comprehended as such through repeated passage of moments of thinking.

The article attempts to comprehend the influence of such engineering science as synthetic biology on the ontological content of the direction in science known as technoscience. The author explicates the ontic composition of synthetic biology and further constructs the ontological content of this engineering-scientific direction. Specific examples of mutual influence of ontic and ontological are considered. The author has chosen the concept of distinction and mutual influence of ontic and ontological of German existentialist philosopher M.Heidegger as a theoretical and methodological basis for detecting changes in the ontological content of synthetic biology. The concepts of “technoepistemic object” and “technoscientific experimental system” by German philosophers T.Kohl and J.Falk, as well as the classification of objects by French philosopher Bernadette Bensaud-Vincent were used to investigate the modern ontological technoscience. For a more holistic ontological picture, some specific achievements and works of synthetic biologists were used. As a result, a causal determination between the ontic and the ontological is discovered, where the ontic, expanding and multiplying, is necessary to form new ontological-epistemological categories designed to characterise and explain such an entity, which did not exist before synthetic biology. The author has discovered possible conditions for the transformation of an epistemic object into a technoepistemic one, among which is the fulfilment of four criteria: they are familiar/ recognisable, value-laden, performative and have unrestricted materiality.

The paper provides a review of Penelope Maddy’s “A Plea for Natural Philosophy and Other Essays„ and contains a brief summаry of the main ideas of the essays published in the mentioned book.

Introduction. An attempt is made to carry out a radical critical analysis of the transformation of the educational process in the context of the dictatorship of capitalist rationality. The starting point of the study is the conviction that education in its historical and philosophical sense is not simply a set of institutional procedures or the transfer of knowledge, but a complex and internally contradictory process of becoming a subject through self-knowledge, labor, alienation and recognition, which in the Hegelian tradition is designated by the concept of Bildung. In the context of the neoliberal economic system, this essence of education is systematically displaced, replaced by the utilitarian goals of training market operators. The methodology of the study is based on Hegelian dialectics, which allows us to consider the contradictions of education not as side effects, but as symptomatic expressions of the deep logic of alienation of the spirit from itself. Through the prism of the dialectic of master and slave, the current situation is analyzed, in which metrics, KPI and standardized forms of control are becoming a new “master” impersonal but omnipotent. The essence of the discussion revolves around the structural substitution of rational, speculative thinking (Vernunft) with rational, operational rationality (Verstand), subordinated to the requirements of efficiency and measurability. Digital platforms, interactive interfaces and gamified educational environments, instead of being a means of expanding the horizons of thinking, become instruments of disciplinary control and reproduction of capitalist norms. Education loses its ontological horizon of being a space for the formation of a subject capable of transcendence, denial and freedom. The conclusion of the article emphasizes that the modern education system is not just a mirror of capitalism, but its active instrument: it is not neutral, but normative, and as such it participates in the production of a new type of subjectivity - fragmented, adapted, functional, but critically helpless. The way out of this trap is possible only through philosophical reflection, through a return to the dialectical logic of thinking, as a space in which not only knowledge, but also freedom becomes possible.

Introduction. The relevance of the research is to generate the unity of phylogeny and ontogenesis, the unity of the functions of thinking and the structure of thought as the development of the personality potentiality. This is accomplished through being as becoming another, the manifestation of the power of being, the energy-field nature of consciousness, the wave frequency, as well as the foundations of the functions of consciousness, which are characterized by stress-force and energy-potential states. The methodological basis of the proposed research is the integral, categorical-dialectical, cultural-historical approaches. The object is the holistic nature of man as an ideal form of disclosure of his potentiality. Subject: means and methods of revealing the essence of the unity of human nature. Discussion. The problem under study is the inability of modern man to break the ring of his own underdevelopment, to commit an act of consciousness, the act of introducing himself into the world, taking a place in the world, fulfilling his destiny and exercising personal responsibility, striving to be Human. Conclusion. The theoretical study made it possible to reveal the mechanism of the integral nature of man through spiritual, moral and moral development, the unity of affect and intelligence, the unity of connections between the function of thinking and the structure of thought, i.e. education and development. Through the development of consciousness, it becomes possible to overcome the paradoxes of cultural and biological development, cognitive and educational process, which can and should be implemented in the educational process. The study reveals the conditions for a breakthrough to the possibility of a heroic state of personality as a vertical cross-section of various cultures, ideal forms, norms, universal values, according to conscience and honor, one’s own spirituality and the moral foundation of modern man. To do this, it is necessary to be in the continuum of space-time, in the being of thought.

Introduction. For a millennium, one of the main issues of Russian philosophical thought has been the question of forming a moral ideal that would contribute to the prosperity of the Fatherland. Having passed through the centuries, accumulating and being framed, its constant component remained love for the Motherland. The post-Soviet period, which made serious adjustments to the ideological and moral guidelines, has largely changed the attitude of the younger generation to patriotism. Distortion of historical memory, falsification of history, replacement of the traditional paradigm of education with personalistic models, and a decrease in the role of education in shaping the image of the future generation have led to serious social losses. Methodology. Based on the analysis of the results of large-scale sociological studies conducted over the past five years by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, the Russian Society of Sociologists, the Russian Academy of Education and the Academy of Sciences, as well as the country’s leading universities, a conclusion was made about the need to form a modern concept of education based on our own traditions and centuries-old ethical standards. Discussion. The author’s approach to the education of active patriotism as a spiritual and moral organizing principle of the young generation of Russians is proposed, which requires turning to the methodology of social axiology and ethics of education. Civic duty and the obligation to protect the interests of one’s country is one of the foundations of educational strategy today. In this regard, three main concepts have been identified that require special attention to the perception of work ethics as an integral part of the lifestyle, family as a life value and volunteering as a public benefit. Conclusion. A conceptual approach to the formation of spiritual and moral public consciousness will make it possible to create a model that regulates the functioning of social and educational institutions and mobilizes the social intelligence, emotional development and spiritual potential of the Russian public, ready to withstand external challenges.

Introduction. The article is a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of massive open online courses (MOOCs) as a key element of the modern system of continuous education. The relevance of the work is due to the rapid digitalization of educational processes, globalization of the educational market and fundamental changes in social structures in the post-industrial society. The purpose of the study is to identify the philosophical foundations and social consequences of the spread of MOOCs, as well as a comprehensive analysis of their impact on the availability of knowledge, the transformation of cultural capital and new models of professional development. The research methodology is based on the synthesis of dialectical and systemic analysis, which allows for a combination of philosophical reflection with a comprehensive study of modern educational trends (principles of andragogy, social theory of education, cultural and historical approach, etc.). Discussion. The study focuses on new social phenomena: radical transformation of the traditional roles of teacher and student, rethinking the concept of cultural capital, formation of a fundamentally new digital educational identity. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the reproduction of social inequality in new digital forms, commercialization of educational content and its impact on the quality of knowledge, as well as a radical change in epistemological models in the context of fragmentation and modularization of learning. Conclusion. The main conclusion of the study emphasizes the dual nature of the influence of massive online courses on modern education. On the one hand, they really expand access to knowledge and create new opportunities for lifelong learning. On the other hand, they give rise to previously unknown forms of educational exclusion associated with digital inequality, differences in motivation and ability to self-organize. In the future, the author highlights the ethical aspects of digital education, the long-term impact of online learning on the processes of socio-cultural adaptation, as well as the transformation of cognitive strategies in the digital educational environment.

Introduction. Contemporary research highlights the contradictory impact of generative AI (GenAI) on critical thinking. On the one hand, the use of GenAI contributes to the development of analytical skills, reduction of cognitive load, and the formation of sustained attention. On the other hand, it may lead to dependency, cognitive offloading, and “metacognitive laziness”. This divergence raises the question of alternative conceptual frameworks that can explain why some forms of interaction with GenAI strengthen critical thinking, while others weaken it. Moreover, given the rapid turnover of GenAI generations, such explanations cannot be reduced to the characteristics of individual models, since these become obsolete faster than they can be thoroughly analyzed. Methodology. The article employs A. Clark’s concept of “cognitive loops”, which describes thinking as a distributed process extending beyond individual consciousness and incorporating external agents. Based on an analysis of data on the influence of GenAI on critical thinking, a model of the cognitive loop ‘Consciousness - GenAI - Consciousness’ is proposed, consisting of four phases: generation, externalization, GenAI output, and internalization. Discussion. The typology of cognitive loops shows that the quality of critical thinking depends not on the mere fact of using GenAI, but on how the interaction is organized. Two key parameters are proposed: the priority of prompt/output and the level of skeptical pressure. The combinations of these parameters form four types of cognitive loops of critical thinking, which demonstrate in which cases GenAI supports critical thinking and in which it substitutes for it. Conclusion. Interaction with GenAI neither inherently adds to nor diminishes critical thinking, but rather transforms the space in which such thinking becomes possible. The proposed typology of cognitive loops of critical thinking identifies the parameters of this transformation and provides a foundation for the development of practices capable of shifting the balance toward strengthening rather than substituting critical thinking.

Introduction. In modern philosophy of education, special attention is paid to the problem of substantiating a new strategy for the development of the education system in the context of its digitalization. The aim of the theoretical study was to identify the main axiological foundations and social factors that influence the process of professional personality formation in modern conditions of society development. Methodology. In the context of socio-philosophical research, modern research is analyzed that actualizes the problems of professional development of a modern personality. The main methods were generalization and systematization. Discussion. The formation of a professional’s personality in his socialization is carried out under the influence of many different social factors (economic, social, political, spiritual). Economic factors in the process of professional personality formation are reflected in the search for solutions to the problems of globalization of education and economic growth in general, the issues of emerging universities of the future, the personalization of education at the same time, and the assessment of the quality of the formed workforce. Social factors are considered in modern research in the context of such basic problems as assessing the socio-professional success of a personality, studying the formation of social success, identifying the specifics of personification of the subject of activity; assessing the level of development of thinking of specialists. Political factors in the process of professional personality formation are considered in the context of solving such basic problems as assessing the sustainable development of an organization in conditions of instability, the dependence of organizational changes on the response to changes in the external environment, and the focus of organizational culture on achieving strategic goals. Spiritual factors in the process of professional personality formation are considered in modern research in the context of such basic problems as the identification of value and semantic orientations of professional educational activity; the identification of personality self-identification features in the context of emerging new socio-cultural characteristics of society. Conclusion. The identified aspects that determine the specifics of the main axiological foundations and socio-cultural factors that influence the process of professional personality formation in modern conditions of society development are summarized.

Introduction. Modern society and the value system of its representatives are changing significantly under the influence of Internet technologies and social networks in the course of intensive digitalization. The work of social networks is based on the principle of recommendation algorithmization, as a result of which the user receives content in accordance with their preferences, interests, political views and value system, and content is personalized. Further, the so-called “information bubbles” are formed, understood as a limited/immeasurable digital space formed by the interests and preferences of the user. These spaces have an impact on modern society. The research methodology is based on an ontological analysis of existing works on the problem of the transformation of the information space, which consists in the appearance of relatively new “components”: information bubbles, “filter bubbles”, “epistemic echo bubbles”, “echo chambers”, significantly changing the perception of reality by man and society as a whole in the direction of distortion. Discussion. The purpose of the article is to consider the phenomenon of the “information bubble” in the ontological aspect, to explore the principles of algorithmization of content in social networks. There are not enough studies devoted to the consideration of this problem. It is necessary to pay close attention to the algorithmization of content, the formation of information bubbles, as they influence the formation of the worldview of the younger generation and adjust the value system of adults, whose worldview, as expected, has already been formed. Conclusion. The formation of a modern person’s worldview and value system occurs under the influence of social networks, where he chooses articles, opinions, images of interest to him, and then recommendation algorithms provide information confirming his views, thereby creating an information bubble. The concepts of “information bubble”, “filter bubbles”, “epistemic echo bubbles”, “echo chambers”, their influence on the formation of the worldview of society, its value system are considered. A model of a triple content selection filter and models of Internet communication are presented.

Introduction. Existing concepts of teaching philosophy face the need for meta-didactic justification in the context of the transformation of educational paradigms. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to overcome the limitations of approaches that appeal predominantly to the historical and philosophical tradition of conveying philosophical problems without properly articulating the challenges of modernity. Methodology. The study uses historical-critical and interdisciplinary approaches, including a comparative philosophical and epistemological analysis of the concepts of the philosophy of education, metaphilosophy, the philosophy of didactics, and the philosophy of science in the context of their interrelation with the problems of teaching philosophy. This approach allows us to systematize various educational paradigms and determine the degree of their influence on the contemporary teaching of philosophy and philosophical education. Discussion. The study substantiates the thesis that the development of a relevant approach to teaching philosophy requires its placement in a broader context related to the philosophy of education. Various concepts of teaching philosophy typically focus on the programmatic basis and the level of detail, which determine the value of the content and the possibility of adaptation to the audience. The importance of situating metadidactic proposals within a broad conceptual context, addressing the basic level of reflection, and addressing changes in cognitive and axiological assumptions is emphasized. Challenges of contemporary education are considered: the elimination of the sapient dimension, subjectivism, the fragmentation of knowledge, and educational helplessness. Particular attention is paid to the integrative potential of philosophical knowledge, capable of overcoming interdisciplinary disunity and promoting the formation of a holistic worldview. A return to a realistic, objectivist, and universalistic approach to the teaching and study of philosophy is advanced as a methodological imperative, capable of reviving the sapient focus of education. Conclusion. Metadidactic reflection promotes alignment with the philosophy of education, emphasizing the stabilizing and culture-forming role of philosophy. Metaphilosophical analysis allows for a concretization of the premises and value of teaching theories, providing their reliable conceptual justification. Classical philosophy is seen as a condition for educational experience aimed at the holistic development of the individual and the return of education to its humanistic essence.

Introduction. This study discusses the technologies of innovative industrialization based on the electric power industry in a hybrid format, which can increase the productivity of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, as well as solve a range of educational problems. The Republic of Tyva is chosen as an example of energy production in short supply. The discussion is intended for master’s students in the field of electric power engineering who study the subject of philosophy of technical sciences, which is taught by professors with a classical philosophical background, and many aspects of science and technology are presented in a highly condensed form. Methodology. The philosophy of education is designed to reveal the ontological foundations of any technical field, which is why the initial methodology for studying the electrification of the Republic of Tyva was based on the sociology of education, the economics of education, and the philosophical and historical genesis of socio-economic events. By using the philosophy of education as a foundation and relying on its methodological framework, it became possible to integrate all areas of research. Discussion. Given the needs of the region’s diversified economy for professional personnel, alternative methods of electrification are being studied based on general scientific methodological approaches (the evolution of economic views on the development of the energy sector, and the educational needs of the new stage of transformations in the electric power industry) to assess the impact of using solar power plants as a tactical link in predicting successful socioeconomic development. It has been shown that the development of hybrid energy in the Republic of Tyva will, on the one hand, lead to a decrease in the cost of electricity and the development of the mining industry, and the socio-economic justification for the need to use alternative energy sources will reduce the likelihood of the region being cut off from electricity in the event of an accident on the only power line. Conclusion. The reorientation of the energy supply policy for the population, the public utilities sector, and other sectors of the economy towards safe energy sources includes the possibility of transitioning from traditional sources to solar energy technologies and from there to hybrid forms. The discussion of these measures from the perspective of the philosophy of education will have an impact on, and in the long term, will improve the quality of life and standards for the population of the Republic of Tyva.

Introduction. The article concretizes the issue of the university code. This question was raised by the authors earlier. The specification concerns the concept of “stability”, which is not identical to concept of “eternity”. Relevance. Modern university is very different from the one that was originated in the Middle Ages and had a long history. Modern university has chаnged the paradigm of its development, purpose, tasks, mission. It is being reformed constantly. It is necessary to think about its new understanding. The problematic questions are the next. What is а “university code” and “university spirit”? What is their significance for the stability of the university? Methodology. It is necessary to show that the university code is identical to its idea. The authors understand the idea of university from the point view of Plato’s methodology, namely from the point of view its teaching on eidos. But they clarify of concept of the code and talk about its two parts: logos (rational cognition the truth) and aesthesis (the spirit of the university, that is, its irrational understanding the code is the trust of the university, because it ensures its historical stability. The idea, or the code, or the eidos of university is its “universalizing matrix”, which find self-justification by changes of the concept of “universalization”. For example, the modern concept of “universalization” is considered by article through practice-oriented education of modern university, which characterizes model of “the university 3.0”. Conclusion. The authors argues that the code and spirit of the university must be preserved.

Introduction. The research is devoted to the problems of bilingual education and the preservation of the native languages of the peoples of Russia, using the Republic of Ingushetia as a case study. The aim of the study is to answer the question of how global and internal socio-economic processes influence language policy. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological foundation is a synthesis of the world-systems analysis (I. Wallerstein, G. Arrighi) and P. Bourdieu’s concept of forms of capital. Discussion. This synthesis allowed for the problem to be analyzed as a consequence of the cyclical fluctuations of a territorially vast semiperiphery (strategies of “integration” and “de-linking” with the world-system) and the socio-economic hierarchy, in which language is considered a form of cultural capital possessing varying degrees of convertibility into other forms of capital (economic, social, symbolic). Historical evidence demonstrates how language policy towards the Ingush population changed depending on the overall strategy of the Russian/Soviet state. In the modern period, the Ingush language, despite natural bilingualism and its official state status in the republic, is in a «vulnerable» position according to the UNESCO classification. The school serves as a key institution that not only reproduces the nation but is also capable of reinforcing social inequality through linguistic standards and curricula. The education system faces a lack of high-quality textbooks, bilingual teaching methodologies, a shortage of qualified personnel, and institutional conditions that diminish the status of the Ingush language. The existing support for the Ingush language at the regional level proves insufficient to bridge the gap in the convertibility of linguistic capitals. Conclusion. Russia’s language policy has a pendulum-like character, oscillating between a tendency towards diversity and a tendency towards intensified unification (through Russification), influenced by world-systemic and geopolitical factors.

Introduction. The study is devoted to the analysis of the Russian idea in education, the main philosophical and ontological approaches affecting the general structure and content of education are investigated. Methodology. The study applies socio-cultural and civilizational approaches in the perspective of comparative analysis of the philosophical and ontological foundations of Western and Russian education. Discussion. The philosophical and ontological foundations of modern knowledge were formed from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. Philosophical and ontological approaches, developed mainly by Western civilization by the mid-nineteenth century, were taken as the basis. This is the postulation of the two main alternative foundations of the world - unilateral (partial) materialism and idealism, which are realized, first of all, in the teachings of religious idealism and scientific materialism. Materialism was identified with science in the aspect of the bodily or material atomic-molecular basis of the world. And the comprehension of the immaterial world - spiritual and moral, became the prerogative of idealistic and religious comprehension. The Russian scientist A. A. Bogdanov was the first to publish a fundamental work on the general theory of systems, laying the philosophical and ontological foundations of systemic philosophy as a holistic, non-disjointed knowledge about the world, about systems of any nature - inorganic, organic, social, spiritual. The opposition between materialism and idealism was overcome and the whole knowledge was restored as the unity of the World. This direction of the ideas of Russian philosophy as a whole knowledge about the world in the twentieth century acquired a philosophical and ontological form of systemic philosophy as synthetic dualism. These two different civilizational philosophical and ontological concepts - Western and Russian - formed the basis of the specifics of natural-scientific, socio-humanitarian, anthropic and technical-technological knowledge, which laid different foundations for education - dismembered knowledge of the universal in Western ontology and whole complementary knowledge in the Russian worldview. Conclusion. It is stated that there are alternative philosophical and ontological concepts of being - Western (partial, internally dismembered, conflicting) and Russian (holistic, internally unified, harmonious).

Introduction. An analysis of the factors of social development is presented, new strategic goals are identified for understanding and improving the “quality” of the person himself, developing criteria for this quality that are adequate to reproduce the “flow of social development”. It is these aspects of the educational space that have been the subject of research. The methodological basis is the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the socio-philosophical analysis of the media space, elite and mass education, the subject of educational interaction, as well as the foundations of the balance of human life and society. Discussion. The author formulates the conceptual and theoretical foundations of socio-philosophical analysis in the field of the enlightenment paradigm of media space, elite and mass education, the ontology of the subject of educational interaction, the ethics of physicality, the value attitude to national and cultural traditions in modern conditions, the formation of a professional personality, as well as the search for the value foundations of the balance of human life and society. In most cases, the author’s research was applied in nature, and it identifies man as a phenomenon of the material and existential world. In conclusion, the results of the analysis are summarized and the special role of social axiology in human cognition is emphasized, which should not turn into a simple interpretation of the data of the humanities. The conceptual development of human ontological problems is reflected in the author’s ideas: “The problem of man in modern philosophy”, “Media education as a subject of the theory of knowledge”, “Philosophy of the essence of man”, “Human physicality”, “Man - activity - communication”, “Prospects of human education”, etc. The assessments of social subjects and their implementation, the formation of a new model of the educational space and the understanding of its value bases are presented as the actual socio-philosophical aspects of the study.

In connection with the critical revision of the species of the genus Hackelia Opiz within Eurasia, herbarium materials in the collections stored in the Herbariums of LE, MW, NSK, NS, TK, ALTB, AA, TAD, as well as virtual collections posted on the aggregator Global plants on JSTOR were studied. The analysis of morphological, karyological, palynomorphological, carpological characters and the results of molecular genetic studies showed that nine species of the genus Hackelia from three sections are found in Eurasia. The revision allowed us to identify changes in the taxonomy and distribution of species of the genus Hackelia, describe a new section Popovia Ovczinnikova, validate the name of the section Macrophylla Lian et J.Q. Wang ex Ovczinnikova, describe a new species for science H. lipschitzii Ovczinnikova from the Republic of Tajikistan, and cite new localities of the discussed species. H. deflexa (Walenb.) Opiz is recorded for the first time for the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China, it is shown that H. thymifolia (A. DC.) I.M. Johnst. is limited in its distribution to Northern and Central Asia, and does not grow in the Pamirs. The Pamir plants are described as a new species. The synopsis for all taxa includes: nomenclatural citation, information on type specimens and new localities, data on ecological features and distribution, range maps for 3 species, a key to identifying sections and species. The lectotype of name Myosotis deflexa Walenb. is designated. The description of H. lipschitzii includes a diagnosis, a comparative table of diagnostic features of the new species and other species of the genus, the main features of the eremocarps are illustrated in the figure, and a photograph of the holotype is provided. In discussing the taxonomy of the genus within the full range, a new nomenclatural combination of the species H. torvum (Dimon et M.A.M. Renner) Ovczinnikova from Australia is proposed.

The article presents the results of observations for peculiarities in natural revegetation of opencast spoil tips in the arid zones of the Republic of Khakassia. Research into the structure and productivity of pioneer plant communities was conducted for five years on various elements of mesorelief of 10-year-old opencast spoil tips of Chernogorsky Coal Mine. The research shows that primary successions have a herbaceous type of vegetation. 24 species of vascular plants are present, 87 % of them are native. On dump slopes of different aspects dominating species are forbs ( Salsola collina , Sonchus arvensis , Teloxys aristata , Erysimum cheiranthoides etc.) or Poaceae ( Calamagrostis epigeios and Hordeum jubatum ). The vertical structure exibits a near-surface type of distribution; the herbage height is lower than in zonal communities. The productivity of pioneer communities (maximal values 0.7 ± 1.6 t/ha are observed on the plateau) is lower than that of aboriginal bunch grass steppes. The above-ground phytomass predominates over the under-ground phytomass in all parts of the study site. The plant communities after 10 years of revegetation remain in an initial stage of restoration and differ in the composition and structure from the zonal communities.

The analysis of the ontogenetic composition and demographic parameters of two cenopopulations (CP) of Myricaria bracteata Royle in the bed of the rivers in Republic of Kazakhstan is carried out. The studied coenopopulations of M. bracteata reflect the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the process of population development during overgrowth of the winding river banks. It is established that the ontogenetic structure and density of individuals depends on the degree of formation of phytocenosis and abiotic factors, as well as on anthropogenic impact. Depending on floodplain width, free space and phytocoenotic environment, the ontogenetic spectrum of CP changes from left-sided incomplete to right-sided incomplete. The type and stability of CP changes in the series: unstable invasive (in a narrow floodplain) successive transitional young normal mature normal stable (in a wide floodplain).

The aim of the study is to establish the origin of cenoflores of selected syntaxons on the basis of geographical analysis, to determine the contribution of each of them to the formation of mountain-meadow vegetation and to outline the ways of its possible development. The botanical and geographical analysis was based on the scheme of geographical elements developed by N.N. Portenier for the Caucasus flora. Three syntaxons, ecologically and disturbance contrasting, were studied, described in the “Prielbrusie” National Park (NP) and the Kabardino-Balkar High Mountain Reserve (KBHMR). The composition of the leading syntaxon families reflects the presence of boreal (Poaceae) and Mediterranean (Fabaceae, Lamiaceae) flora, which is typical of the Caucasian flora as a whole. The cenoflora of the subassociation Betonici macranthae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae Bistortetosum carnea Tsepkova 2016 comprises 86 species, 73 genera and 27 families. The leading families are Fabaceae (13.9 % of the syntaxon’s species), Asteraceae (11.6 %) and - (9.3 %). The Artemisio chamaemelifoliae-Plantaginetum atratae Tsepkova 2005 cenoflora contains 30 species, 27 genera and 14 families. The families Fabaceae and Lamiaceae each account for 16.7 % of the flora, and the families Asteraceae , Poaceae - 13.3 % each. The Rosaceae family is absent. In the association Ranunculo grandiflori-Hordeetum violacei Tsepkova 2016, 40 species of 35 genera and 15 families have been recorded. In terms of the number of species, the Asteraceae are in first place with 25 %, the Fabaceae and the Fabaceae families. Asteraceae - 25 %, Fabaceae and Poaceae - 15 %. The family Lamiaceae is absent. According to the scheme of geographical elements proposed for vascular plants by N.N. Portenier in the subassociation Betonici macranthae-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae Bistortetosum carnea 12 geoelements were identified. In the association Artemisio chamaemelifoliae-Plantaginetum atratae - 6 geoelements. Both communities are dominated by Caucasian geoelement (39.5 % and 26.7 %, respectively). The communities of the Ranunculo grandiflori-Hordeetum violacei association are represented by 9 geoelements. They are characterised by the predominance of Palaearctic geoelement (30.0 %), which may indicate the migratory character of the flora.