Home – Home – Jornals – Humanitarian sciences in Siberia 2012 number

Results of study of eclogite-gneiss complex of the Muya Block (East Siberia) are presented. Several structural types of the studied eclogites have been recognized. Kyanitic eclogite has been found for the first time. The host granite-gneisses are two-mica and biotite varieties, mainly garnet-bearing. The exposure of eclogites from different depths of the subducted plate at the present-day denudation level might be the reason for the wide range of the equilibrium temperatures of the Muya block eclogites (590-740?C). The Sm-Nd dating of the eclogites and host gneisses showed the Neoproterozoic age of high-pressure metamorphism (~630 Ma). The model age (T _DM ) of the eclogites (720 Ma) differs considerably from the model age of the host gneisses (>1.3 Ga). The geochemical features of the eclogites point to the mobility of LILE (Rb, Cs, Ba, K) and LREE during their interaction with fluids, whereas the gneisses in the same process showed the mobility of LILE only. The oxygen isotope composition of minerals in the eclogites varies over a narrow range (δ¹⁸O = 5.5-3.9) and is close to the average mantle value, which evidences a negligible interaction between the eclogite protoliths and meteoric or sea water. The study of fluid inclusions in quartz from the eclogites and host gneisses showed a predominance of liquid-nitrogen inclusions in the former and carbon dioxide inclusions in the latter.

A detailed study was given to the composition and structure of alkali feldspars from the pockets of the Sosedka pegmatite vein, a large source of gems within the Malkhan tourmaline deposit. The vein is of concentric-zonal structure. Three types of pockets were recognized by mineral composition: A - quartz-lepidolite-Mn-Li-Al-tourmaline (± pollucite, hambergite, borocookeite, boromuscovite, danburite, light-pink beryl); B - quartz-adularia-axinite (± laumontite); and C - quartz and laumontite (± B-containing cookeite). Each type of pockets contains feldspar of specific composition and structure. This evidences that pockets formed in strongly different conditions, though some pockets of different types are localized as close as 0.5-2.0 m from each other within a zone. The reported data disagree with the common model implying the formation of zonal pegmatite bodies as a result of crystallization differentiation within the vein.

A detailed petrographic study of a 0.4-1.2 m thick Carnian diamondiferous bed of the Angardam-Tasa Ridge (Ust'-Olenek area, northern Siberia) was performed. It showed that the bed earlier referred to as a terrigenous deposit might be interpreted as an intensely altered volcanoclastic lapilli tuff of basic and, probably, ultrabasic composition. The tuff occurs within a 100 m thick Ladinian-Carnian volcanosedimentary sequence. It consists mainly of resurgent material: altered lithoclasts (nodules of basic-ultrabasic lithology?), devitrified volcanic glass, fragments of autolithic breccia, etc. The thin volcanoclastic sheet is supposed to have formed within a sedimentation basin as a result of phreatomagmatic eruptions of kimberlite volcanoes. The substantiation of the volcanogenic origin of the Carnian diamondiferous bed might be a new approach to elucidate the primary source of widespread placer diamonds in Arctic Siberia.

The geomorphological studies and radiocarbon dating of moraine complexes and the tree line within the North Chuya Ridge, along with active slope processes, soil formation, and peat formation in southeastern Gorny Altai, constrain the age of the main glacial and climatic events in this area at 7 ka to the first half of the 19th century. It is for the first time in the history of Altai studies that 57 absolute dates were obtained for glaciation in a vast but climatically and neotectonically homogeneous area. The new data refute the conventional idea that the Holocene glaciation in this mountain land comprised eight stages of the gradual retreat of the Late Wurm (Sartan) glaciation. Also, they evidence that glaciation in the upper parts of the troughs retreated almost completely no later than 7 ka and valley glaciers in the southeastern Altai were activated many times in the second half of the Holocene. Data are given on the morphology and age of three moraine generations reflected in the topography. A combination of temperature minima and humidity maxima led to a catastrophically rapid and the largest (up to 5-6 km) ice advance at the Akkem Stage (4.9-4.2 ka). In addition to the radiocarbon data, the time limits of the Historical Stage (2.3-1.7 ka) were defined more precisely using dendrochronological and archaeological data from Scythian burials of Pazyryk culture in SE Altai. The moraines closest to the present-day glaciers formed at the Aktru Stage (late 13th-middle 19th century). During warm interglacials, the glaciers waned considerably or retreated completely and the zone of recent glaciation was reforested. As a result of progressive aridization in the Holocene, the glaciers in SE Altai waned at each successive stage, and their mass balance was not positive during the greatest temperature minimum of the last millennium (middle 19th century).

As evidenced by plentiful data, most of the large recent positive topographic features formed as a result of a dramatically accelerated crustal uplift in the Pliocene-Quaternary after a relatively stable period (~100 Myr in most of the regions). The methods used are illustrated by the well-studied large neotectonic crustal uplifts on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas. Farther north, neotectonic uplifts with amplitudes of several hundred meters to several kilometers spread over a vast area from Central and Northeast China in the south to the Taimyr Peninsula and Northeastern Asia in the north. They are often attributed to the India-Asia plate collision which began ~50 Ma.
Most of the uplifts in these regions have formed only during the last few Myr, unaccompanied by significant crustal shortening. Therefore, the large neotectonic crustal uplifts can be explained by a decrease in the lithospheric density. One of the causes was the rapid convective replacement of the lower part of the denser mantle lithosphere by the asthenosphere or mantle plume. This became possible owing to a drastic weakening of the mantle lithosphere under the influence of asthenospheric fluids. In some areas, a considerable asthenospheric top uplift is evidenced by seismic tomography data.
The lower mantle lithosphere (~50-100 km thick) was replaced by the asthenosphere underneath the neotectonic crustal uplifts of ~1.0 km in Central Asia. Areas with a thick lithosphere were affected by relatively small neotectonic uplifts, strongly nonuniform in space. They point to metamorphism with mafic-rock expansion in the lower crust upon the infiltration of an asthenospheric fluid. The large crustal uplifts which formed on the continents in the Pliocene and Pleistocene indicate large-scale quasi-synchronic supply of the mantle fluid to their lithosphere.

The importance of pre-excavation permafrost detection within ancient burial mounds in the Altai by geophysical methods is hard to overestimate. There was no way of detecting small quantities of frozen ground or ice under stone mounds, and this is a topical issue in Russian archeology. Frozen mounds, which retain organic matter owing to natural processes, are an exceptional source of information about historical and cultural processes in the Early Iron Age. Pre-excavation geophysical prospecting is especially important in the context of global warming, which might destroy a whole layer of cultural and historical information.
The integrated geophysical studies conducted in recent years focused on a group of archeological sites of the Pazyryk culture whose burial constructions are very likely to contain frozen artifacts. As a rule, such burial mounds are located at a considerable altitude and contain permafrost, which creates unique conditions for the preservation of artifacts. Such localities include the Ukok high plateau (southern Altai) and the northwestern part of Mongolian Altay. Systematic field studies were conducted on the Ukok Plateau in 2003 and 2007 and in the adjacent territory of Mongolian Altay in 2005 and 2006. The following geophysical methods were used: vertical electrical sounding (VES), electrical tomography (ET), shallow frequency scanning (SFS), georadiolocation (GR), magnetic susceptibility measurements, gamma-ray spectrometry, and chromatography. The field works were planned with a heavy reliance on the 3D mathematical modeling of electric and EM fields, which is meant for a realistic estimate of the possibilities of geoelectrics and the best ways of its application to burial-mound studies and data interpretation.
The excavations conducted in 2006 in northwestern Mongolia within the Altai Mts. confirmed the geophysical prediction for permafrost at all the sites identified by the geophysical studies in 2005. In one of the mounds, they yielded a unique intact tomb of a Scythian warrior.

Coseismic soft-sediment deformation has been studied by structural and tectononophysical methods in the Selenga Delta area shaken by the devastating М ~7.5 Tsagan earthquake in 1862. Among the documented deformation structures (seismites), clastic dikes are the most reliable paleoseismic indicators. The dikes have their sizes and extent showing proximity to the primary coseismic rupture zone and are closely associated with faults of different hierarchic levels. The Tsagan event occurred under SW-NE extension as motion on a stepped system of normal faults dipping at 300°-350°, ∠45-75?.
The amount of vertical motion measured against a reference layer in a trench reached 2.83 m, and the maximum dip displacement measured in a single fracture was 0.5 m. The earthquake was generated by the Delta Fault that dips at 60° on average to the northwest.
The distribution of quantitative parameters of brittle and brittle-plastic deformation has been analyzed along two profiles, and two new parameters were introduced: indices of mean intensity ( I ) of clastic dikes and microdikes; the new parameters were calculated by specially developed equations. Summation of significant peaks in all parameters (SUM_spp) allowed contouring the zone of most intense soft-sediment deformation near Dubinino Village.
Deformation mostly propagated in the NE-SW and N-S directions. The location of the 1862 Tsagan earthquake at 52.35° N and 106.67° E was inferred from the SUM_spp value taking into account the dip of the causative fault plane and the average origin depth of earthquakes in the Baikal rift. The approach we used is applicable to locating preinstrumental events.
The recurrence of large earthquakes in the area of Proval Bay (Lake Baikal) has been estimated to be 1120-1230 years proceeding from alternating deformed and undeformed sediments in the sections, their thicknesses and deposition rates according to radiocarbon dating. The seismic activity has been associated with the same fault which can generate M ≥ 7 events.

Software has been designed for forward and inverse modeling of natural self-potential (SP) fields which allows simulating the geoelectric patterns simultaneously for up to 29 sheet-like and prismatic electrostatically polarized conductors. The cross sections for a number of ore fields obtained by inversion with the new SPI-SV code (self-potential inversion, Siberian version) have been corroborated by later drilling and are consistent with reference geologic sections used in algorithm testing. SPI-SV simulation can provide high-quality assessment of mineral deposits and, furthermore, allows approaching global-scale investigation into the natural self potential of crust and mantle.

A new technology of visualization and diagnostics of transparent media with gradient inhomogeneities is described. This technology is called three-dimensional laser diffractometry; it is based on refraction of spatially structured laser radiation and digital recording and processing of twodimensional (in transmitted light) or three-dimensional (in scattered light) refractive patterns. Results of computer simulations of three-dimensional refractive patterns (3D refractograms) for spherically and plane layered media are presented. A setup for observation of 3D refractograms in scattered light is schematically described, the method of obtaining refractograms from experimental two-dimensional refractive patterns is presented, and examples of computer processing of experimental data are given.

The evolution of vortex structures induced by a pressure jump on the output hole of the chamber is experimentally studied by methods of the Hilbert diagnostics. Various types of optical filters that ensure the Hilbert and Foucault-Hilbert transforms are considered. Colored visualization of the fields of the phase optical density of the vortex structure in an air medium is performed by using a linear source of white light and a quadrature Hilbert filter.

A number of modern optical methods used for diagnostics of reactive flows are described. Various aspects of using advanced modifications of particle image velocimetry (Stereo-PIV, Highrepetition PIV, and Tomo-PIV) for measuring instantaneous velocity fields in reactive flows are discussed in detail. Capabilities of PIV and spectroscopy of flame radiation (CH_ radical) in obtaining data on the spatial flow structure and the flame are demonstrated by an example of studying a swirled turbulent propane-air flame and an isothermal jet.

A method of quasi-optimal processing of laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) signals in the case of monoharmonic vibrations is considered. Under certain assumptions, the problem of quasi-optimal estimation of the information parameter of the LDV signal, related through a known constant multiplier to the relative amplitude of vibrations, is solved. A structure of the device for optimal estimation is proposed. Conditions of optimality of the method are given. Statistical characteristics of estimates of the relative vibration amplitude are investigated by a numerical modeling method. The error of these estimates is compared with the Rao-Kramer bounds.

A new type of stimulated scattering of light (stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering (SLFRS)) is found. SLFRS appears as a result of interaction of laser pulses with acoustic vibrations of structural elements of nanostructured materials. SLFRS is shown to arise in materials with different compositions and different degrees of morphology, both ordered and random. Frequency shifts of SLFRS components are measured. A number of practical applications of the effect are proposed, in particular, biharmonic pumping with the help of SLFRS.

This study is motivated by the advent of methods for measuring particle sizes in twophase flows based on the local interaction of light with the scattering particle. Localization is easily interpreted in terms of the ray optics of a particle, which, however, does not cover all interaction effects. This paper consider effects that extend beyond the traditional concept of the total effect of the mechanisms of geometrical optics and wave diffraction by a particle as an opaque disk, in particular, surface waves and complex rays.. The results of the mathematical modeling performed in this study clarifies the contributions of the effects to the scattering and the position of the localization points of the interaction with the particle.

A method for modeling refraction patterns of structured laser radiation propagating in optically inhomogeneous media was developed. Wave models of structured beams that simultaneously account for refraction and diffraction effects were used. Results of modeling refraction in gradient inhomogeneities using the Kirchhoff method and the spectral method are presented.

An combined optical and thermal imaging experimental system was designed to investigate Rayleigh-Benard convection of a fluid in a layer with two rigid isothermal boundaries and a free upper boundary under steady and unsteady thermal boundary conditions. The fluid surface structure was visualized using methods of reflected-light Hilbert optics. Noncontact control of the fluid layer thickness was performed using a specially designed remote meter based on an MBR-1 microscope with a smooth focusing unit based on the Meyer mechanism. The evolution of the dynamic structure of the surface and temperature field of the fluid being analyzed were studied experimentally, and the existence of flows in the form of two-dimensional rolls with axes of rotation parallel to the lateral boundaries (the walls of the cavity) was confirmed. It is shown that the highly viscous fluid flow has a thermal gravitational nature. Correspondence is found between the evolution of the thermograms and Hilbert schlieren patterns of surface structures in different modes of Rayleigh-Benard convection.

A new turbidimetric method for determining the parameters of submicron aerosols was developed and implemented in hardware using a wide range of probe radiation wavelengths and highspeed video recording. The particle size distribution function is found using an original algorithm for solving the inverse problem of the optics of aerosols based on a direct search computational procedure.

A prototype of a combined measurement system (MS) based on the fluorescent and smallangle methods of determining the parameters of a fuel-air spray using a pulsed laser as a light source and a color digital video camera to record spray sections was designed and tested. The tests of the MS showed that it has good performance and is suitable for determining the characteristics of advanced atomizers in a pressure chamber. Spatial concentration distributions of aerosols generated by a centrifugal atomizer were studied. Distributions of time-averaged Sauter diameters of droplets, their concentration, and the circumferential inhomogeneity of droplet concentration in the spray cross section were obtained. A study of fuel atomization from a plate was performed showing the possibility of using this device in power plants to improve the atomization performance compared to the atomization of a free jet in crossflow.

New algorithms for processing noisy specklegrams are described which allow quantitative diagnostics of the microstructure of shock-wave flows with subpixel accuracy with the use of statistical analysis of the speckle fields recorded numerically and perturbed by refraction in the studied flows. The developed software makes it possible to recover up to 10,000 vectors of deflection angles of the probing radiation in a two-dimensional region 20 × 30 mm in size in a speckle field image with a magnification M = 1.

The origin and development of buoyant jets over a sudden linear heat source in a highly viscous fluid with a Prandtl number equal to 2700 are experimentally and numerically studied. The time evolutions of the spatial flow form and temperature and velocity fields are investigated as functions of power supply.

The results of recording gas flow in a shock tube by the schlieren and background oriented schlieren (BOS) methods after initiating a pulsed (surface or volume) discharge are presented. Simultaneous recording of the flow field by the two methods allows a complete qualitative and quantitative analysis of the shock-wave processes resulting from the interaction of a pulse discharge with high-velocity flow. The vector displacement field of the BOS method was determined by the cross-correlation method. The density field was obtained by solving the Poisson equation with special boundary conditions. It was shown that the BOS method yields a good quality map of the flow structure that corresponds to the classical schlieren method and provides reliable quantitative results except in areas of high gradients. A modification of the BOS method was proposed and tested to measure the density jump at the shock-wave front. Recording was performed at an angle to the plane of the wave front. Various Schemes of processing of digital flow images were tested. The proposed method provides a resolution of large density gradients at the shock-wave front. The obtained quantitative results are consistent with the calculated values.

Flows in horizontal fluid layers with a free upper boundary with uniform heating from below are studied. With the use of thermal imaging scanning, the temperature fields on the free fluid surface in laminar and turbulent regimes of the Rayleigh-Benard convection are measured. Computer processing of thermal imaging movies makes it possible to obtain spatial-temporal characteristics of cellular and multiscale convective flows.

The possibility of simultaneous measurements of the distance and velocity of diffusely scattering objects by active laser interferometry with frequency modulation is theoretically shown and experimentally substantiated.

This article analyzes the institutional conditions of the start-up phase of Stolypin's agrarian reform: legislative framework of the reform, land relations, resettlement policy, activities of the Peasant Bank and credit cooperation. Based on the wide range of documentary publications, works by agricultural economists and contemporary historical approaches the author characterizes the Stolypin reform as being complex and multidimensional. She concludes that the years 1907-1909 were formative in terms of the reform's ideology formulation and legislative framework development. They also launched the mechanism of reforms which contributed to intensification of agricultural production.

The paper focuses on the reform implemented in Siberia in 1906 in order to establish the rule of individual responsibility for tax payments among Siberian peasants. Having been largely ignored by the researchers, this reform attracts our attention as it was shaped not only by the legislation prescribed from the imperial capital, but also by the local officials' initiative and by the Siberian peasants' attitudes. There existed a tendency of playing "hide-and-seek" with the fiscal bodies which forced the tax inspectors to insist on further improvement of the legislation. However this trend wasn't prevailing in terms of the peasants' attitude towards the tax distribution.

The paper aims at evaluating the material conditions necessary for creating the class of Russian farmers during the Stolypin's agrarian reform. With this objective in view the author traces how the level of peasants' land endowment changed after the 1861 reform. He shows that the Stolypin agrarian reform's logics and possible success were determined by the real size of peasants' land allotments in the post-reform period along with the landlords' estates acting as deterrent factor against creation of the class of independent small-scale producers.

The article analyzes proposals made by P.A. Stolypin and A.V. Krivosheev after their journey to Siberia in 1910 from a perspective of carrying out further agrarian reforms in the region.

The article investigates organizational principles of consumer cooperation in Siberia in the prerevolutionary period. It focuses on the experience of urban and worker cooperative societies; reveals the social, professional and functional aspects of their organization and management. The author concludes that despite some deformations the Siberian cooperation was based on the principles of free membership, independence and self-management which provided its efficient development and operation.

The research deals with ambiguous attitudes of the Russian Prime Minister towards the formation and activities of Catholic communities in the Russian Empire, and in particular - in Siberian Region. The paper is written on the archival materials and memoirs of Russian Catholics.

Bohai mural tombs are an important source of information about funeral practices of Bohai people. Wall paintings in tombs were common for the area of Far Eastern civilization. It is not surprising that tradition of tomb wall painting was a part of Bohai culture. Among the Bohai mural tombs the best preserved one is that of Princess Zhen Xiao. The analysis of wall painting in that tomb gives evidence of strong Tang culture influence. However, if we consider both wall paintings and elements of Bohai burial complexes (tombs), it becomes obvious that the original Bohai culture organically intertwined different cultural traditions.

The paper studies a new monument of petroglyphic art from the valley of the Lower Inegen river in Gorny Altay. These engraved and incuse petroglyphs were created in the course of several thousand years and formed a certain frieze with petroglyphic images of animals and their mythical masters. Semantics of these petroglyphs reflects the traditional ideas of hunting typical for the Turks of Southern Siberia.

The article considers ornamental motifs which were widely known and popular among the Turkic-speaking nomads in Southern Siberia and Central Asia during the ancient Turkic epoch (VI-X centuries). The author comes to conclusion that along with imitations of knots and braidings, circular and geometrical ornaments the ancient Turks also used a variety of plant ornamental patterns in the form of serpentine tendrils, palmettes etc. as the most popular motifs in the artistic bone carving. In the second half of the first millennium the floral ornamentation not only dominated the art of ancient Turks, but also became widespread across Eurasia.

In the article the author reveals the content of such concepts as "communication", "communicative intention", analyses their purposes and tasks. The author substantiatesthe intentional character of the professional pedagogical communications, studies the architecture of the communicative problem and the scheme of achievingthe communicative purpose.

It is shown that marketing in the educational sphere is an important element of the evaluation system, allowing studying not only the conditions of realization, but also the state of the resources of available educational services. With that, the basic imperative of profiling and management of marketing research consists in gathering and subsequent analysis of timely and trustworthy information about the state of the objects of the market to ensure efficiency of its communicative and distributive policy, economic appeal, and also the assurances of quality of the rendered educational services.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of traditional values in the Russian organizational culture and to revealing their role in the modern organization, including educational organizations. As a result of ethnographical analysis the authors come to the conclusion that paternalism, collectivism, large power- distance and strong tendency of avoiding risks are traditional values in modern organizational culture in Russia.

The author considers the possible paradigms of the development of the philosophy of education in the globalizing world. In particular, the author offers a new view on the key issues of the controversy between the Slavophiles and the Westernizers in the context of traditional Russian philosophy, namely,in relation with the idea by N. Berdyaev that Russia's future is the era ofNew Middle Ages. The author raises the questions of the ideology of education and the marketing approaches to functioning of the educational system, establishing of the socially-oriented state, and the returning of the core Christian values.

Education plays a great role in the social-economic, political, and spiritual life of the society when it becomes an internal need of human life, an important component of its essence. The Kazakhstan education system, having entered the global educational space and being subject to the influence of globalization processes, feels the necessity for such education that would carry in itthe orientation toward integrity, organic combination of the models of Eastern and Western education, orientation toward humanization and fundamentalization of the educational process. Proceeding from these orientations, the author reveals the specificities of the modern Kazakhstan educational system.

This article considers the problem of creating such ecological and educational environment that would be conducive to the development of the Baikal region. With that, the ecological and educational environment should be very attractive to suit the new educational paradigm.

The author presents a review of a new book on the philosophy of education devoted to the topical problems and prospects of the development of humanization of educational process. In the article there is given abrief critical-constructive analysis of the content of the book by V. Ju. Puzyrevskii named «Essays onthe Philosophy of Humanistic Education», and there is considered its role in the modern domestic philosophical-pedagogical studies.