Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2011 number 5

Results and conclusions of the investigations carried out by the laboratory of Zoological Monitoring (Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS) during 50 years of work in the area of factor zoogeography are reported in brief. The review deals with the distribution and number of land animals, changes in the appearance of their assemblages over the territory of West Siberian Plain, the Altay and adjacent territories, as well as faunistic regioning of Northern Eurasia.

Forest-steppe is usually characterized as a mosaic marginal complex of biota at the junction of forest and steppe. Meanwhile, in the gradient of ecological conditions from the equator to the North Pole, the forest-steppe latitudes represent a band of ecological comfort for the biota. As a result, the maximum of the species diversity occurs here in the sequence of latitudinаl zones. It is demonstrated that the fraction of insects in forest-steppe does not exceed 30 % as a total. The overwhelming majority of forest-steppe inhabitants are psychromesophiles with stress-tolerant vital strategy, able to penetrate the forest and steppe zones from the forest-steppe along the biotopes of transient positions.
Modern forest-steppe can be considered not as a faceless mix but a self-consistent biome that has, due to its universal properties, the decisive importance in maintaining the zonаl order at the West Siberian Plain.

The second communication is devoted to the main features of the spatial nonuniformity of Mesostigmata mites populations at the territory of North-Eastern Altay according to the data of August 2006 and 2007. The dependence of changes in the population appearance on environmental factors is evaluated.

Results of the perennial monitoring of the number and distribution of dragonflies at the Chany ground in the Baraba forest-steppe are presented. Estimation of the carry-out of the biomass by dragonflies from water bodies to land ecosystems is given. The data presented provide evidence of the important role of dragonflies in the migration of matter from water bodies to land.

It is demonstrated that it is important to take into account a number of factors when planning experiments on the studies of trophic indices of gipsy-moth caterpillars. These factors include first of all the population characteristics of the species - sexual and age structure changing annually. The final results of the investigation are also affected by some methodical approaches and features of experiments, in particular duration (especially in the long-run ages of caterpillars) and the amount of sampling, which must increase with an increase in the age of caterpillars. The reasonability of using individual breeding of caterpillars in the studies of nutrition of the species is considered.

Features of pre-imaginal and imaginal feeding of calliphorides of the Far Eastern region of Russia are considered, ecological complexes and trophic groupings are distinguished, their species composition is indicated. Aspects concerning synanthropism of calliphorides are discussed.

The species composition and dominating complexes of fish in catches are considered. The fraction of mass fish species in catches is shown (small rivers and the channel zone). The structural (size, age) and functional (fertility) indices of some nonmigratory and invader fish species are characterized. Over the widespread and numerous fish species, the major biological parameters are considered in the spatial-temporal aspect.

Data on 8 morphological features of Amur sleeper populations of acquired (29 populations) (50.0°-62.2°) range in the European part of Russia and their comparison with those of the natural (4 populations) (43.5°-48.2°) range is given for the first time. It seems most probable that the formation of a certain number of vertebrae in the abdominal, transitional and caudal sections of the axial skeleton in the observed population groups of Amur sleeper is due to similar temperature regimes of these waterbodies.

Information about the role of birds in dissemination of wild berry plants in the south of the Russian Far East taiga zone is presented, based on the authors' long-term ecological investigations, and reviewed references are given. The dominant and subdominant species of carpophagous birds are determined. The participation of birds in dissemination of the seeds of wild berry plants during the periods of nomad and seasonal migrations is discussed.

On the basis of the materials collected during continuous all-year-round routing censuses, the analysis of territorial non-uniformity of bird populations of the coniferous-deciduous forests in Northern Privolzhje was carried out for the first time, and the major factors defining it were revealed. The spatial-temporal classification of the bird population the surveyed territory was made, the quantitative estimation of force and the communication generality between the spatial non-uniformity of bird populations and the factors of environment is given. The spatial-temporal structure of bird populations is determined mainly by forestation and seasonal variability in heat presence, and also by the structure of forest breeds, building, and the relief.

Originаl materials on the animal world of the northern macro-slope of the Sette-Daban Mountain Ridge are presented. The characteristics of birds and mammals population in different habitats in the basin of the Allah-Yun river are presented.

The anаlyses of biotic diversity using pictographs show the difference in deviation of the diversity under long-term period of deforestation and under short-term violation of forest habitats. The biomass of small mammals was similar in all forest habitats; it was higher at the meadow and dropped in the young (9 years) forest at the former field. Though the numbers of species as well as the diversity of local communities of small mammals vary, the biomass of residents was similar in forest habitats. Nonresident population contributes to general biomass the more the greater habitat is deteriorated. The relevant sustainability of general biomass is regarded in terms of biocenotic compensation. Biocenosis is regarded as a system having an inclination to "autonomic" functioning.

The dynamics of shrew community in the mountainous taiga of the Eastern Sayan during the years 1981 to 2010 is considered. The work was carried out at the territory of Stolby reserve. The structure of the community, the duration of cyclic changes in different species, effect of succession and climatic processes on the composition and structure of the community are studied.

Original data on the diameter of bear trees and the trees in the stand were collected during the years 2002-2009 at the Upper Pechora and in the Western Sayan. The data were processed using the two-sample Stident's test and correlation analysis. For comparison, the published data on the thickness of bear trees are involved. Brown bears use the trees 2 to 89 cm in diameter for marking. As a rule, bear trees exceed the trees of the stand in the average diameter, which is the evidence of the selectivity of bears for the trees of larger diameter for marking.

Common characteristics of stoats' diet in Magadan region are presented. It consists mainly of small murine rodents, namely red-backed voles of Clethrionomys genus; in Priokhotje it is C. rufocanus, and in the basin of the Kolyma river it is C. rutilus. The content of mammals in the diet of stoat decreases by approximately 20 % in the snow period of the year. The predator compensates this by feeding with fish collected from the bottom of the dried pools. Birds, insects, plant food play a small part in the feeding of stoat in Magadan region.

Effect of climatic factors (height and density of snow cover, air temperature, precipitation), biotic factors (land and bird predators), and anthropogenic factors (agriculture, motor transport, hunting) on the dynamics of the number of Lepus europaeus in separate pockets of its habitation is evaluated.

Features of the marking activities of beavers in the channel-type settlements are considered. It is established on the basis of the statistical data that the signal hillocks can be recommended for the studies of the dynamic indices of scent marking by beavers. On the basis of quantitative methods, the role of the level mode of water streams in the appearance of olfactory marks is demonstrated; as a result, the reciprocal dependence between these parameters is revealed.

The paper is devoted to the discussion of some methodological aspects of studying informatization of education from the point of view of social philosophy. An approach to such investigation and realization of education informatization in practice is suggested. A crucial difference between the informatization in the field of education and informatization of the society is indicated; this difference reveals itself in the subjective kind of the former. The informatization of education in the most straightforward way affects the field of values, resulting in the necessity to develop the system of borders within education informatization and an appropriate node line of measures, which could reflect qualitative transitions in the dynamics of the given phenomenon of social reality.

In modern conditions of social development, a philosophical analysis of the worldview foundations of modern upbringing is extremely topical; the nature and the purpose of education in the context of formation of the person's worldview are substantiated. The author shows that the change of values (money is the only true value) leads to a number of threats for the society, educational system and the state as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the axiological aspect of the worldview foundations of upbringing. It is necessary to restructure the system of upbringing to return the main cultural function to it.

Phenomenology of seeking, the problem of time from a phenomenological point of view, the meaning of time for the present and future

The current research on Education frequently turns to the problems of autonomy and emancipation. This paper considers the concepts of autonomy and emancipation in Immanuel Kant and Jacques Ranciere under Gert Biesta's examination. The following question is discussed: can a person be emancipated through education? We will make a brief explanation against or in favor of the new logic of emancipation discussed by Biesta, suggesting the possibility of rethinking the emancipation aiming to the dependence criticism, a typical category of current pedagogy, inspired by Kant.

This article deals with the issue of education in the context of the work of Jan Patocka. Education is considered in the form of three movements of human existence: receiving, reproduction and transcendence. It reveals the relationship between Patocka's theory of education as a movement of human existence and modern European traditions and discusses the meanings of this theory for today's theories on education. Education is understood as a chance to meet a generation on common ground and as a dialogue, conflict and struggle across the generations. It is also understood as a continuity of culture and discontinuity of necessary metamorphoses, as a symmetric and asymmetric relationship based on responsibility.

The goal of this essay is to analyse the theory/practice relation with the help of Tsunessaburo Makiguti's thought. Makiguti is a Japanese pedagogue who was thinking against the objectives of the education in his time associated with military training. To Makiguti, the meaning of education should be dissociated from technical training or knowledge transmission, but should be connected with happiness and self-fulfillment of the students. Overcoming the theory-practice dichotomy is achieved when education is linked to life, and there is no theory without its being filled with life and its needs.

The purpose of this paper is to examine existence and motion in substance in Mullah Sadra's view and to develop some of its educational implications. Accordingly, first Concept of Existence, Principality of Existence and Motion in Substance are explained and in part of Motion in substance are illustrated that while philosophers previously admitted the possibility of existence of motion in four categories; quantity, quality, position, and place, however, they considered the essence or substance of objects which were the locus of quantity, quality, and position as being fixed and motionless, Mullah Sadra proves that the trans-substantial motion of objects exists in their essence and does not occur to them as an accident. Through the principle of motion in substance, Mulla Sadra proved that the substantiality of substance and the quality of its creation are in the form of addition of a strong degree to the previous weak degree.
Then, some of useful consequences of Mullah Sadra's theory for philosophy are mentioned. Finally, in section of educational implications are explained that soul needs a materialistic ground for appearance and perfection is obtained by the aid of education. The important point in the educational system based on Sadra's philosophy, is preparing the ground for human development, i.e. in an education system, situations should be created in such a way that the student can understand the subjects in depth and add to his essence of being through active participation in teaching-learning processes. Hence, in Sadra's education system, the most important objective of education is teaching how to learh.

There are considered the issues of human existence and crisis on the basis of ideas of J.A. Comenius and Jan Patoиka.

This article examines the relationship between culture and the possibilities of a multicultural education, it asks which concepts of multiculturality in today's diverse world can different cultures coexist in. It analyses the axiological dimension of the concepts of multiculturality with an emphasis on the values of tolerance, reverence and respect and the dialogical character of multicultural education.

The authors address the problem of the cultures' dialogue in the context of globalization and its role in the West and East rapprochement that is topical in modern time. In the article the role of Russia is considered, a twofold nature of its culture allows it to become an intermediary between East and West in formation of the integrated civilization. The conclusion is that the cultures' dialogue in the context of globalization being a reality of the modern world becomes a condition of mankind's self-preservation.

Consideration of the Eastern and Western concepts of education in the aspects of similarities and specifics is connected with the search for holistic knowledge about education that provides people with cultural, educational, spiritual and moral potential, diverse socialization and dignified, non-conflict existence in society of the XXIst century. Methodological basis for understanding the integration process is a thesis about the dialectical unity of education and society. Education has a little chance for successful development without social conditions as well as society cannot progress without educated people that were brought up by integrated system of education that takes into account the best achievements of the Eastern and Western educational experience. Information technologies now bring methodology, training experience, teaching people in schools as a common heritage of all the countries of the world, thereby causing the formation of a unified educational space and the need for philosophical rethinking of educational processes.

In the article the comparative analysis of Japanese, Chinese, American, German and Russian organizational cultures is carried out. The role of Russian organizational culture on the global scale is revealed. The author assumes and proves that Russian organizational culture should be developed according to the Eastern model because of their orientation to traditions and similarity of their values.

The article is dedicated to the research of Western and Eastern education, revealing their common and different features between them. Much attention is paid to the disclosure of these issues through the prism of historical, social and spiritual development. It is emphasized that the Eastern education  is characterized by strict requirements in fulfilling traditional norms, customs and canons, and a more free search for truth is specific for the West. While the Western education was inclined towards the school uniform of learning, division of  school into classes and the assignment of subject teachers, the Eastern education system prefers an individual interactive system. The 21st century and globalization set common objectives for the Western and Eastern systems of education such as: the need of training professionally qualified person, humane and harmoniously developed personality, which supposes necessary synthesis of these two educational systems.

The author analyzes the content and the meanings of the modern conceptions of social upbringing. The article offers an insight into phenomenological understanding of the essence of social upbringing and demonstrates the necessity of using the hermeneutic methods in the process of identifying the aim and objectives of social upbringing. Thus, the normative-interpretative substantiation of the social upbringing concepts within the framework of modern humanitarian knowledge is proved to be topical.

The author utilizes the historical-pedagogical ideas as methodological approaches, which are necessary to search for an adequate educational model in the context of the XXI century's challenges. The article analyzes modern changes in the society and education.  There takes place weakening of the cultural position of the school and teaching. The topic of the human being is being pushed out from the educational processes. There is observed imitation of scholarship. The author analyzes the ideas of K. D. Ushinsky, V. V. Zenkovsky, and S. I. Gessen about the school, the developing activity of pedagogy and the continuity. A research work was conducted together with the students in search of pedagogical dynasties.  This research has led the students to independent conclusions, to attaching to pedagogical culture.

The author analyzes the ideological conception of a new international movement of alternative globalism, whose origination was connected with critical evaluation by a part of the society of the outcomes and consequences of the liberal globalization. In the article, there are distinguished the periods of formation of the world outlook of the alternative globalism movement; there are identified its basic programmatic principles both in their negative (against what) and positive (for what) aspects. This analysis has allowed the author to reveal the ideological non-uniformity of alternative globalism and to mark out its main currents, and also to determine the essence of the movement as a leftist political and social flow.

The article deals with the concept of upbringing relationships. The author analyzes this type of relationships as deliberately created and acting as a humanitarian technology. The content of the upbringing relationships is analyzed, as well as their pedagogical results; there is conducted an analysis of the current dynamics of the value-related norms. The author considers values and regulations to be the foundation of formation and development of the upbringing relationships.

In the article, the significance of information in the formation and development of personality is analyzed; some theoretical definitions of the concept of information are given, different viewpoints on the theory of informational approach and definition of information in the humanities and exact sciences are described.  The informational criterion of development is considered by the author as a criterion of developing systems.  The author determines the essence of the state of info-uncertainty and considers it as a driving force of person's activity.  The article analyzes the theory of life scripts as info-scripts; their influence on the personality development is considered. The author analyzes also the notion of personality's info-needs and the influence of the level of its development on the personality formation.

In the article there is presented a detailed analysis of the literature dedicated to studying the pedagogical activity of British and American private schools. The author shows the typical features and tendencies of functioning of the USA private schools in the modern period: high quality of education, realization of individual approach, self-government. There are presented different types of private schools.  There are revealed the peculiarities of educational process and the tendencies which have been manifested during the last decades: reformation of the content of education, reinforcement of integration between private schools and business, increasing of the school's social role, technologization. The analysis of modern tendencies of the educational process in private schools is carried out from the positions of socio-cultural methodology.

The author analyzes the activity of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the field of education in Central Asia. The article explores the nature and specificity of development of the «Shanghai educational process», which takes place in the context of continuing crisis of education in the post-soviet space. There is carried out a detailed analysis of the functioning of the SCO University based on the official documents of the SCO. Thus, there are substantiated the content and significance of the educational initiative of SCO at the present stage of formation of a united Central Asian educational space.

In the article there are considered some modern urgent problems of the upbringing theory; there are presented the theoretical theses of L. I. Novikova's scientific school. The conclusions are made on the basis of researching the methodological consequences of the paradigm shift in the upbringing theory. The manifestations of the paradigm shift are described. The article gives a detailed analysis of the problems and perspectives of the current theory and practice of upbringing.

There is presented a conceptual model of qualimetric monitoring in education, which was developed taking into account the requirements of system theory, didactics, qualimetry, and pedagogical cybernetics. There is justified the selection of concepts such as the system of key competencies of the educational institution graduate and the system of core competencies of the educational institution; the characteristics of the tools of their evaluation are shown.

The article represents the basic directions of professional and social activity of the rural intelligentsia, related to dissemination of education in the rural areas, which combined the all-Russian trends and the regional specificity. In the conclusions the author points to the problems which intellectuals faced while educating the peasants, indicates the achievements of intellectuals in the educational activity.