Home – Home – Jornals – Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2011 number 5

Regularities of the distribution of background soil of oil deposits in the middle taiga of West Siberia were studied. The features of morphogenetic and physicochemical properties of soils were revealed. It was proved experimentally that the danger of soil pollution with oil components depends on the position of soil in the elementary landscape-geochemical systems (ELGS), on the granulometric composition and buffer capacity. The results may be used to perform soil ecological monitoring and soil revegetation.

Fire influence on the water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) content in litters and soil profile of post-fire associations under the conditions of permafrost soil of different ages (1, 11, 15, 24, and 54 years) was studied. It was shown that the ground fires cause significant decrease in the content of water-soluble fraction of organic matter in litters and top 5 cm layer of soil in mounds, which most strongly experience the action of fire. In deeper soil horizons, the differences in WEOC content between intact stands and post-fire areas were not detected.

Humus profiles of soil in Siberia under different conditions and models of soil formation are considered. It is shown that the humus profiles of soil formed in the regions of shifts of landscape and soil borders and developing according to the polygenetic model, as well as the soils of syn-lithogenous type of pedogenesis, have a complicated structure. Simple structure of the humus profile characterizes the kinds of soil developing within the framework of a simple (ideal, normal) model of soil formation.

Distributed GIS developed to assess the soil carbon resources includes digital maps «Vegetation» and «Soil» of the boreal zone of West Siberia, middle-scale soil maps of the key sites of landscape provinces that have been created on the basis of interpretation of satellite images, and the software for updating and management of the database Carbon in soils of Siberia. According to preliminary estimates, the resources of С_org in the soil of the boreal zone is 83,6 ^. 10⁸ t, which is 28,2 % of the resources of С_org in the soils of Russia, or 15,2 % of its world reserves.

Particularities of the shaping emission flows of carbon dioxide and methane in forest-steppe raised Sphagnum bogs were studied in connection with coenotic structure and damage to the vegetation as a result of fire. The reasons of relatively low methane fluxes in pine-dwarf shrub Sphagnum bogs under the marginal conditions were anаlyzed. The concentrations of СН₄ and СО₂ in bog waters were presented.

The humus formation and elemental composition of the macromolecules of humic acids have been considered for the example of automorphic soils of Siberia such as grey forest soils, chernozems and chestnut soils as compared to those of the analogous soils of the European part of Russia. It has been revealed that with an increase in the continentality of climate the essential changes in the structure of humic acids in soils of similar genesis occur in the meridional direction.

It is demonstrated that it is necessary to perform the investigation of material migration fluxes within the boundaries of catchment basins. Allocation and determination of different morphometric characteristics of watersheds became possible with the use of GIS technologies and the construction of the digital model of the relief.

The article considers some aspects of humanization of higher military education. There are discussed the problems of humanization of higher military education, providing psychological safety of the educational environment in the military higher education institution. The author discloses the specific features of military training and complexity of the processes of humanization of education. The present study has identified some factors of socio-psychological adaptation of the cadets to studying.

In the article there are considered contradictory relations between the problems of humanistic education aimed at formation of the skills of complete personal self-determination, and how this self-determination is presented in the modern philosophical concepts which are being studied. The author asserts that for last decades the theme of humanistic self-determination of the person has appeared to be monopolized by the philosophical directions of the irrationalistic kind. In the article there are considered those features of irrationalistic self-consciousness (hermeticism, de-theorization, syncretism and so on) that obstruct fulfilling the tasks of self-determination of the person in the actual complexity of social processes. There is proposed a didactic scheme which could present alternative approaches to the specified problems.

In the article dialogue is being discussed as a way of realization of modern education. This position is chosen for reason, because in the state educational standards of the second generation there are defined the components of scientific knowledge and competences, and among them communication is a key one. Thus, the authors note that at the basis of modern education (training and upbringing) there should be put the dialogue relations. This is because dialogue in training and upbringing focuses on essentially new quality of education, creates the conditions for the personality formation of the person, who should become a thinking, independent individual, capable of word, dialogue, choice, action, self-determination, reflection, etc.

Promoter polymorphism TNFC-863A; TNFG-308A; TNFG-238A; IL-1 β C-511T; IL-1 β T-31C; IL4C-590T; IL-6G-174C; IL10А-1082G; IL10C-590A; MMP-2C-1306T; MMP-9C-1562 T; HSP-70-2 A-1267G and HSP-70-HOM C-2437T of genes was investigated with the purpose of research association their genotypes with development of myocardium infarct (MI) at different age of means.
For genotyping we used a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method of PCR products (RFLP-analysis) by specific primers. The amplification products were hydrolysis and restriction fragments were analysis. We are investigation 223 patients and 95 healthy men. It Is shown, that practically in each polymorphic site of the investigated genes come to light genotypes, in a various degree associated with development MI. Frequently these genetic risk factors was cooperate with classical risk factors of atherosclerosis development: smoking, age, weight index of the body, arterial pressure. Complex analysis a lot of genotypes polymorphic sites of genes IL-1β - IL-4- IL-6- IL-10 - TNF-A are show higher parameters of relation risk (OR). Polymorphism genes research of proteins which participating in regulation of inflammation activity is independent value in creation of complex genetic risk factors of development of an atherosclerosis and its vascular complications.

To estimate dynamics of free fatty acids (FFA) and their relationship with markers of insulinoresistance, oxidized-modified low-density lipoprotein (omLDLP) and antibodies to them in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
79 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) with the rise of ST segment were surveyed. The first group was composed of patients without clinical signs of acute heart failure (I class AHF Killip), the second group was composed of patients with signs acute heart failure (II-IV class AHF Killip). The control group consisted of 33 individuals without cardiovascular diseases. A study was conducted in the 1st and the 12th day of the disease. Blood lipid spectrum was assessed using a standard test system manufactured by Thermo Fisher Sientific (Germany) on a biochemical Analyzer Konelab 30i. The content of omLDLP in serum and antibodies to them, insulin, C-peptide were assessed by immunoferment method using sets of firms Biomedica and BCM Diagnostics (Germany). Insulinoresistance was assessed using QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Chek Index).
Aterogen dislipidemia was revealed in MI patients. In Group II-IV klass AHF Killip there was a more pronounced and prolonged increase in FFA, omLDLP and antibodies to them. The were also direct correlated relationships between levels of FFA and kreatinkinaze activity, between the content of FFA and glucose and these relationships were negative between FFA and QUICKI.
The development of clinical complications of myocardial infarction is accompanied by a marked rise in the level of free fatty acids, which reflects not only the damage to the myocardium, but also participates in the formation of insulinoresistance. Determination of FFA level can represent a great potential for risk stratification both of acute and recurrent coronary events and selecting the tactics of further treatment.

To investigate the levels of uric acid and apoE in patients with normo- and hyperlipidemia. The serum lipids, apolipoproteins and uric acid levels were measured with Chronolab (Switzerland) kits in 78 patients: 53 patients with normolipidemia and 25 patients with hyperlipidemia of type IIa and IIb. Significantly higher levels of apo-E were registered in patients with hyperlipidemia than in patients with normolipidemia, but there were no differences in content of uric acid. A comparative correlation analysis detected a significant correlation between uric acid and apoE levels in both groups but in normolipidemic patients the correlation was positive while in hyperlipidemic patients it was negative. Hyperlipidemia provokes inversion of correlation between the levels of uric acid, apoE and apoC3. A rise of apoC3 may serve an adaptive mechanism of inhibition of apo-E induced hyperlipidemia.

In the investigation of the indices of arterial rigidity as the independent predictors of cardiovascular events, new parameters are considered: characterization of the reflected systolic wave and determination of the QKd interval. Examination of 290 persons revealed that the significant independent determinants for the value of the reflected systolic wave were the age of patients, body mass, arterial hypertension, and pulse pressure; for the QKd index - pulse pressure. In light of the outlooks of the clinical use of these indices, it appears necessary to study their determinants.

The data of the last 15 years concerning the immunomodulatory approaches using for treatment of atherosclerosis. The data about protein-targets of anti-atherogenic vaccines are reviewed in brifly. Oral or nasal administration of heat shock protein (HSP) and other infection agents result in inhibiting of atherosclerosis development and associated with increased anti-inflammatory cytokins and decreased levels of HSP antibodies. Immunization of animals using oxidized lipoprotein low density or modified apolipoprotein B peptide was found to result in significant reduction of plaque evelopment. Vaccine against a peptide of cholesteryl ester transfer protein is protected the dislipiproteinemia development and reduced atherosclerosis in rabbits. The data about anti-atherosclerotic effects of vaccines to cytokins and angiogenesis factors and antibodies against CD40 is reviewed in brief. We conclude that combined vaccine creation is new perspective approach of cardiovascular disease treatment.

The overview summarizes modern data concerning ischemic heart disease in women. Diagnostic and therapy features of disease are considered from the gender medicine points of view.  Not only theoretical data are given in the paper, but also their clinical practical possible use.

Accoding to modern views, endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the key link in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, manifesting in imbalance between endothelial vasoactive substances - vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Is demonstrated, that practically all risk factors of atherosclerosis realises the unfavorable effect through endothelial dysfunction. In this connection, is actual to asses the indexes of endothelial function in men with risk factors of atherosclerosis as the markers of early atherosclerotic changes of vessels. The assigning of pathogenetic therapy at this stage, and also for faces with the demonstrated atherosclerosis will allow considerably improve the prognosis of patients.

The purpose of the review. Analyze basic data on the contribution of serum lipids blood in the development of gallstone disease (GSD), how in the world, and on Northern Russia, as well as new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of GSD. Recent literature data prevalence of the GSD in the world is 10-15 %.  According to some epidemiological and clinical studies, serum lipid profile did not differ in patients with and without GSD, in others - the GSD was accompanied by hyperlipidemia. In epidemiological study among the unorganized population of Novosibirsk GSD found significantly more frequently among men and women with lipid metabolism disorders. Among Asian Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North (with a less severe hyperlipidemia) GSD met less frequently than among aliens. In addition to biliary way of cholesterol catabolism recently discovered  transintestinal cholesterol efflux  (TICE) in the proximal small intestine. The impact on this mechanism, in particular with the use of ezetimibe, is considered as a promising  approach in the treatment of not only atherosclerosis, but and GSD.

In cholesterol-fed rabbits with hypercholesterolemia it was revealed that complex of simvastatin (SV) with glycyrrhizic acid (1-4), simvaglyzin (SVG) had reduced effect on total blood cholesterol (CH) in appropriated equiponderant doses of SV 40, 66,5 and 100 mkg/kg/per day that was equal to such effect of SV 200 mkg/kg/per day. The decrease in total blood CH was 39, 36, 47 и 38 %, respectively, compared to control group after 20 day of drugs administration. Myopathic effect of SVG, evaluated by the blood activity of creatine kinase, was 26, 24 and 29 % lower in stated 3 doses of SVG, respectively, compared to SV dose after 30 day of drugs administration. Also, SVG had antioxidative effect result from reducing of blood lipid peroxidation level on 27-41 % and normalizing endothelium function effect result from reducing of blood levels of von Willebrand factor and endothelin-1 on 26-58 % and 21-29 %, respectively, in appropriated equiponderant doses of SVG 66,6 and 40 mkg/kg/per day that was equal to such effect of SV 200 mkg/kg/per day.

Application and efficiency of hypolipidemic therapy in comparison with the effect of physical training on the dynamics of blood lipids in patients suffering from coronary heart disease after acute coronary events was studied. We examined 392 patients from 11 scientific medical centers and 9 establishments of public health care in Russia. The patients were randomized into the intervention group (197 persons) and the reference group (195 persons). Confirmations of the positive effect of physical training on the level of cholesterol of HDL and atherogeneity coefficients were obtained. In the basic group, a decrease in the level of total cholesterol and increase in cholesterol of HDL turned out to be statistically significant. Differences in the dynamics of total cholesterol, cholesterol of HDL and the ratio of the former to the latter for the comparison between the groups were reliable in favor of the basic group. High efficiency of physical training in the elevation of HDL and decrease in atherogeneity index was stated.

The aorta, the right coronary artery, circumflexing and descending branches of the left coronary artery of native men (101) and non-natives (125), died from casual reasons, in the age of 20-59 years, are investigated. In men of indigenous population atherosclerotic process is expressed much more poorly, in comparison with persons of non-indigenous population. In the Yakuts prevalence of frequency of not changed coronary arteries and vessels with initial stage of atherosclerosis was marked whereas in men of non-indigenous population heavy forms of atherosclerosis prevailed which in men of indigenous population developed for one decade later. Essential weighting of atherosclerotic process in men of both populations during last 40 years of investigations was marked.

Postinfarction remodeling of heart is based on the biochemical processes that take place in connective tissue structures that surround the nidus of necrosis and those that located at some distance from it. They are to provide recovery of the organ function through the structural changes of myocardium, formation of the full healing tissue with newly synthesized collagen, fibronectin and glucosaminoglucans (proteoglycans). Biochemcial processes providing postinfarcion fibrosis and remodeling of the heart may be modified udnert he action of medical preparations. Cell therapy involing transplantation of cambial cells into the injured organ is considered as a promising method in rehabilitation of acute myocardial infarction, but this method may not be recommended for a broad range of patients because it is too expensive and complicated. In this connection, development of approaches to govern heart remodeling, to prevent the transition of the adaptive version of remodeling into the pathological one with the help of medical preparations appears as a long-term but more available method of rehabilitation for the major group of patients.

A connection of the level of Lp(a) with the presence and extent of atherosclerosis of main arteries of head was proved. It was demonstrated that this level in the patients who survived stroke is reliably higher than that in the patients from reference groups. A direct connection of low-molecular phenotypes of apo(a) with the presence, extent and development of atherosclerotic affection of carotid arteries was also proved. hypertension is a significant and independent risk factor of coronary heart disease. Other factors of cardiovascular risk including disorders of lipid metabolism, added to arterial hypertension, increase the probability of the development of coronary heart disease even to the higher extent.

Objective: to investigate apolipoprotein AI gene polymorphism and its associations with lipid profile in Caucasian population of West Siberia. The study included 100 persons with total cholesterol >300mg/dl, 100 - with total cholesterol <200mg/dl) and 100 - with total cholesterol 233,6±47,7mg/dl aged 45-64 from sample of Novosibirsk population. The apolipoprotein A1 polymorphism was analyzed by standard method using PCR. The serum lipid levels were determined by standard enzymatic assays. Analysis of promoter polymorphism apolipoprotein A1 (APOAI) gene in three groups showed statistical significance associations between -75G>А of APOAI gene and some key lipid risk factors (total blood cholesterol, low density lipoproteins cholesterol, index of atherogenity) in people of West-Siberian region. The genotype AA has been associated with higher blood lipid levels in population of West Siberia.

Features of the affection of coronary arteries according to the data of selective coronary angiography (SCAG) and multispiral computer tomography (MSCT) of aboriginal and alien population of Yakutia are evaluated. The results of SCAG and MSCT of patients suffering from verified aterosclerosis of coronary arteries (n = 568) were analyzed. It was established that, according to the SCAG data, constriction of the diameter of coronary arteries by 50-75 % and single-vascular affection occur in aboriginal nationalities in the Republic of Sakha more frequently, while the constriction of the diameter of coronary arteries by more than 90 % and affection of three and more coronary arteries occur more rarely than in aliens. It was demonstrated that the medium level of calcium index according to the MSCT data is lower in aboriginal population in comparison with alien population. The frequency of myocardial infarction did not differ in the ethnic groups.

Current study was performed within the HAPIEE project "Determinants of cardiovascular diseases in Eastern Europe". Population-based subsample of 280 subjects  was analyzed. Screenning of TG pathology revealed 16 women with  subclinical hypothyroidism, control group composed of 32 women with euthyriodism was developed by the random numbers method. The received data showed that the total cholesterol level and hs-LDLP were significantly higher comparing with women without TG abnormalities. Characteristics of  vessel wall rigidity (augmentation index in women treated for hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis) were similar in participants and control group.

The important biological role reactive oxyradicals is described which are generated in various cells of able-bodied organisms, from unicellular up to highorganized, carrying out, due to a highest chemical reactivity and rather short lifetime, vital function alarm endocellular messengers and intercellular mediators for realization of the expedited and deferred adaptable rearrangement of a metabolism in tissues, including in system of a circulation. At the same time at appreciable accumulation in an organism of such moleculas them mediator function is transformed in damaging, caused by oxidation and destruction of histic lipids, proteins and nucleic acids with development of pathological damages of members and tissues. This concept is compounded with the numerous clinical items of information, that at the patients by an essential hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic illness of heart and myocardial infarction histic and the plasma level reactive oxyradicals and products oxidative damage cell's biopolimers is many times higher than sizes observable at the able-bodied people even in the term of extreme situations, and pathological important in this case acts local and - or systemic hyperproduction of superoxidic and hydroxyl radicals, peroxinitrit, oxide of nitrogen, and other awake forms of oxygen.

At the last 30 years the application of the new laboratory species mini-pigs is progressively increasing in medical and biological research of atherosclerosis and other disorders of cardiovascular system. Mini-pigs differ from traditional experimental animals in maximal similarity of their anatomy and physiological functions of cardiovascular, digestive, excretory, and nervous systems with human ones. In the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS the specialized laboratory mini- and micro-pigs adapted for using under our conditions were created. In 2010 several hundreds of studies on mini-pigs were conducted in Russian Federation and abroad. The present review highlights some experimental works that could be applied for wide use in medicine.

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in different ethnic groups in Euro-Asia testify to risk the possibility of their formation from the same ancient human population in Control and Middle Asia with the initial divergence of western and eastern poles contrast in anthropology and genetics and with the following radial divergence with modern ethnic groups. The closest to the ancestral state of western protopopulation is gene pool of suburban ethnic groups in Europe and West Siberia. The important role in forming peculiarities of nuclear genes polymorphism belonged to its adaptive meaning. The levels of ApoE and ACE genes polymorphism in European Siberian population is close to that registered in West Europe. The frequency of E2, E3 and E4 alleles of ApoE gene were 0.057; 0.823 and 0.120 accordingly. The frequency of I and D alleles of ApoE gene were 0.477 and 0.523 accordingly. In the native population of Chukotka in case with ApoE gene only E3 and E4 alleles and frequency 0.826 and 0.174 were revealed. Frequency of I and D alleles of ACE gene were 0.6890 and 0.320. According to polymorphism level of ApoE and ACE genes the natives of Chukotka differ from European ethnic groups and are close to the native population of the artic region of North America. ACE gene polymorphism in European Siberian population is not associated with AP levels. In Chukotka natives significant association of ACE gene polymorphism with pulse AP was revealed. The frequency of D/D genotype of Alu-insertion polymorphism of APF gene is reliably increasing after 50 years of age in male European population in Novosibirsk. In the age group 45-64 the decrease of the frequency of homo- and heterozygous genotypes of ACE gene with insertion of Alu-element is observed, maybe, due to higher mortality level among their carrier. In the European male population in West Siberia ApoE gene polymorphism is reliably associated with variability of cholesterol and triglyceride levels, mainly at the expense of E2 allele. The increase of their levels in the raw of E2/2, 2/3, 2/4 genotypes was found. In Chukotka natives ApoE polymorphism is connected with variability of cholesterol levels in women. It was revealed that in the population of arctic mongoloids in Chukotka and North America specific alleles variant of ApoB 3405Glu is wide spread. Its frequency is 0.090, 0.180 and 0.175 in chukchies and Canadian Eskimos accordingly. The presence of thus allele in the genotype leady to the increase of cholesterol level in women independently and in interaction with ApoE polymorphism. There are some difference in genotypes and alleles frequency by this polymorphism in sex groups. The new c-fms gene polymorphism was found spread both in European and mongoloids populations of North Asia. The frequency of more rare allele is 0.231 in male European population in Novosibirsk and 0.236 in natives of Chukotka. This polymorphism is characterized by differences in genotypes frequency between age groups and is significantly associated with variability of Ch-HDL level in Novosibirsk men.

The current data on some molecular cellular and molecular genetic mechanisms of atherosclerosis and its complications have been presented in the research. Taking into account the significance of lipid transport system for initiation of atherosclerosis plaques we point to major role of lipoprotein modified forms in atherogenesis. Information of key mediators of macrophage transformation into foam cells has been produced. The results of original investigation of some genes' polymorphism analysis in ethnic groups in Siberia and its connection with ischemic heart disease have been represented.

Polymorphism genes assay is of importance for estimation of predisposition to multifactorial diseases on population and individual level. We investigated apolipoprotein E polymorphism and its influence on a lipid metabolism in population of Novosibirsk city (the largest scientific and industrial centre of West Siberia). Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene was studied in sample of inhabitants of Novosibirsk city aged 25-64 years (n=6n), in patients with nonfatal myocardial infarction (11=141), in patients with nonfatal stroke (11=167), in men with sudden cardiac death (n=2^o) and in long-livers of the same region (n=gy). A lipid profile depending on APOE genotypes was analyzed in a population and in a group of long-livers of Novosibirsk. In male population 25-64 years of age dynamics (changes) of frequencies APOE genotypes are not revealed. In comparison with frequencies of APOE genotypes in men is more senior than 83 years has appeared, that the frequency of a genotype Ј^Ј4 has decreased 4 times, and the frequency of a genotype Ј2/ез has increased 2 times. Among the persons of senile age and long-livers, both men, and women the carriers of a genotype Ј4/Ј4 on APOE gene are not revealed. The highest level of total cholesterol in population of Novosibirsk is characteristic for a genotype APOE Ј4/Ј4. The introduction of genotyping of human apolipoprotein E in a population of Novosibirsk is expedient.

Arterial intima-media thickness (IMT) is qualitative and quantitative marker of generalized atherosclerosis as well as a predictor of CVD strongly associated with the presence and level of CVD risk-factors. In the frame of a Siberian WHO MONICA Project and European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGrfJ the representative population sample aged 18-63 (658 pers., mean age - 41.9 yrs) was examined by standard epidemiological methods followed by high-resolution carotid ultrasonography. The mean age-standardized IMT in men was significantly higher than in women (0.64+0.007 vs 0.5S+ 0.012, p<o.ooi). The IMT range in men was of 0.30-1.70 mm, io%- and 90% cut-off points of the IMT distribution were 0.50 and 0.90 mm, correspondently. In women IMT range was of 0.30-1.30 mm, 10%- and 90% cut-off points of the IMT distribution were 0.40 and 0.80 mm, respectively. IMT consequently increased by age in both sexes, and was more remarkable in men (p<o.ooi). The growth of IMT by decade varied in men and women from 0.005 ^t0 °-¹7 ^mm- The most intensive IMT increase was observed in men, particularly in 35-44 year decade, comparing to women. Carotid IMT in a Siberian city population is similar to ones in North American and some European populations (Netherlands, Germany) and is higher than in France and Japan. The mean IMT and its growth intensity are higher in men than in women up to the age of 55 when increase rate became equal in both sexes. The sex-specific differences in early atherosclerotic morphology revealed by ultrasound may contribute to excess of coronary risk in middle age Siberian men.

Lp(a) lipoprotein is one of atherogenic forms of lipoproteins, it was discovered over 45 years ago. Lp(a) is a quantitative feature, its concentration being under polygenic control. The Lp(a) concentration level is significantly associated with the risk of CHD development and lipid methabolic disorders. The risk of CHD development was 8-9 % with Lp(a) concentration of 5-10 mg/dl, 18-25 % with the concentration of 14-18 mg/dl and 25-31 % with that of 21-28 mg/dl. Lp(a) plasma concentration level in the population of Siberia varies from 0 to 80 mg/dl. The Lp(a) concentration level from 5 to 18 mg/dl is to be considered the conventional standard and the level of 20 mg/dl and higher - the border of CHD risk development. The level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in all the populations surveyed is associated with Lp(a) plasma concentration level: with 30 mg/dl it is significantly higher as compared with the concentration of 14 mg/dl, and with zero concentration it is significantly lower.

Analysis of polymorphism of genes of predisposition to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in population and prospective study in Novosibirsk. Within the framework of the program MONICA is observed 7111 men and 5523 women from a unorganized population of Novosibirsk. For detection of the independent factors influential on risk of death from CVD, the multiple logistics regression analysis was conducted. On group of 838 men the association of polymorphism of genes - candidates CVD with the factors of risk, morbidity and death rate from CVD was studied. The data of epidemiological prospective study confirm independent influencing of a heritable predisposition on CVD on death rate from CVD in an opened population of Novosibirsk. The polymorphism of a gene FMS in man's population sample is associated with an stroke (the data of prospective study) and with the factors of risk CVD in population research. I/D polymorphism of genes an ACE and A2b-adrenoreceptor is associated with CVD in a man's population of Novosibirsk. The primary prevention of CVD should actuate a family history and polymorphism of genes - candidates, as the relevant factor for including of groups of risk.

Oxidized and structural modified low density lipoproteins (LDL) in atherosclerosis and some main risk factors were studied. Similar atherogenic oxidized and structural changes of LDL were revealed both of coronary atherosclerosis and of it main risk factors such us hyperlipidaemia, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. These results confirm that modified LDL play a key role in atherogenesis.

The multielement composition of blood in men aged 34-54 with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease was investigated by SRXRF method. The significance difference in the content of chemical elements was revealed in this group compared with group without coronary heart disease. Some changes were found in the content of chemical elements in men with disorder in lipid metabolism. These data have diagnostic and prognostic importance's.

Hyperlipidemia is a known risk factor of coronary artery disease. The reduction of elevated serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in childhood may reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Aim of the study was to assess prevalence and trends in lipid profile and lipid disorders of adolescent population in Novosibirsk (1989-2003). Methods: Four cross-sectional surveys of school children aged 14-17 in 1989 (656), in 1994 (620), in 1999 (626) and in 2003 (667) were carried out. Total sample was 2569 (1214 males and 1355 females). Blood total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), were measured by enzymatic methods. LDL-C was calculated with Friedwald's formula. Associations of blood lipids with age, sex, year of study, body mass index (kg/m²), blood pressure and main nutrients of diet were measured by GLM method. Prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated with NCEP-peds criteria. Diet was estimated using 24-hour dietary recall. Results. During the 15-year period (1989-2003) mean serum TC decreased from 175 to 162 mg/dl in males and from 191 to 175 mg/dl in females (P < 0,001). Average levels of LDL-C also have fallen significantly during the period, but no changes in HDL-C levels were found. Females had significantly higher mean TC and LDL-C than did males at all surveys (P < 0,001). According to NCEP-peds criteria, prevalence of high TC (200 mg/dl and more) during the period (1989-2003) significantly decreased from 22% to 8 % (P < 0,01) in males and from 32 % to 17 % (P < 0,05) in females. Frequencies of low HDL-C (<40 mg/dl) also decreased in boys and girls (P < 0,05 for both gender groups). Significant regression coefficients for TC controlled by age, sex and year of study were revealed with body mass index, diastolic blood pressure and triceps skinfolds. Trends in diet during the period showed significant decreasing of total energy and basic nutrient intakes (proteins, fats and carbohydrates). Conclusion. During the period of socioeconomic reforms in Russia (1989-2003) the lipid profile and prevalence of atherogenic dislipidemias in adolescents of Novosibirsk significantly changed following by changes of body mass index and diet.

In epidemiologic and clinical studies the close relationship between the stiffening of vascular wall in large arteries and atherosclerosis and its risk factors including hypertension, age, diabetes, gender, obesity, dyslipidemia and other was revealed. The main purpose of this review is to show the importance of alteration elastics properties of artery for atherogenesis. Furthermore, this review shows the structure of vascular wall and functional properties of large arteries as well as summarizes the methods and indices used to estimate arterial stiffness.

A hypothesis on the pathogenic role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin) in atherosclerosis is proposed, literature data testifying to the hypothesis are classified and presented, some own data corroborating a key role of LPS-lipoprotein complexes in atherogenesis are described.

Design and methods: Four cross-sectional surveys of representative samples of school children aged 14-17 in 1989 (656), in 1994 (620), in 1999 (626) and in 2003 (667) were carried out. Total sample was 2569 (1214 males and 1355 females). The program of the inquiry in adolescents included questioning about smoking, physical activity, measuring systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), anthropometry (height, weight), investigating levels of total cholesterol in serum, cholesterol of high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), triglycerides. The program of the inquiry in parents of adolescents included questioning about smoking, physical activity, their systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), anthropometry (height, weight). Blood lipids of parents of adolescents with hypercholesterolemia were evaluated (98 mothers and 38 fathers).
Elevated blood pressure was diagnosed using criteria of JNC-7, 2003. Overweight were registered using body mass index (BMI, kg/m²). Regular smokers were who smoking more 1 cigarettes in week. Criteria of NCEP, ATP III, 2001 were used for the parents of adolescents for diagnosis of dyslipidemia. The dyslipidemia in adolescents was registered using criteria of NCEP-peds, 1992.
Results: Prearterial hypertension was revealed often in adolescents than in their parents. Arterial hypertension was registered often in parents than in their children. Overweight was observed in more than half adults and about 10% their children. Smoking rate was high in fathers and child. Smoking rate in daughters was too higher compared their mothers. Lower physical activity was also higher in adolescents and their parents. Prevalence of CVD risk factors in adolescents and their parents was in table 1. relationships of parents' and children's blood pressure and body mass index levels were revealed. Among adolescents whose mothers had elevated blood pressure, this risk factor was registered twice more often compared with normotensive mothers' children. In the subgroup of adolescents with overweight and obesity both mothers and fathers had more higher BMI than in the subgroup of adolescents with normal BMI. Adolescents' smoking was revealed two times more often in smoking families than in non-smoking families. In adolescents with hypercholesterolemia fathers' total cholesterol levels were higher than in population. In the subgroup of adolescents with more high levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C both mothers and fathers also had more high levels of those indices than in the subgroup of adolescents with less values of hypercholesterolemia.