Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2011 number 1

Experimental data on phase transformations and melting in peridotite and eclogite systems with a C-O-H fluid at 6-30 GPa have been analyzed with special attention to the influence of redox conditions. It has been found that melting in systems with H₂O depends heavily on its total content and considerably on its solubility in nominally anhydrous rock-forming minerals. Partial melting occurs when the total H₂O content of the system exceeds the H₂O storage capacity in the rock under given physicochemical conditions. Melting in CO₂-containing systems is determined by carbonate stability and the chemical composition of the system, mainly its Na₂O and K₂O contents, and, to a smaller extent, the content of CO₂ itself. Studies of peridotite and eclogite systems containing H₂O, CO₂, H₂O + CO₂, and a reduced C-O-H fluid show that most solidi flatten out at pressures above 6-8 GPa when intersecting the geotherms of subduction and average mantle. Mantle melting at constant pressure in the presence of a C-O-H fluid depends not only on temperature but also on redox conditions. The oxidation of the system causes redox melting. The stability boundary of a Fe-Ni alloy (it may coincide with the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary under cratons, 200-250 km) and the 410 km discontinuity are paramount to redox and decarbonatization-dehydration melting. Also, the paper provides evidence that subducted carbonates play the leading role in the "big" mantle wedge model for stagnant slabs. Volatile-containing eclogite systems melt at lower temperatures than peridotite ones (the difference is up to 100-200 °C). This suggests that eclogites are of global importance in mantle melting, which agrees with modern geochemical models.

We studied the isotopic composition of lead in feldspars from the intrusive rocks of enclosing, ore-bearing porphyry, and post-ore complexes and in sulfides from the Sora magmatic center including the Sora porphyry Cu-Mo deposit. The arrangement of the isotopic composition points below the orogen evolution curve on the uranogenic lead diagram evidences a predominance of lead of mantle genesis in the igneous rocks and a minor content of crustal lead.
On the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb - ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagram, the lead of magmatites forms a linear sequence (trend), which is interpreted as mixing of lead from different sources. According to the geochemical parameters, weakly depleted mantle metasomatized by subduction fluids was a source of magmatism. The linear correlation between the ratios of Pb isotopes in the igneous rocks of the Sora magmatic center is explained by the mixing of the mantle and subduction fluids. Mantle lead is predominant in the basites of the enclosing, porphyry, and post-ore complexes and in the leucogranites of the enclosing complex. According to lead isotopy data, the differentiated magmatites (enclosing monzonitoids, ore-bearing porphyry, and post-ore syenite-porphyry) contain a subduction component, whose content increases in passing from early to late complex.
The Pb-isotopic composition of sulfides suggests the mantle source of Pb in molybdenite of the breccia ores and the heterogeneous source (mantle and subduction fluids) of Pb in chalcopyrite of the veinlet ores.

In the Tanuu-Ola zone, there are island-arc (Late Vendian) and subduction-accretionary (first half of the Early Cambrian) complexes whose mantle sources were generated fr om melts produced in suprasubduction conditions as a result of melting of mantle wedge peridotites. The island arc, whose fragment is present in the Tannu-Ola zone, formed tentatively at 570 Ma and ceased as an individual structure at the Vendian-Cambrian boundary, though the subduction continued till the middle Early Cambrian. From the Vendian-Cambrian boundary to the middle Early Cambrian, the accretion of island-arc, back-arc, oceanic, and metamorphic structure-lithologic complexes took place at this segment of the Central Asian Fold Belt. From middle to late Early Cambrian, the Tannu-Ola zone was an active continental margin, wh ere basalts with island-arc characteristics, quartz microdiorites of adakite composition, basalts, dolerites, and quartz microdiorites of intraplate type, and diorite-tonalite-plagiogranite association of island-arc type formed. To explain the spatial and temporal conjugation of different magmatism manifestations on the active margin, we applied the slab-window model.

The paper presents geochronological data on silicate and endogenic carbonate rocks from the Oshurkovo apatite-bearing pluton, namely, the U-Pb and Rb-Sr isochron age of gabbros and carbonatites. The U-Pb age of the carbonatites from this pluton (126.55 ± 0.85 Ma) is close to that of other carbonatite occurrences in southwestern Transbaikalia. Also, its similarity to the age of the gabbro (125.4 ± 2 Ma), which makes up the bulk of the pluton, suggests that these rocks are comagmatic.

The paper gives major-element and extended trace-element descriptions of plutons from the Shakhtama complex in the Aga tectonic zone (Transbaikalia). They are composed of hornblende-biotite gabbrodiorites, monzonites, diorites, and granodiorites. It has been found that they were initially enriched in granitophile (including ore-forming), trace elements. This suggests consanguinity between the intrusions of the Shakhtama complex (J₂-J₃) and the ore-bearing Kukul'bei rare-metal complex of granites and leucogranites (J₃) (Aga zone, Transbaikalia). Since granitophile elements are incompatible, their content in granitoids with an elevated mafic content from the Shakhtama complex is substantially less above the clarke than that in the rare-metal granites and leucogranites from the Kukul'bei complex, which ended postcollisional magmatism in the Aga zone. Analysis of normalized REE patterns for the granitoids from both complexes has revealed their magmatic heterogeneity. It has been demonstrated that the Kukul'bei granite and leucogranite intrusions in the western Aga zone are granitic differentiates of granitoid magma chambers associated with the Shakhtama complex, which were initially enriched in granitophile trace elements. The granites from the rare-metal intrusions of the Kukul'bei complex (on the eastern periphery of the Aga zone) are not directly related to the magma chambers of the Shakhtama complex. They are magmatic melts, which might result from the deep-level selective melting of metamorphosed rocks enriched in volatile trace elements. It has been confirmed that there is no direct genetic relation between the major- and trace-element compositions of the granitoids and their metallogeny and ore content.
The granitophile rare-metal specialization of the intrusions in Mesozoic Transbaikalian gabbrodiorite-monzonite-granodiorite and leucogranite complexes is the major evidence supporting the theory of the formation of late- and postcollisional magma chambers associated with deep faults, which were initially enriched in volatile and incompatible trace elements.

The paper is devoted to the experimental study of the leak-tightness of water-containing melt inclusions heated in the autoclave at high temperature and under the pressure of D₂O. Quartz-hosted silicate melt inclusions from the rhyolite tuffs of the Taupo volcanic zone (New Zealand) and a tourmaline-pegmatite vein from the southwestern Pamirs were heated at 650?C and 3 kbar. The penetration of heavy water into the inclusions was controlled by IR spectroscopy. The studies have demonstrated that inclusions can remain leak-tight under these conditions and not exchange water with the environment even if the confining pressure is 1.5-3 times above their internal pressure. The influence of water diffusion through the quartz lattice and dislocations on the leak-tightness of inclusions can be neglected in the thermometry of water-containing melt inclusions. The crucial factors determining water exchange between the inclusions and the environment in the experiments performed are mechanical defects (open and healed cracks). Using D₂O as a pressurizing medium makes it possible to control the leak-tightness of the heated inclusions. To do this, it is recommended that melt inclusions be homogenized under the pressure of D₂O above the expected entrapment pressure and studied by IR spectroscopy after the heating.

Using data on the chemical composition of lake waters in the Ol'khon region, we calculated the under- and oversaturation of modern chloride solutions of Lake Tsagan-Tyrm. These data are a basis for the determination of the composition of suspension and bottom sediments. The thermodynamically calculated solubility of carbonates (inverse problem) discovered in the evaporite lacustrine sediments gave an insight into the main regularities of the chemical evolution of ancient brines and the formation conditions of various magnesian calcites. The calculations confirmed that an increase in solution mineralization leads to the deposition of high-Mg calcites, which is also observed in the bottom sediments of other lakes under climate aridization and temperature decrease.

The seismic quality factor ( Q_с), the frequency parameter ( n ), and the attenuation coefficient (δ) of seismic waves in the lithosphere of the southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system are obtained from records of S coda waves from regional earthquakes. There is a strong dependence of the quality factor on the frequency and coda window length: for central frequencies of 0.3 and 12.0 Hz and a coda window length W = 20 s, Q_с varies from 47 ± 51 to 1036 ± 190, and for the same frequencies and W = 60 s, it varies from 83 ± 46 to 1596 ± 573. The values of the quality factor and the attenuation coefficient are calculated for the whole southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system and for individual tectonic blocks: the stable Siberian Platform, Khamar-Daban and East Sayan uplifts, and South Baikal and Tunka basins. A comparison of the obtained values of Q_с with data on the age, tectonics, and seismic activity level of the structures shows that the quality factor depends on the recent tectonic activity of the structures, and to a lesser extent, on the age of the crust.

This paper presents the results of experiments on the effect of variable amplitude and pressure on the P -wave velocity and attenuation in cemented sandstone sample. The measurements were performed in transmitted waves at a predominant pulse frequency of 6.8 kHz in the range of strain amplitudes A ^ε ≈ (0.2-2.4) ·10^-6 at an axial static pressure of 0.25 MPa to 1.0 MPa. The wave velocity depends weakly on the amplitude and decreases only slightly with its increase. With increasing pressure the velocity v_e nonlinearly increases (to 6 %) at all amplitudes. The attenuation Q_e increases linearly (to 2.5 %) with increasing amplitude and decreases nonlinearly with increasing pressure. There is an anomalous change in the attenuation in the pressure range (0.5-0.75) MPa, where it decreases to 30 % at all amplitudes. These results may be useful for improving acoustic and seismic methods of diagnostics.

A new algorithm is proposed for estimating optimal threshold values in thresholding algorithms of wavelet filtration of signals and images. Numerous computational experiments are performed to compare this threshold with threshold values widely used in wavelet filtration algorithms. Application of the proposed threshold is demonstrated to ensure substantial reduction of the filtration error of both smooth and high-contrast images.

Specific features of operation of fallen person detection algorithms having a moderate computational complexity and based on a sequence of images obtained by stationary video surveillance cameras are analyzed. Approaches to enhancing the algorithm operation stability are proposed. One variant of obtaining a more reliable silhouette of the object is considered; parameters used in recognition of the object states are analyzed and selected. A method of increasing the detector stability is proposed. This method is based on identifying intervals of stability of the average values of parameters, which allows reliability of detection of the object states to be improved. Results of computational experiments are presented.

A pedestrian detection algorithm based on an analysis of the autocorrelation function of a seismic signal is proposed. The efficiency of this method in terms of detection and false alarm probabilities is shown. Approaches to reducing the complexity of the proposed algorithm are considered. A comparative study is made of the effects of the point sampling frequency and the method of calculating the autocorrelation function on the performance and complexity of the pedestrian detection algorithm.

This paper describes an optical measurement technique for the two-dimensional fringe pattern (by introducing the carrier frequencies in two spatial directions x and y) by the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) phase gradient method. Such transforms based on the Morlet and Paul wavelets have been applied to image rows and columns one by one and then added to find the final phase distribution, without using any unwrapping algorithms. This technique is compared with the S-transform phase gradient method. Numerical simulations and actual experiments are carried out to show the validity of this technique for finding the phase distributions.

The influence of the transportation lag and the classical methods of its correction in a control system for a mobile robot with a differential drive are considered. Such effects as slipping of wheels and surface roughness are demonstrated to restrict the area of applicability of conventional algorithms of time lag correction. A time lag correction method is proposed, which is based on analytical extrapolation and extended Kalman filter. Experimental results confirm the efficiency of the approach proposed.

An algorithm for obtaining invariants under a group of special affine transformations for vector fields defined by integral curves of dynamic systems. The algorithm for constructing topological invariants of vector fields is extended to the case where the elements of the special affine group differ at different points of an integral curve.

To explain the basic features of the response of disordered materials (glasses) to irradiation by light, a new approach based on the assumption that glasses have the so-called "medium-range" order (inhomogeneities with the characteristic scale of ~1 nm) is proposed and justified. The structure of inhomogeneities depends on the bond type: glasses with covalent directed bonds (strong glasses) at nanometer scales are similar to their crystalline ancestors. Glasses with non-directed bonds (ion and van der Waals bonds) do not form crystalline nanoinhomogeneities, though the existence of a certain medium-range order is typical for them. Using the concept of an inhomogeneous structure of glasses at nanometer scales, it is possible to explain the physical properties demonstrated by these materials: structural factor, specific features of the density of vibrational states in the terahertz range, mean free paths at frequencies below the boson peak frequency, optical memory phenomenon, and specific features of charge transfer. The proposed approach is an alternative for the widely used approach that involves construction of specific defects understood as violations of coordination of individual atoms, as quasi-molecular complexes, or as two-level states with no particular information about them. This approach reflects the specific features of the vitreous state, is universal, and is not based on a particular chemical nature of the material.

This paper considers features of the reflection of polarized light from a surface which moves relative to the observer with a velocity comparable to the velocity of light. The reflection coefficients and ellipsometric parameters of the moving object vary due to the transformation of the angle of incidence and wavelength of light, and depend on the orientation of the velocity vector with respect to the surface normal and the direction of the wave vector of the incident wave. Special cases of the mutual orientation of these vectors are presented. It is shown that if the velocity vector lies in the plane of the object and is perpendicular to the plane of light incidence, the isotropic reflecting surface exhibits anisotropic properties. An estimate is made of the limiting minimum velocity at which the anisotropy effect can be detected.

A theoretical and experimental study was performed of the interference of polarized e- and o-waves generated by passing a laser beam (collimated, convergent or divergent) through a variablesplitting-angle birefringent prism (VSABP) with inclined optical axes in the crystalline components of the prism. The VSABP-2 modification is suitable for measuring the radius of curvature of the incident wavefront from the deflection of interference fringes. This prism was used to develop an interferometric device for controlling the degree of divergence/convergence of laser radiation and a wavefront sensor for diagnosing flat wavefronts.

The use of laser Doppler anemometry methods for determining the radius and slip velocity of rolling wheels is justified theoretically and experimentally. It is demonstrated that these methods allow the wheel radius to be measured with a relative error of 0.05-0.02% for the wheel turning angle of 0.6-4.0º. The slip velocity can be calculated in this case with an error of 20 %. The slip velocity of a railroad wheel moving with a velocity of 60 mm/s is found.

This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of high-speed fiber-optic communication lines based on phase and amplitude modulation formats

There are presented in the article the results of the studies concerning formation of the «scientific school» conception in the historical and philosophical aspects. There is proposed a wording of this conception taking into account the requirements of the science and education modernization, as well as a complex of criteria for its identification. There is also offered a model of the conception from the system approach standpoint.

There are analyzed the changes in the subject-object domain of the socio-ontological studies of the educational sphere, which have made topical the philosophic-methodological component of the theorization process. One of the conditions of the formation of the modern research strategies is the usage of adequate methodology according to one of the main philosophical models of the Universe - the dialectic or dualistic one.

The author examines some special features of integration as interaction of a specific type and as the process of adaptation of the subjects of the market-oriented economy. In the article the definition of synergetic conception is studied. A special attention is paid to the synergetic effect of integration of science, education, industry and business. A specific nature of the synergetic processes in pedagogy is analyzed. The synergetic conception is presented as the most important system-forming factor of building the modern innovation-oriented higher education.

The paper describes the problem of transformation of the institution of education which experiences a transition process from the standardized to the open educational space. Some new aspects of this transformation have been distinguished, which are connected with modification of the socio-cultural context of the modern society and are conditioned by the intensification of information-related transformations and the change of the role of knowledge.  In the paper a definition of the notion of knowledge is given; the problem of a creative subject is outlined as an answer to the challenge faced by modern civilization conditioned by the increase of demand in the knowledge growth  'from inside' rather than its introduction 'from outside'. It is shown that the content of the modern institution of education is being evolved from the model objectively created for the object of teaching to a model of the subject's 'lively' knowledge of educational experience.

The article is devoted to the distance education and the topical problems arising in distance training: on what principles the distance training is based; how the selection of its content is performed; what forms of organization it presupposes; whether the telecommunications reflecting the condition of modern society influence the meanings, purposes and content of education. The changes in the content, forms and methods of the distance training result in new requirements to the competence of the teacher.

The article conceptualizes the idea of truth, analyses the basic conceptions of truth and the ways to test the genuineness of knowledge. The goal of the article is to determine the causes and sources of the diversity of the truth conceptions. Setting this goal is generated by the education and science methodology which includes the standards of choosing a point of view on the considered object. To reach this goal, the issue of the source of the author's (researcher's) truth conception is discussed. The author answers in the negative to the possibility of giving a univocal definition of the truth category; and in order to study the truth pluralism concept the author demonstrates its difference from the rivalry of various theories on the same subject.

The article is devoted to the analysis of effectiveness of the Siberian humanists from the higher education and academic sectors of science in the grant competitions of the Russian Foundation for Humanities (RFH) during two crisis years. Comparison of the results of participation in the RFH grant competitions of the researchers from the higher educational and academic institutes is carried out on the background of revealing the negative tendencies of decreasing effectiveness of the entire Siberian humanitarian scientific community. There is considered in detail the proportion of the supported academic and higher education projects according to the kinds of grant competitions (basic, regional, and additional ones), the branches of humanities, and also the regions of Siberia. A great volume of the illustrative material provides vivid characteristic of the revealed tendencies.

In the article there is studied education as a system representing the branched network of numerous social structures: properly educational, enlightenment, research establishments whose activity is determined by the necessity of social manufacture of knowledge and skills and their transfer from generation to generation. In modern conditions it is necessary to develop an innovative-research system of professional training as the most progressive and competitive. Today there are being formed such conditions of activity of the research establishments and higher educational institutions that their interaction becomes one of decisive preconditions of their survival and subsequent growth. As a base model of university it is necessary to accept the research university model, which is based on the integration of educational process and scientific research as the leading methodological principle.

In the article we analyze the possibilities of application of the innovative technologies in the system of higher professional technical education.  More specifically, the content of the article is connected with consideration of a set of humanitarian disciplines, in the process of whose studying there are used some innovative technologies.

The work describes the research results concerning new scientific knowledge about the getting-ahead training at the rural small school; there are revealed the сomponents of the getting-ahead training facilities; there is introduced the concept of getting-ahead training. An analysis is presented of the decisive role of the countryside ungraded school in preservation of the native people settlements, in creation of a cultural-educational space within the countryside society.

In the article, from the positions of innovative development of the person in the structure of united organization of the life of the person, society and nature, with taking into consideration the principle of hierarchy of levels of management and regulation of subsystems of the human organism, there is proposed a model of innovative development of educational systems. The model can be used for organization of the person' way of life in the system of education and other areas of social life in the conditions of innovative development of economy and the society life in general.

The aim of the article is to consider the ways of forming the creative ability of the higher education teachers. Using his experience in engineering esthetics, the author defines the forms and the ways of development of imagination, the aesthetic and artistic taste among the students. In their future professional activity, it will be useful for the students to know how to design engineering systems using aesthetics.

On the basis of a epistemological  pattern formation of abstract concepts to higher levels of complexity, reflecting the reality of consciousness, was described complication of the logic of information representations in the process of growing up, repeating the contents of the historic concepts of complications of this subject area, stated in accordance with the mental age varies course content computer science (for junior, middle and upper classes of the school and beyond) is also shown limitations of the information.

Interaction of artificial geochemical barriers with nickel sulpahte solution was investigated using chemical analysis, X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy and thermodynamic modeling. It was shown that the combinations of active silica with carbonatite, as well as serpophite with carbonatite, are promising materials for making artificial geochemical barriers.

Composition and sorption properties with respect to heavy metal ions are investigated for chitin-glucan complexes (CGC) isolated from the mycothallus of the fungi of Russula genus collected in teh zones with different levels of anthropogenic pollution. The amount of isolated insoluble CGC does not exceed 1.1 %, chitin content (Ch) is not more than 0.65 %. Passing from a non-polluted zone to polluted ones, an increase in the content of CGC and Ch in all the three kinds of the biomass of mycothallus is observed. The sorption capacity of CGC with respect to the ions of lead (II) and copper (II) is not high: it reaches 107 and 123 μmol/g, respectively, but the high selectivity (100 %) of copper (II) ion sorption is exhibited. For the investigated CGC, a trend to increased sorption capacity of CGC with an increase in the biotope pollution with heavy metals is observed. These investigations may be applied in using widespread fungi with the limited food and taste value of the Russula genus - russules - for obtaining sorption materials.

Methyl ester of 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-11-deoxo-18-βН-glycyrrhet-1(2),11(9)-diene acid was synthesized by means of the combined modification of А and C rings of the 18-βН-glycyrrhetic acid.

Precipitation of bismuth salicylate from its nitrate solutions and the interaction of trihydroxo-pentaocohexabismuth (III) pentanitrate trihydrate [Bi₆O₅(OH)₃](NO₃)₅ ⋅ 3H₂O with the solutions of sodium salicylate and salicylic acid was studied by means of X-ray phase analysis, IR and Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and chemical analysis. The dependence of the rate of nitrate ion exchange for salicylate ions on temperature and pH of the medium was investigated. The conditions of the formation of bismuth (III) oxide-salicylate of he composition Bi(C₇H₅O₃)О were determined for precipitation from nitrate solutions and for the solid-to-solution reaction. It is shown that it is reasonable to synthesize these preparations of high purity for use as a drug substance in antiulcer and antidiarrheic preparations by means of the interaction of [Bi₆O₅(OH)₃](NO₃)₅ ⋅ 3H₂O with the solution of salicylic acid.

Eco-friendly method for nitration of aromatic compounds using different solid supports has been successfully reported.

Results of the investigation of bone tissues with the help of XPA, IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, mass spectrometry are reported. It is shown that the crystal basis of the bone tissue is poorly crystallized nonstoichiometric apatite. It is established for coxarthrosis that the amount of PO₄^3- decreases, while the content of CO₃^2- and the organic component increases, therefore, the degree of crystallinity and the stoichioemtry of bone apatite decrease. The differences between pathogenic and reference samples in the concentrations of manganese, tin, iron, copper and chromium were revealed.