Home – Home – Jornals – 2010 number 6

Data on malaria sickness rate for the population of the Novosibirsk Region since 1924 till present are reported. The modern state of the populations of the carrier - malaria mosquito - in the region is considered. Attention is paid to the possibility of the renewal of local communication of this disease at the territory of the region.

By means of geometric morphometry comparing recent and subfossil ants Formica lemani in West Siberia, clear morphological changes in the structure of head capsule were revealed. These changes occurred during the recent several hundred years; they are connected not with taphonomic rearrangements but with morphogenetic ones. The rate of microevolution changes turned out to be unexpectedly high because during only several hundred years the divergence degree of recent and subfossil ants has approached the subspecies level.

Comparative anаlysis of fish associations in the upper Tom' from the zone of the discharge of warmed water from electric power stations and from background regions was carried out. An increase in the number and biomass of alien species was revealed in the regions subjected to thermal pollution: the fraction of invaders is 19 % of the total ichthyomass, 41 % of the total number of fish, and 25 % of the species diversity of fish. The fish capacity of the mountain taiga region of the upper Tom' with elevated water temperature is 2-4 times larger than the values characterizing the major river-bed and corresponds to the capacity level of the lowland rivers in the southern part of West Siberia, which is connected with eutrophication.

The population structure of the whitefish in the Dodot lakes (Aldy-Deerlig-Khol' and Ustyu-Deerlig-Khol') upstream situated of the Khamsara river, the basin of the Bol'shoy Enisey river, was studied. It is demonstrated on the basis of the number of bored scales in the side line that the whitefish pydschjan Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin) is represented in this water body by two different populations occupying close ecological niches. It was concluded on the basis of the data obtained that this region is the zone of secondary intergradation for the whitefish of lavaretus complex.

Investigation of the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes (total activity of proteases, a-amylase, nonspecific esterases and pancreatic lipase) in young Siberian dace Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis (Dyb) infected with the metacercarias of Diplostomidae family was carried out in 2008 and 2009 in the Kargat river (the basin of Lake Chany) The dependence between the intensity of invasion with the metacercarias of Diplostomidae family and the activity of intestinal hydrolases was studied. A negative correlation of the activity of digestive enzymes with the intensity of invasion with metacercariasm both in different sections and in intestines in general was revealed.

For the purpose of separate zoning with respect to the fauna of amphibia and reptiles, North Eurasia within the boundaries of the USSR in 1990 was divided into 245 regions regarding the vegetation map of nаtural scale 1 : 20 000 000 in such a manner that each of the regions occupied a territory of nаtural sub-zone extending for 10 degrees of longitude. A list of occurring species was made for each region over the ranges of amphibia and reptiles. One the basis of these lists, we calculated Jaccard quotients of similarity; they served as a basis for the cluster analysis of the fauna of distinguished regions. Hierarchic classifications were built according to the results of calculations. For amphibia, 3 herpetofaunistic regions were distinguished; some of them were divided into 4 sub-regions, 7 provinces and 23 districts. For reptiles, the number of regions is larger by 1, the number of sub-regions is almost two times larger, the number of provinces 2.6 and districts is 1.6 times smaller. So, the fractionality of classifications into the number of provinces and districts as a total for reptiles is about 1.5 times higher than for amphibia. Environmental factors correlating with faunistic nonuniformity of the examined territory were revealed. The proposed division provides the information content higher than the previously developed schemes by a factor of 1.9 as a mean for amphibia and by a factor of 3.5 for reptiles and take into account 75 and 91 % of the dispersion of the quotients of similarity of the faunas of specific regions (multiple correlation coefficients: 0.87 and 0.95). A connection with environmental factors and nаtural regimes may explain 84 and 93 % of fauna nonuniformity (correlation coefficients: 0.95 and 0.96).

Model of the dynаmics of bird population in the floodplain of the river was developed for the purpose of establishing monitoring of floodplain ecosystems. The model is based on the principles of system dynamics formulated by D. Forrester. Long-term observations (1977-2000) during spring and summer in the floodplain of the middle Ob in the Kolpashevo district of the Tomsk Region were used for this purpose, which allowed us to improve the structure of the model. The model was realized with the help of MATLAB 5.2.1 package. Modeling confirmed the hypothesis that the hydrological regime is the main factor determining the dynamics and structure of bird population in the floodplain of the middle Ob.

We have made an attempt to estimate hybridization level between White Wagtail Motacilla alba and Masked Wagtail M. (a.) personata in their secondary contact zone in southern Siberia. Close examination of skins from several museums (n = 424) and authors' own (n = 347) collections supported by the molecular study of the control region of mtDNA revealed the occurrence of introgression process despite limited hybridization. New data on mate choice and breeding success in hybridization zone, habitat preference and mating demonstrations are presented. Possible reasons that limit hybridization in a situation when no reproductive isolation is visible are discussed.

Here we analyze the data of the 12-years monitoring of small mammals with the help of capture-mark-recapture using special live-trapping protocol, snap-trapping, and pitfall trapping. Small mammals of 18 species were found. The species composition obtained with snap-traps and in pitfalls is different. The best coincidence was found for the data obtained in live-traps and the data obtained under snap-trapping and pitfall trapping when the latter data were referred to the unit of distance.

Records of small mammals in the Kazakhskiy Melkosopochnik were carried out in spring and autumn of the year 2008. Comparatively low species diversity was revealed (10 species). The number of animals in four main clearly pronounced biotopes of the Bayanaul National Park is rather low, except for the dominant species in each biotope. Clear confinement of rodent and insectivore species to definite biotopes is characteristic of Kazakhskiy Melkosopochnik. The information indices of biodiversity of the community of small mammals are low, which is an evidence of the disturbed structure of the community.

Male aggressiveness may affect its success in reproduction either directly, by determining competitiveness, or indirectly - through preference given by a female. Starting from the assumption that the relative importance of male aggressiveness in sexual selection may be different for species with different mating systems, we studied its connection with sexual attractivity for polygynous rodent species - the water vole and the house mouse, and a monogamous species - the steppe lemming. For males, the index of aggressiveness was determined (as the fraction of aggression acts among the contacts with the partners of the same sex in dyadic tests) and the index of attractiveness (the fraction of olfactory tests in which females spent longer time in a compartment with the litter of a specific male).

Under the condition of the south of West Siberia, the periods of seasonаl migrations of house mice from the heated building of educational institutions into natural environment in spring and back in autumn were determined. In educational institutions, the number and distribution over sites, feeding, reproduction and nest construction of house mice were studied. The damage and nаture of disturbances caused by brownie mouse in the buildings of educational institutions were determined, as well as the emotionаl-psychological effect of synаnthropic rodents on the personnel and students.

On the basis of the results of long-term monitoring of water vole populations in northern Baraba (Ubinskoye district of the Novosibirsk Region), a connection between water flow intensity in the Om river in the region under investigation, magnitude of population, its seasonаl variations from May to August, average number of living embryos in over-wintered females and the fraction of young females of the current year entering reproduction for different years is investigated.

Results of the investigation of the belovezhsky bison under the conditions of the Mountain Altay conditions, as well as the data on bison transference into the Altay agricultural farm, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, are presented. The properties of the bison nursery, its climatic and natural conditions are described. The dynamics of sexual and age maturation of bisons within 1989-2009 and the ratio of sexually mature and reproductive bison females within 1985-2005 are described. The authors suggest to develop the program on breeding the belovezhsky bison under the conditions of the Mountain Altay region and to form the free-living populations in West Siberia.

The article analyzes the current state of affairs in the problem of extremism and terrorism among the young people. Some preventive measures are suggested to counter the youth extremism; a number of research tasks are formulated.

The article is dedicated to the problem of devaluation of family and motherhood and the necessity of formation, within the modern innovative education, of the family values among schoolchildren and students. The article gives understanding of motherhood as one of the basic dominants of culture (archetypes), its importance for procreation in the quantitative and qualitative aspects. The issues of patriotism and attitude to the Motherland as an embodiment of the maternal archetype are also considered. In the article there are studied the preconditions and consequences of the destructive social tendencies which influenced the formation of the system of values and world outlook of modern reproductive-capable people. The conclusions are supported by the statistical data of the conducted questioning.

The main theme of the article is the philosophical and methodological analysis of the issue of personality formation in the homes for orphaned children and determination of the problems and methods of social education. The article shows that one of the key problems of the upbringing system within the homes for orphaned children is the upbringing of the socially active individual possessing spiritual, intellectual and physical potential, as is necessary for the fully-fledged member of society. The principal way of resolving these issues and problems is philosophical understanding and practical mastery of the legacy of the Russian philosophical pedagogical thought, whose representatives proposed the methods of social upbringing based on the holistic world outlook adequate to the historical epoch.

The factor of education is investigated. The author assesses its influence on the psychological state of disabled people as a social group. For the first time we investigate the issue of education of the disabled (i.e. issue of obtaining professional or even higher education by them) as the factor which conditions the physical, social-economic and social-cultural status of the disabled, and also the factor fostering their psycho-social rehabilitation and avoidance of suicide. The author has found out that education of disabled persons is a stimulus for them to acquire life-valid goals, form the law consciousness and avoid suicide.

The philosophic-educational conditions fostering spiritual and moral revival of ethical virtues in modern society are discussed in the article. The axiological component of the phenomenon of charity is defined on the basis of the literature review. The problematic issues are identified and the author's vision of the formation of spiritual and moral values of the people is offered. The professional competence of the teacher in the context of didactic goals providing spiritual and moral education is also considered.

L. Feuerbach's anthropological principle proves the necessity of a person like me in the existence and development of every person. Coexistence of the person with another person as a co-being is a new type of integrity in nature and with nature. The co-being's qualities such as consciousness, sympathy, assistance, conscience are formed during various forms of joint actions. Pedagogics knows various forms of co-being such as social assistance, support, cooperation and co-authorship. The co-being-like nature of coexistence provides the pedagogues with a possibility of achieving the integrity of co-being even in the case of its deformation.

The article is devoted to the issues of philosophy of peace education, which is a new trend in the Russian pedagogical science. The article explores historical and philosophical premises of the raise and development of peace education. Strategic aims of peace education are formulated in the article, as well as the mindsets and relations which the peace education seeks to foster and reveal in new generation. Findings and conclusions, made by the author of the article, possess theoretical and practical value, because they can be applied in designing and development of educational and instructive process; apprehension, formulation and creative solution of pedagogical goals; methodological reflection of the pedagogues.

The article shows the importance of studying the subculture of special sub-units by the representatives of officer corps who have to command these collectives of servicemen. The main attention in the work is paid to the basic factors of the professional activity which foster the formation of the special sub-units' subculture. The author substantiates the expedience of understanding by the prospective officers the content of the subculture of the servicemen collectives, its influence on the management efficiency, professional training and reorganization of the special sub-units of the defense and law-enforcement agencies.

The article considers game as a condition of person's socialization. The characteristics of game, its special features and functions and also the active nature of game are described in the article.  The author identifies the specificity of games in socialization, communication, education, justifies the application of innovative games whose organization is based on a number of specific principles. A classification of the game models is proposed. The article considers the method of changing the game participants' status during the game education.

Application of methylpheophorbyde а as an initial compound for the synthesis of potential anticancer agents is considered. The possibility to carry out a number of reactions participated by the main reaction centres of methylpheophorbyde а (exocycle, vinyl group, propionate substituent) for preparative purposes is shown. The use of the reactions of the main centres provides the possibility to obtain porphyrin compounds of diverse structures. All the synthesized compounds have a chlorine pharmacophore in the molecule, which ensures their activity as photosensitising agents for photodynamic therapy of oncological and other diseases.

Some directions and results of investigations in the area of metal complex catalysis initiated by Academician G. A. Tolstikov are considered, along with the new directions being successfully developed at present by his followers. The main attention is paid to reactions, efficient reagents and promising preparative methods of metal complex catalysis in organic and organometallic synthesis.

Chemical aspects of epoxidation, ecological safety of the promising methods of processing renewable raw material - terpenes - are the main focuses of the present review. Various epoxidation systems are considered, first of all those allowing one to perform the catalytic epoxidation of terpenes; their promising character with respect to the introduction into industry is evaluated. The data published during the years 1988 to 2008 are included in the review. All the data are arranged in common tables for convenience of comparing different epoxidation systems and choosing optimal process conditions.

Selective transformations of triterpene glycoside (glycyrrhizic acid), which is the main biologically active component of the roots of (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) and (Gl. uralensis Fisher) at the carbohydrate chain and/or aglycon were carried out. New groups of biologically active compounds valuable for medicine were obtained (amides, glycopeptides, pyrazoles, conjugates with aminosaccharides, triterpene glycosides), possessing high anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, immunopotentiating and antiviral activity. It was established that chemical modification of glycyrrhizic acid by adding amino acids, dipeptides and amino saccharides into the carbohydrate part of its molecule opens the outlooks for the synthesis of new stimulants of the humoral immune response, antiHIV-1-, antoSARS CoV- and antiEBV-agents.

Results of investigations into the synthesis of prostanoids and eleuthesides based on saccharides of levoglucosan and levoglucosenone, sesquiterpenoid (+)-δ-cadinol and diterpenoid isocembrol are generalized.

History of discovery and application of Dzhemilev reaction is discussed. This reaction is a catalytic cycloalumination, cyclo- and ethylmagnesiation of olefins, allenes, acetylenes with the help of alkyl and halogenoalkyl derivatives of Al and Mg with the participation of Ti-, Zr- and Co-containing catalysts. As a result of this reaction, new classes of cyclic organometallic compounds of non-transition metals (metametals) were obtained: aluminacyclopropanes, aluminacyclopropenes, aluminacyclopentanes, aluminacyclopentenes, aluminacyclopenta-2,4-dienes, magnesacyclopentanes, magnesacyclopentenes, magnesacyclopenta-2,4-dienes.

Possibility to use 4-methyltetrahydropyrane, mint and castor oil for the synthesis of low-molecular bioregulators of insects and for the development of biologically active preparations for beekeeping on the basis of synthetic metabolites of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) is investigated.

Outlooks for the use of triterpenoids of lupane series in medical practice are discussed. Among native compounds, especially important one is betulic acid, a highly efficient anti-cancer agent and inhibitor of ЕСНО6 enterovirus. The most promising semi-synthetic derivatives of lupane series are amides, ureides, dipeptides and acylates of betulic, betulonic and 3-oximinonetulonic acids possessing high anti-HIV activity, pronounced anti-tumour and organ-protecting action. It is shown that the production of biologically active additives with betuline extract is actively developing.

Natural terpenes (+)-3-carene and α-pinene are widely used in the synthesis of biologically active substances. On the basis of the products of their ozonolytic splitting, synthesis schemes were developed for juvenoids, pheromones, pyrethroids. In the present work we propose a new efficient approach to the synthesis of pheromones and juvenoids with cyclopropane and cyclobutane rings in the molecule by means of ozonation of α,β-unsaturated ketones carenone and verbenone, which are easily obtained from (+)-3-carene and α-pinene. The mechanism of formation of 2,2-dimethyl-3-acetylcyclobutanecarboxylic acid - synton is the synthesis of the pheromone of grape mealybugs - is proposed.

Original schemes of the synthesis of known anti-HIV preparations azidothymidine and
2',3'-didesoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (D₄T) are reported. The possibility to use the silyl method in the synthesis of glycosides of biologically active nitrogen-containing heterocycles is demonstrated.

By means of controllable ozonolysis of acyclic, cyclic and bicyclic alkenes and polyenes of regular structure and given configuration through dosing the calculated amount of ozone, followed by controllable decomposition of the peroxide products of ozonolysis, polyfunctional aliphatic and heterocyclic compounds, α,ω-bifunctional unsaturated compounds of the required (Z)- or (E)-configuration were synthesized. The routes of transformations of ozonolysis products were proposed for the synthesis of insect pheromones, juvenoids, acyclic terpenoids, tocopherols, ecdysteroids and their analogs.

Results of the joint investigations carried out at N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry and at the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of RAS on the development of scientific foundations of the design of postmetallocene catalytic systems of aryl imine type during the recent decade are generalized. Postmetallocene complexes with the structures providing high activity at a temperature within 70-90 °C and the possibility of their use for the synthesis of high-molecular polyethylene in gas-phase polymerisation were obtained for the first time.

Literature data describing the development of one-stage methods to synthesize strained polycyclic hydrocarbons involving metal complex catalysts are generalized. These methods are based on the reactions of homo- and cross-cyclization of norbornadiene and its derivatives with olefins, 1,2-dienes, 1,3-dienes and acetylenes. The synthesis of tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-, undeca- and dodecacyclic strained hydrocarbons, difficult to be synthesized with the help of other methods, was carried out using these reactions.

Modern methods of chemical transformations of available plant alkaloids aimed at obtaining pharmaceutically valuable agents are considered.

Crystal structure parameters, elastic constants, atomic charges, and deformation density distributions of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium oxides, peroxides, superoxides, and ozonides are calculated with the use of the CRYSTAL06 program package in the LCAO basis in the LDA and GGA approximation of density functional theory. The obtained characteristics are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data and calculations of the other authors. All crystals, except sodium, potassium, and rubidium superoxides, are shown to correspond to mechanical stability conditions. The chemical bond between the cation and anion has the ionic character and π-type covalent in the anion. A distinctive feature of its formation is the charge flow from the bond to the toroidal region oriented perpendicularly to the O-О line with the center on the oxygen atom nucleus.

The anionic copolymerization of styrene with nonpolar monomers (butadiene and isoprene) is studied theoretically and experimentally. The known problem of activity transformation, when the monomer more active in homopolymerization becomes less active in copolymerization, is considered. This problem has not previously been solved by traditional theory methods. The structure of complexes of living polymers with monomer molecules and the reaction activation energy are ab initio calculated. The activity of the monomer is shown to be determined by the energy of the electronically excited state of the reactive complex between the monomer molecules and the growing active center.

RHF/3-21G and B3LYP/3-21G methods are used to calculate the hydrogen bond energies in calix[4]-, calix[6]-, p-fluorocalix[4]-, p-fluorocalix[6]-, p-chlorocalix[4]-, p-chlorocalix[6]-, p-bromocalix[4]-, p-bromocalix[6]-, p-iodocalix[4]-, p-iodocalix[6]-arenes and a number of other p-substituted calix[4]- and calix[6]arenes (R = Me, OMe, NO₂, Ac, NH₂, CN, ). The calculations along with the structural data give evidence of the cooperative effect of hydrogen bonding. Multiple correlation (p ≥ 0.9) between the pairs of Hammett substituent constants and the calculated values of hydrogen bond energies in the corresponding p-substituted calixarenes is found. It is predicted that in the presence of weak bases and in aprotic solvents as well as in the gas phase, the nucleophilic substitution reaction involving p-halogen calix[6]arenes should proceed through diastereomeric transition states.