Diversity of microbial communities in the soils of different natural and man-made ecosystems of the Meshchersk lowland
A. A. Shirokikh1,2, N. A. Bokov1,2, T. L. Egoshina3, I. G. Shirokikh1,2,4
1N. V. Rudnitsky Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the North-Eas, Kirov, Russia
2Vyatka State University, Kirov, Russia
3B. M. Zhitkov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Hunting and Animal Husbandry, Kirov, Russia
4Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biology, Syktyvkar, Russia
Keywords: natural and man-made landscape, fungi, prokaryotes, high-throughput sequencing, Illumina, ITS2, 16S rRNA, phylogenetic diversity, ecological functions
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the conditions prevailing in anthropogenic altered soils and the diversity of the soil microbiome can provide important information for assessing the state and solving the problem of maintaining the stability of natural and man-made ecosystems. Using high-throughput Illumina sequencing, the diversity and composition of bacteria, archaea, and fungi in the soils of five different phytocenoses within the Meshcherskaya Lowland (Southern Moscow region), as one of the most industrially saturated regions in the country, were analyzed. The results showed a reduction in taxonomic richness and a decrease in phylogenetic diversity and alignment of microbial communities during the transition from the soil of a conventionally background site to soils of secondary phytocenoses and soils associated with man-made objects - an overgrown phosphogypsum dump and an industrial wastewater discharge site. Representatives of 28 bacterial and 1 archaeal phylum were identified in the prokaryotic component of the microbiomes of the studied soils. The dominant position was occupied by the phylum Actinomycetota (relative abundance 21-30 %) and Pseudomonadota (16-19 %). The taxonomic composition of the fungal component of the communities was dominated by Ascomycota (53-74 %), represented by the classes Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Leotiomycetes. Representatives of Basidiomycota in the soils of different phytocenoses accounted for from 16 to 29 % of all identified fungal taxa. The most numerous among the basidiomycetes were the classes Tremellomycetes, Agaricomycetes, and Microbotryomycetes. Using the FAPROTAX software package for predicting the ecological functions of bacterial and archaeal taxa obtained by sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons, as well as the automatic FUNGuild algorithm for sorting by ecologically significant categories of the fungal taxa identified during ITS amplicon sequencing, the ecological profiles of the studied microbial communities were characterized. The data obtained can be used in the environmental monitoring system of impact zones of industrial enterprises.
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