Soil-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) as indicators of anthropogenic impact in the Norilsk industrial region: a case study
L. A. Trilikauskas1, I. I. Lyubechanskii1,2, G. N. Azarkina1
1Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Norilsk industrial region, soil-dwelling spiders, diversity parameters, ordination, Spearman’s rank correlation, indicator properties
Abstract
The possibility and prospects of using spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) as a bioindicator of the degree of anthropogenic impact in the Norilsk industrial region was investigated. Soil-dwelling spiders were collected using pitfall traps at the sites of three transects: Kayerkan, Norilsk and Talnakh, located in the vicinity of the city of Norilsk at different distances from large industrial facilities. A total of 119 spider species were found. The richest in species were the sites of the Norilsk transect, where 71 species were collected. A significant Spearman rank correlation between the distance from the industrial facility and the diversity parameters of taxocenes was noted mainly for the sites of the Kayerkan transect in 2022 and 2023. The direction of this transect largely corresponded to the prevailing wind direction in the Norilsk region. The taxonomic diversity of spiders on this transect is also the lowest. The total number of species, diversity indices, as well as the number of species and individuals of Linyphiidae spiders and the ratio between the number of Linyphiidae and wolf spiders (Lycosidae) individuals were positively correlated with the distance from the plant. In 2023, only the last parameter significantly depended on the distance. For the Norilsk transect, the correlation of the dynamic density of spiders with the distance from the plant was statistically significant only in 2022. Ordination by the method of non-metric multidimensional scaling for the sites of the three studied transects in different years showed that the differentiation of the sites, firstly, corresponded well to the habitat differences of the study sites on all transects; secondly, the study sites were better differentiated before the onset of phenological summer and the associated increase in temperatures and the complete formation of different vegetation layers. It has been established that soil-dwelling spiders can be used as indicators of negative impact, while it is extremely important to conduct research in similar habitat conditions, minimizing their differences as much as possible. When analyzing, it is imperative to take into account the features of seasonal dynamics and the impact of interannual fluctuations in climatic factors.
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