Transformation of employment of the rural population in Asian countries
E.L. ANDREYANOVA
Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: rural economy, non-farm employment, poverty, sustainable development, urbanization, deagrarianization
Abstract
Non-farm employment of the population, which has actively manifested itself in recent decades throughout the world, is a reflection of structural changes in the economy of rural areas. Based on the example of a number of Asian countries (China, India, Bangladesh), the article reveals changes in non-farm employment. They reflect the transformation of social and labor relations and represent the interconnections and patterns occurring in it. It has been determined that the phenomenon of «Asian deagrarianization» is expressed in high rates of economic growth and urbanization, intensification of production, workers’ shift away from agricultural labor, uneven development of regions and labor migration. It is shown that under the influence of various factors the diversification of agricultural production in these countries was reflected, on the one hand, by common features and relationships and on the other hand, each country has its own specifics in the transformation of employment of the population. In China, increased urbanization and industrialization have created enormous opportunities to expand the spheres of employment of the rural population and to increase productivity in the economy. The employment features of the Indian population characterize the production and socio-economic contradictions, manifested in the low parameters of labor and its payment in the informal sector, with significant and rapid economic changes in the country with a focus on knowledge-intensive and capital-intensive technologies. In Bangladesh, there is a complex transformation of households with a focus on both agriculture and alternative sources of income, and an expansion of demand for labor from both local and urban employers. Russia incorporates all of the listed characteristics, which determines its peculiarity. As a result of the work, the following conclusions were made: a comprehensive solution to the problems accompanying the transformation of the employment sector is necessary; the positive results of the transformation of labor relations are the welfare and reduction of poverty of the population. These goals require governments to search for the most effective ways of economic management and public administration in order to create sustainable development in the interests of nature and the population. The results and conclusions of the work can be useful to scientists, specialists, and politicians studying the problems of rural areas and employment.
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