Some approaches to restoring the populations of Baikal sponges: a review
I. A. Topchiy1, D. I. Stom1,2,3, M. Yu. Tolstoy4, O. N. Ponamoreva5, A. D. Stom1, M. N. Saksonov1, A. B. Kupchinsky6
1Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
2Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Listvyanka, Russia
3Baikal Museum SB RAS
4Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russia
5Tula State University, Tula, Russia
6Baikal Museum SB RAS, Listvyanka, Russia
Keywords: Baikal sponges, restoration of the sponge population, in situ methods, ex situ methods, cultivation
Abstract
The unique ecosystem of Lake Baikal is made up of a diverse, mostly endemic fauna. The spongiofauna of the lake is represented by two families: endemic Lubomirskiidae and cosmopolitan Spongillidae. In recent years, the situation on Baikal has been characterized as catastrophic, especially when it comes to the littoral. There are numerous reports about the oppressed state of the Baikal sponges and the decrease in their numbers in many areas of the lake. The question is raised that not only nature protection, but also nature restoration measures are needed. The review discusses the basic techniques and methods of growing sponges. 4 main approaches to the cultivation of sponges ex situ and in situ are described in the most detail in world practice: 1) from larvae; 2) from primmorphs (sponge cell cultures); 3) from resting stages (gemmules and reduction bodies); 4) from explants (fragments of living tissue separated from the parent organism). The review discusses attempts to apply the described approaches used in world practice for growing Baikal sponges. Based on the analysis of the literature, it is assumed that the use of the most effective of the above approaches will make it possible to develop a technology for obtaining Baikal sponges.
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