RESETTLEMENT OF BAOHUOLI TO ELAN AND THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE NUCHENS LEADERS IN PRIMORYE IN THE XI CENTURY
V.E. Shavkunov
Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 89, Pushkinskaya str., Vladivostok, 690001, Russian Federation
Keywords: Baohuoli, Yelan, Smolninskaya culture, Steklyanuhinskaya I fortress, Nikolaevskaya fortress
Abstract
The article compares data of written sources on the history of the early Nüchens and archaeological materials. According to «Jin Shi», the official history of the Nüchen, Baohuoli moved from Korea in Yelan. In the X - early XI centuries, Yelan was located in the southern Primorie (the territory of modern Partizan and Shkotov districts). This resettlement took place at the turn of the X-XI centuries. At this time, the population of Smolnin culture lived in southern Primorie. The largest sites of Smolnin culture in Yelan was the Nikolaev fortress (Partizan district) and Steklyanukhin I fortress (Shkotov district). Both sites have a Nüchen layer. Ancestors of Baohuoli were Bohai citizens. After the Bohai Kingdom demise, the Qidan moved them to lower Yalujiang River bank. The relocated Nüchens had to have elements of Bohai culture. Nikolaev fortress is designated as Yelan on an ancient map. However, no objects of Jurchen culture of the pre-state period were found there. Bohai pottery was discovered in a dwelling of Smolnin culture at Steklyanukhin I fortress. Bohai ceramics were not found on other sites of Smolnins culture (including Nikolaev fortress). The territories of Shkotov and Partizan districts were not part of the Bohai Kingdom. Bohai pottery was revealed only on Steklyanukhin I fortress and around it. There is every reason to believe that Baohuoli and his people originally settled in the vicinity of Steklyanukhin I fortress. Later, he or his descendants moved to Nikolaev fortress and established their residence there.
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