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The article examines the national system of historical and cultural heritage protection in the Republic of Tyva. The relevance of the topic is due to the changes taking place at the present stage. These changes are caused by the creation of regional investment platforms in the mining industry, intensive development of land for the construction of industrial facilities and residential buildings. Due to the fact that the territory of Tuva historically belonged to the world of nomadic civilization, the main type of historical heritage include the archaeological sites, buildings and monuments of monumental art mainly of the XX century. The author provides historical data about the legal regulation of the state protection of monuments of history and culture, as well as the objects of archaeological heritage of Tyva. The State body, Committee for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture in the Republic of Tyva, was established in 1992 as an institution subordinate to the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tyva, and as an executive body in 2008. In the first decade of the XXI century, the system of the State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects (CHO) was meant to be a single system of executive bodies throughout the territory of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tuva. This system was supposed to include the federal body for CHO protection, authorized bodies in the field of CHO protection, executive authorities of the Republic of Tuva, as well as municipal administration. Nowadays it is necessary to solve the problems inherited from the Soviet period concerning the historical and cultural heritage preservation, primarily archaeological objects due to the active and extensive economic development of the Republic. As of January 1, 2016 there are 955 objects of cultural heritage in the Republic of Tuva. Much of work on CHO registration was conducted during the numerous scientific expeditions organized by the academic institutions of the Soviet Union. In the late XX and early XXI centuries, two archaeological expeditions from St. Petersburg (Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Hermitage) were held. Monuments of history and culture are represented by the buildings and monuments created in the first half of the XX century, given the history of Tyva , its traditional type of farming and nomadic herding. Nevertheless, modern Tuvians preserved their traditions and ancestor worship, respectful attitude to the past, which leaves space for hope that cultural heritage in the territory of Tyva will persist for years to come.