Home – Home – Jornals – Philosophy of Sciences 2025 number 6

In the context of the digital transformation of society, traditional epistemological concepts are undergoing significant changes. Historically, the theory of knowledge developed from ancient ideas about knowledge as objective truth to more complex models of the New Age and postmodernism. However, the 21st century has posed new challenges to epistemology associated with digital technologies. The digital environment has changed the mechanisms of formation, verification and dissemination of knowledge. Information overload, algorithmic filters and the influence of artificial intelligence have led to a shift in traditional criteria of reliability. Instead of cause-and-effect relationships, correlation methods are widely used in data analysis, which affects the processes of scientific knowledge. The phenomena of "epistemic bubbles" and post-truth have also emerged, undermining classical concepts of truth. The author considers digital epistemology as a new stage in the development of the philosophy of knowledge. Key transformations are analyzed, including the change in the role of the subject of knowledge, the problem of digital truth and the formation of new types of knowledge in the era of big data. Possible strategies for adapting classical epistemological concepts to modern conditions are proposed.

The article examines the problem of limitations of empirical testing of geological hypotheses, the essence of which lies in the disproportion of the object and subject of research, as well as in the "complexity" of the object of research, that is, in the uncalculated set of geological processes at the border of macro- and mega-levels, as a result of which this object was formed.

This article examines the intersection of technoscientific and biopolitical discourses in popular science texts using Discover magazine as a sample. The study utilized dual topic modeling and cluster visualization to identify keywords and patterns in topic distribution. The analysis revealed that 52.7% of texts contained elements of both themes, confirming their interconnectedness in the media space. The most significant terms associated with technoscience include "technology," "ecology," and "health," while biopolitics is represent- ed through the concepts of "control," "normalization," and "social consequences." This work demonstrates the methodological value of combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in discourse analysis and highlights the importance of studying the role of popular science media in shaping public perceptions of science and politics.

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence have exacerbated the tension between two key imperatives of the global digital agenda: the drive for equitable access to technology (digital inclusion) and the need of states to control their own digital ecosystems (digital sovereignty). This study explores how the framework of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) can bridge these divergent trends by embedding ethical principles, such as inclusiveness, sustainability, precaution and reflexivity, into the core mechanisms that govern technological development. Using examples from educational initiatives (e.g., Kenya’s eLimu platform and India’s DIKSHA) and healthcare collaborations (notably WHO data-sharing protocols during the pandemic), we demonstrate that RRI mobilizes diverse communities to participate in decision-making, thereby balancing national interests, fostering international cooperation, and helping to counteract systemic biases. We find that rigid “sovereign” policies often deepen inequalities, whereas the application of RRI principles empowers all groups, including marginalized populations, to engage fully in public life, ensuring cultural representation and the ethical governance of technology. Our analysis shows that RRI holds significant potential to transform geopolitical competition into equitable governance, provided these principles are formally adopted in international instruments (for instance, within the UN’s proposed Global Digital Pact). A socially just approach recasts sovereignty as a responsibility for the common good, guaranteeing that AI develops to benefit vulnerable communities rather than entrench their marginalization. We conclude that integrating RRI principles into both global and national strategies is a critical step toward dismantling emerging digital hierarchies and fostering truly inclusive innovation.

The article explores the concept of the digital universe as an epistemological challenge to both classical and contemporary theories of knowledge. Drawing on transcendental and comparative-philosophical approaches, the author analyzes how the simulation hypothesis, digital ontology, and the information paradigm reshape our understanding of the subject, truth, and the conditions of knowledge. Particular attention is given to Platonic ontology, Gnostic cosmology, twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy of mind, and postmetaphysical theories in which information and interface replace traditional ontological categories. Through a critical comparison of the ideas of Immanuel Kant, Nick Bostrom, David Chalmers, Luciano Floridi, and Jean Baudrillard, the article argues that the digital universe does not merely simulate reality but constitutes a new form of ontological environment in which knowledge becomes a function of behavior, visualization, and algorithmic mediation. The study concludes with a call to reconsider the foundations of epistemology in the context of digital simulation and to develop hybrid cognitive structures capable of engaging with the complexity and multiplicity of informational being.

Prospects of scientific and technical civilization are largely connected with the possibilities of biotechnology. The work examines the philosophical aspects of technically organized life: a technical object consists of simple objects; a simple object is subject to copying; a record is an information1 hypostasis of a simple object; the material world is informationally unified; a technical fact consists of simple objects in their actual connection; a technical fact has a special historicity connected with its origin; the ontology of a copy sets the compromises of existence; time launches the processes of substantiation in copies. The conclusions of the study postulate the possibility of living technology.

This paper presents an exhibition on a new methodological approach emerging within the practice-oriented philosophy of science, addressing the problem of the relationship between contingency and the inevitability of the dynamics of scientific knowledge. The article analyzes the epistemological and methodological principles of this emerging approach and its significance for classical approaches to the philosophy of science.

The article examines the phenomenon of citizen science and its role in transforming the status of scientific knowledge in modern society. The author observes that science has evolved from evolved from a disinterested search for truth into a socially significant institution engaging non-professionals. By analyzing T. Kuhn's concept of normal science, post-normal science, and Mode 2.0 science, the study demonstrates that citizen science can manifest in several forms. It often serves as an auxiliary tool for professional researchers, yet civil investigators may also exhibit considerable autonomy within various activist projects. The article notes that denialism can be viewed as a form of citizen science antagonistic toward the scientific community. These developments indicate that, in an era of interdisciplinarity and social engagement, science is becoming a boundary object requiring new forms of dialogue between scientists and society.

The purpose of the article is to record and analyze the change in the ratio of the share of fundamental and applied research in the research institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study brings us to the most important problem of modern Russian science studies, allowing us to more adequately assess the speed and depth of transformation of Russian research practice in the context of global trends in changing the scientific landscape. The key theoretical framework of the study is the widely discussed thesis of an "epochal break" in the development of world science. A sharp turn towards a practically oriented scientific search in a certain sense contradicts the basic academic values formulated within the walls of a classical university. It is shown that at the empirical level, the first points of tension in the research institutes of the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok were recorded almost from the very beginning of market reforms in science. Further, using the example of the results of a number of large-scale sociological studies, it is proved that the forced transition to an increasingly applied orientation of research was perceived quite painfully by scientists, especially the older generation. Many of them interpreted this as a betrayal of the cause of true science. It is concluded that, unlike foreign science, for which the transition to neoliberal science occurred primarily through evolutionary means, in Russian conditions it was a rapid and painful process of forced adaptation of science to new conditions of activity, which was of a shock nature.

The development of humanity is inextricably linked with the development of technology, which led to technical revolutions, starting from the Paleolithic and ending with the fourth industrial revolution, characterized, among other things, by the rapid development and large-scale implementation of artificial intelligence technology (hereinafter - AI). The ability of AI to self-learn and produce results comparable to the results of human intellectual activity demonstrates that technology is becoming increasingly autonomous. This trend forces us to rethink the connection initially formed between man and technology, and to formulate an approach to the legal regulation of AI technology that meets the needs of the time. In the article, the authors turn to philosophical views on the essence of technology and, through this prism, analyze existing approaches to the legal regulation of AI in different countries.

This article examines possible foundations for assessing the credibility of various historical narratives. The search for such foundations is conducted by placing history within the context of cognitive science, beginning with the question of whether the specificity of historical knowledge manifests itself at the level of cognitive processes. It is proposed that narrative constructions are the result of the development of the mind's ability to represent processes. Drawing on ideas from evolutionary epistemology, which understands cognition as a means of increasing organisms' adaptability to changing conditions, history is examined as the ability of social actors to represent processes in order to increase the predictability of their actions.

We present the result of a case-study of reasoning in a dispute using formal-logical and qualitative methods of analysis that model demonstrative and non-demonstrative argumentation. This approach allows us to overcome the limitations of descriptive and normative methods of studying judicial argumentation used in isolation and to reconstruct the essence of a judicial dispute in its fullness and integrity. We reconstruct a fragment of a court case on the recovery of mixed alimony, connected with the opposite interpretation by the plaintiff and the defendant of one of the legal facts in the case. For the initial reconstruction, we use the Toulmin model and map the argumentation of the parties on the graph; then we identify their dispute as a complex tertiary dispute and distinguish its sub-disputes and specify the properties of each of them. Finally, with the help of the methodology of normative systems we demonstrate the core difference of the parties’ opinions in interpreting the fact of the alienation of the real estate by the defendant case and show those interpretations lead to the opposite decisions. We believe that the reconstruction and analysis of judicial disputes using the set of methods proposed by us has not only a high heuristic potential, especially in less obvious cases, but also is practically significant when the judicial dispute continues at the next instance, since it allows for a more accurate assessment of the grounds and validity of the judicial decision.

The article is devoted to the heuristics of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and the phenomenological method of constitution in relation to modern philosophy, methodology and history of science. Aware of the ambiguous fate of phenomenology as a conception of the transcendental foundations of the positive sciences, the author attempts to define the sphere in which the phenomenological eidetics of intensional, temporal, genetic and intersubjective constitution would have an effect as a demanded part of scientific knowledge. The personal dimension of scientific creativity is chosen as such a sphere. This is substantiated by the priority consideration of the intersubjective constitution, which carries out the temporal and eidetic correlation of different consciousnesses, including in the mode of their mutual intellectual empathy and updating. The proposed approach is aimed at transforming the fragmentary and purely informative knowledge of the history of science into its temporal-ideal continuum, in which the personal destinies and ideas of great scientists would be perceived and experienced as modern and necessary for scientific creativity, the psychology of cognition, and the philosophy of education.

The ratio of appeals to the work of Descartes, on the one hand, Newton and, on the other hand, Voltaire, is considered. Newton highlighted both the attention to Descartes's that he, Newton, assessed positively, and that in which their positions were not only significantly different, but mutually exclusive. Voltaire paid special attention to his comparison of the contributions of Descartes and Newton to the creation of modern science. While appreciating the corresponding achievements of Newton, Voltaire emphasized that it was Descartes who had the merit of directing European science "along the path of truth", that is, the path on which successes were then multiplied by Newton. At the same time, when considering Voltaire's implementation of this comparative assessment of the positions of Descartes and Newton, it was recorded that they paid attention to those components of Descartes' views that Voltaire assessed as erroneous. At the same time, manifestations of inconsistency in the worldview and philosophical positions of Voltaire himself were recorded. He argues that the explanation of the movement of anything in the universe is impossible without recognizing an external source from him. Voltaire himself declared God to be such an external source of movement for everything bodily, calling him the supreme mind having a will. At the same time, Voltaire assesses the same position of Descartes as erroneous. Voltaire also recognizes, definitely in contrast to Descartes, a person with independent activity. It is emphasized that when Voltaire evaluates certain positions of Descartes as erroneous, he does this from the standpoint of taking into account the achievements, first of all, in the science of nature directly by Newton, which provided for the new European philosophy the prospect of establishing a distinctly materialistic component.

A new class of genes, called ontogenes, together with the class of Mendelian genes, form the genetic program of individual development. Functionally, the program is a set of cycles and quasicycles (spirals) executed by genes of both classes. The genetic cyclicity revealed in the living, apparently, is only a variant of the cyclicity inherent in matter in general. It has been suggested that the total cyclicity of matter is due to the way it is formed in the Universe: matter arises in the flow of cosmic energy when its laminar flow changes to a vortex one. The principle of the quasi-cycle, discovered in the work with the genetic system, was the basis for the cyclic protomodel of the Universe. The article presents its main provisions. On the basis of the provisions, the peculiarities of the organization of the living are explained. The example of the cyclic protomodel shows that biology in its development, like physics and chemistry, has reached the level of building models of a metaphysical nature.

This article opens a series of papers devoted to a holistic, comprehensive presentation of the concept of semantic modeling, including its methodological, logical-mathematical, and technological aspects, with an emphasis on practical applications and the concept's relationship with such areas of the IT industry as programming practice and artificial intelligence. For this reason, the central focus of this series of articles will be the description and discussion of the organizational and technological framework for the practical application of the concept's principles. A few clarifications are in order. Research on semantic modeling began in the late 1970s and early 1980s and is actively pursued today. The main focus of this research is the creation and development of a methodologically and theoretically sound technology for automatically solving intelligent problems as a trusted artificial intelligence technology, and the application of this technology and its tools to solving practical problems. The primary methodological and theoretical efforts of this research are aimed at creating, studying, and developing a declarative logical-mathematical formalism for problem description whose procedural semantics would allow for the automatic extraction of a problem-solving algorithm from its declarative specification and subsequent execution of this algorithm by a computer. The description of the methodological and theoretical results obtained here is the subject of this article. Naturally, the results obtained in this area should find practical application, which will be reflected in the second article in the series, dedicated to describing the semantic modeling technology created and being developed by the authors of this series. Since the problem of further improving this technology by, among other things, applying certain tools of modern artificial intelligence (AI), in particular, large-scale language models (LLM) and generative AI, is of undoubted interest, the third article in the series will be devoted to this issue. It should be noted that the first two articles in this series will focus on explaining the potential of semantic modeling as it applies to practical programming in the IT industry. The topic of deeply automating manual programming, particularly the coding stage, has recently been actively discussed in computer science. This topic has become especially popular with the advent of large language models. It turns out that semantic programming can also be successfully used to solve this problem. For this reason, the first two articles in this series will be devoted to discussing this potential. The relationship between semantic modeling and artificial intelligence will be the subject of the third article.

The historical background of the demand for various connotations of the concept of "visual" is presented based on the results of a statistical analysis of the frequency of use of the terms "visual methods," "visual research," and "visual methods in research" in texts. The identification of three stages in the development and application of visual methods is based on a shift in research focus, which is related to the emergence of new technologies that allow for the creation, preservation, and transmission of visual images. The author concludes that the demand for visual methods in modern research in the fields of natural sciences, social philosophy, and the humanities is accompanied, on the one hand, by a variety of interpretations and attempts to justify the independence of the field of research, and, on the other hand, by the fragmentation of researchers in the social space of science and the existing contradictions in their methodological positions, which limit the development of interdisciplinary projects.