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2026 year, number 2
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N.M. SYSOEVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: formal and informal institutions, evolution of institutions, spatial variability of institutions, embeddedness of economic action, interaction networks, local community
Abstract >>
The article evaluates the potential for expanding the analysis of the territorial organization of production and settlement using an institutional approach. A counter movement by economists and sociologists toward geography as a science exploring the diversity of the environment external to institutions has been noted. In geographical studies, the institution itself rarely becomes the subject of spatial analysis; it primarily serves as an attribute of the object of study. It is demonstrated that the geographical view on institutions suggests two directions of research: the reflection of territorial characteristics in the nature and forms of certain institutions; and the spatial variability of institutions themselves, determined by the properties of the territory. The economic-geographical analysis primarily uses formal institutions, i.e., legalized norms and organizations. Informal behavioral stereotypes appear in socio-geographical works without corresponding generalizations as institutions, most often when studying rural areas. A comparison is made with the views of foreign scholars on the institutionalization of economic geography, identifying three directions for the development of the institutional analysis. The first one is the study of the evolution of the economic landscape, since institutions are characterized by inertia and maintain dependence on the previous path. Within the framework of this direction, the predisposition of local economies to innovation is considered. The second direction is the study of the embeddedness of economic action in local social structures, i.e., dependence on networks of communication with the local community. The third direction is increasing the importance of the local level in economic and geographical research, differentiating the locations where certain norms, rules, and interaction networks operate. Using the principles of evolution, embeddedness, and differentiation within the institutional approach, it is possible to develop a theoretical and methodological basis for studying the causes of various spatial processes, including population outflow from strategically important regions and the incomplete implementation of major investment projects, as well as for formulating an ideology of the territorial economic development based on endogenous resources under the conditions of an expected reduction in federal support funds.
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V.N. VESELOVA, A.V. BARDASH
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: socioeconomic development, population quality of life, social justice, regional policy, indicative analysis, monitoring
Abstract >>
The relevance of the issue of socioeconomic development of regions has been determined from the standpoint of Russia’s national security. It is shown that systematic monitoring of the dynamics of socioeconomic processes is necessary to implement a balanced state policy aimed at reducing interregional disparities. An analysis of the country’s socioeconomic development was carried out using key indicators of the standard of living and quality of the population for 2000-2021 at the federal and regional levels. At the first stage, district types were identified based on the combination of poverty level and life expectancy. At the second stage, integral indices of the standard of living and quality of the population were calculated at two hierarchical levels as an additional characteristic. An indicative analysis method with risk zone gradation was used to analyze the socioeconomic development of federal districts and subjects of the Russian Federation. The analysis revealed a decrease in the poverty level of the population and an increase in life expectancy for the Russian Federation as a whole. However, despite positive trends, the threshold values оf these indicators were not reached, and the combination of “poverty level and life expectancy” in terms of security remained static over the period under review. A similar trend is observed in the federal districts, with the exception of the Central and Northwestern ones. The North Caucasus, Siberian (SFD) and Far Eastern (FEFD) federal districts remain in the worst situation. The following contradictions related to the standard of living in the SFD are identified: insufficient consideration of natural and climatic conditions in the leveling of regions with a low level of economic development and diverging trajectories between GRP per capita and the standard of living of the population in “strong” industrial subjects. The low quality of the population in the SFD and FEFD has persisted over a long period. Based on the analysis of indicators of the standard of living and quality of the population, it is concluded that the current situation, particularly in the SFD and FEFD, contradicts the principle of social justice and requires fundamental changes in the state’s regional policy.
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O.V. EVSTROPYEVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: tourism, recreational geography, institutional approach, institutional barriers, core-periphery, visa-free regime
Abstract >>
The article presents the results of the spatial analysis of travel freedom and countries’ openness to international tourism. The relevance of the study is determined by the transformation of the international tourism space in the context of the global multi-crisis. An institutional approach has been applied, the essence of which consists in identifying and studying the institutionally determined factors of the spatial development of tourism, which are formed at the international level. The article examines the geographical space within which general principles of partnership and cooperation between countries in the field of travel organization operate. A significant factor in the spatial development of tourism is tourist formalities, which are considered in a core-periphery context. They represent the most significant institutional barriers to tourist mobility, standing in the way of international tourist flows. It has been revealed that most countries of the global economic core are characterized by a high level of freedom of movement and, at the same time, increased requirements for incoming travelers. In the periphery, many island states with tourism playing a high role in their economies stand out for their openness. The share of the population traveling around the world without a visa has remained relatively stable over a long period of time. In the countries that largely shape global politics and economy of the modern world (the USA, Great Britain, China, Russia, Germany, and France), changes in visa-free travel opportunities occur synchronously. The general trend of increasing travel freedom observed for citizens of most countries indicates an expansion of the tourism space, despite growing economic and political instability, as well as the consequences of the global tourism crisis resulting from the coronavirus pandemic.
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A.Yu. ALEKSANDROVA1, V.E. DOMBROVSKAYA2
1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
2Tver State University, Tver, Russia
Keywords: tourism, economic crisis, response model, adaptive potential, sustainable development, methods of mathematical statistics
Abstract >>
Socioeconomic and foreign policy turbulence poses a challenge for the scientific community of developing scientifically based approaches to assessing the sustainability of regional tourism systems, their adaptive management, and creating mechanisms to increase their sustainability. Of particular interest in this context are the regions of the Siberian Federal District (SFD), which have significant, but unevenly realized, tourism potential. This study focuses on the features of response of the tourism sector of the SFD subjects to the crisis shocks of 2000-2024, identified through the analysis of the dynamics of overnight stays. The work aims not only to diagnose the levels of regional sustainability, but also to identify key factors in their ability to adapt and recover from the crisis. The study is based on the combined application of two complementary methods: a multicriteria analysis of long-term trends in the indicator of tourist overnight stays; and the identification and analysis of specific response models (V-, U-, L-, W-types) to economic crises. Using the results of the analysis, areas of consistency in the findings obtained applying both methods, as well as illusory contradictions explained when proceeding to a qualitative analysis of the dynamics were identified and interpreted. Based on the synthesis of methods, an integrated classification of the SFD regions was developed. In addition to describing the current state, the resulting typology reflects the dynamics of the regions’ adaptive potential. The research results can be used by regional government bodies to develop differentiated anti-crisis policies in the tourism sector, thereby facilitating the implementation of the national project “Tourism and Hospitality” and the state program “Tourism Development”.
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A.M. NEVRYUEV
N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov National Research State University, Saratov, Russia
Keywords: urban atmospheric pollution, atmo-ecological situation, aeration regime, spatial modeling, pollution resistance, GIS-technologies
Abstract >>
The problem of atmospheric pollution in a large industrial city is considered. The relevance of using spatial modeling for identifying urban areas most susceptible to atmospheric air pollution and developing measures to improve the atmo-ecological situation is shown. The article substantiates the proposition that the degree of pollution of the ground layers of the atmosphere in an industrial city, as well as the resistance of the urban environment to air pollution, are determined by the effect of opposing processes: atmospheric pollution by emissions from transport and industrial enterprises, on the one hand, and self-purification of the atmosphere due to natural conditions and built-up area patterns, on the other. The degree of resistance of the urban environment to atmospheric pollution depends on the character of interaction between natural and anthropogenic factors, the most significant of which are topographic features, wind regime, climatic characteristics, the actual amount of pollutant emissions, and built-up area patterns. These factors are described in the created analytical models, reflecting three blocks of data: the natural ventilation potential of the territory, stable zones of actual pollution, and the aeration potential of the built-up area. Based on analytical models, a polystructural atmo-ecological model of the urban environment of Saratov was constructed, reflecting the territory’s resistance to atmospheric pollution, taking into account the natural ventilation potential of the city’s territory, the aeration potential of the existing urban development, and the formed permanent halos of atmospheric pollution. The model identifies four categories of urban areas according to the degree of resistance to atmospheric pollution (highly resistant, resistant, non-resistant, extremely non-resistant), for each of which measures are proposed to improve the atmo-ecological situation.
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A.V. ANDRIANOVA1, T.P. SPITSINA2, A.V. KHILYUK2
1Institute of Computational Modeling, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
2Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: pollutants, zoobenthos, bioindication, spatial dynamics, specific combinatorial water pollution index, river regulation
Abstract >>
The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the ecological state of waters of the Yenisei River along the entire length, obtained using chemical and biological methods. Materials from Roshydromet, regional State reports on the state and protection of the environment, and the results of our own field research were used as the initial data. It was revealed that persistent pollutants in the Yenisei River include metals (ions of total iron, copper, aluminum, manganese, and zinc), petroleum products, phenols, and organic substances. The upper section of the Yenisei River is rich in biogenic elements; after the confluence with the Angara River, their concentrations significantly decrease due to both dilution and biological processes. However, while the content of organic and biogenic substances decreases, the concentrations of copper, zinc, and petroleum products increase from the middle reaches to the mouth of the river. According to the specific combinatorial water pollution index, the Yenisei water corresponds to categories ranging from “slightly polluted” (class 2) to “dirty” (class 4a). A steady trend of increasing pollution from the headwaters to the mouth of the river is observed. Communities of benthic animals, whose development in the Yenisei is not limited by high-velocity conditions, as compared to planktonic organisms, were used as bioindicators. All bioindicative parameters (13 indices and metrics) consistently demonstrated a trend of water quality deterioration from the headwaters to the lower reaches of the Yenisei, supporting the hydrochemical methods. After the confluence with the Angara River, due to a decrease in the concentrations of organic and biogenic substances, an improvement in water quality was noted according to a number of indices taking into account organisms sensitive to pollution. The reason for the water quality deterioration relative to natural conditions is the reduced self-purification capacity of the watercourse after the cascades of hydroelectric power plants and the high level of pollution from waste water of large cities. Biogenic elements and organic substance accumulate in the reservoir beds. The ecological water quality of the Yenisei River is influenced by both anthropogenic and natural factors, particularly by heterogeneous hydrological conditions and a network of large right tributaries.
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A.M. PLYUSNIN, A.V. UKRAINTSEV, A.O. BURKHISANOV, R.Ts. BUDAEV
Dobretsov Geological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Keywords: sandy deposits, chemical composition of sands, sand fractionation, longshore transport, coastal abrasion, Sor Cherkalovo Bay
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The article presents the results of the study of the formation patterns of the island chain separating Sor Cherkalovo Bay from Lake Baikal. The results of the study of the granulometric and chemical composition of the sands that compose the islands located in Sor Cherkalovo Bay and the Selenga River delta, as well as the coastal terraces, are reported. It is shown that during the high-water period of 1983-1994, intense abrasive destruction of the southeastern coast of Lake Baikal occurred. Based on the author’s calculation methodology, it is shown that abrasion in the area under consideration destroyed 27,6 m of coastal terraces over a 10-year period. Hundreds of thousands of tons of loose material were carried into the lake’s waters. It was revealed that abrasion-accumulation processes resulted in the separation of the sand material into fractions. Sands with a particle size greater than 0,25 mm remained on the beach at the site of coastal terrace destruction, while the finest fraction of sands, with a particle size less than 0,14 mm, was carried by waves into the lake, and particles with a particle size of 0,14-0,25 mm began to move along the shore with the current. In the area of Sor Cherkalovo Bay, under the influence of water flows from the Selenga River, the velocity of the longshore current slowed, and sand material began to accumulate as bottom deposits. During autumn storms, the resulting bottom deposits formed sand ridges and then bars due to bottom transport. Over time, fine dust and plant seeds carried by the wind from the coast of Lake Baikal transformed the sand bars into islands. The 0,14-0,25 mm sand fraction, which played a major role in the formation of the island chain under consideration, makes up a significant portion of the deposits on the coast of Lake Baikal. Its accumulation in coastal deposits is associated with aeolian winnowing of sands. The article presents satellite and UAV images of the islands. The photographs show the morphological forms of the islands associated with the movement of sands by waves and water flows from the bay into Lake Baikal. A diagram of the formation of the island chain in Sor Cherkalovo Bay is provided, indicating the direction of flows of water and suspended matter.
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T.A. BORISOVA, A.N. BESHENTSEV, S.A. PETROV
Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Keywords: digital elevation model, geomorphometric analysis, hazard, risk, hydrological data, mapping
Abstract >>
The article presents the results of the analysis of archive materials of the long-term (1936-2015) observations of floods on the Barguzin River. A digital elevation model was created for geomorphometric analysis of the river basin relief. Automated analysis of relief indices in the Saga GIS software environment and expert interpretation of Landsat images from different periods made it possible to differentiate the basin territory into homogeneous hydrological sites characterized by similar physical and geographical parameters of flood development. An assessment of flood formation was carried out, their genesis was determined, and metric characteristics and features of passage in different parts of the basin were identified. Maps of average water levels and flooded areas were compiled. The flood zone mapping was performed in the ArcGIS software environment based on the interpretation of Landsat satellite data from different periods and a topographic base at a scale of 1:100 000. As hydrological information for obtaining absolute flood zone boundary elevations, a sample of maximum water levels was collected from long-term observation series, and calculated water levels at the cross-sections obtained from the distribution curves of annual probabilities of exceeding maximum water levels of rain floods for hydrological posts were used. The combination of layers of hydrological sites and flood zones with the layer of agricultural lands made it possible to establish the average long-term values of flooding of the territory for hydrological sites, and to determine the areas of flooded agricultural lands and settlements. A probabilistic-areal approach was used for the cartographic assessment of risk from floods. The risk calculation procedure is based on hazard indicators through a vulnerability parameter, allowing us to determine the physical risk or damage to the territory, economic facilities, and the population (in specific indicators), which forms the basis for calculating economic risk. Specific maps and an integrated risk map were compiled.
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V.S. SHEINKMAN1, S.N. SEDOV2
1Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia
2Institute of Geology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Keywords: paleocryogenesis, cryogenic paleosols, polygonal-wedge structures, cryopedogenic complex, Pleistocene, North-Western Siberia (MIS-2)
Abstract >>
The article examines the features of paleocryological development of the north of Western Siberia, identified by the authors during the study of the interaction of polygonal-wedge ice (PWI) and cryopedogenesis. The paleosols of this area have been discovered and studied in detail by the authors. The article also considers the traces of the PWI south of their modern boundary, which have been little covered in the literature. It has been established that the identified paleocryogenic complexes reliably mark paleocryological events, which is especially important when their superimposing on the freezing of rocks phenomena also generated by cold, but caused by elements of the cryogenic system with a specific organization of matter, in particular, those associated with cryopedogenesis. The area between the Arctic Circle and the latitudinal course of the Ob River was explored. Here, the traces of the former PWI clearly reflect the fact that their development differed significantly from that observed in the zone of the modern PWI, which disappear south of 68 ° N. The latter grew during all the cold epochs of the Late Quaternary under conditions of syncryogenesis, influenced by the transgressive-regressive dynamics of the Arctic seas. Further south, the traces of the PWI record their epigenetic development outside the zone of this influence and only in MIS-2. Moreover, the formation of the PWI and their successor structures was closely linked to cryohydromorphic soils, about which nothing was previously known. They developed on the former basis of the seasonally thawed layer (SRL), forming a single cryopedogenic complex with the PWI and their successor structures. They played a particularly important role during the terminal phase of MIS-2, when the PWI thawed due to the onset of warming, but the host rocks remained frozen, and cryohydromorphic soils slid along the walls of the PWI, filling the space vacated by ice. This process continued until the mid-Holocene. Later, all the sediments that contained the PWI were overlain by podzols - soils on a free-draining rock matrix - recording their thawing, and at present, permafrost islands persist only in areas with poor drainage, where peatlands form.
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S.V. DOLGOV, N.I. KORONKEVICH
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Lena River basin, climate warming, air temperature, precipitation, surface and groundwater runoff
Abstract >>
The article identifies modern features of long-term fluctuations in air temperature for a year as a whole, and for cold (October-April) and warm (May-September) seasons in the Lena River basin with a widespread occurrence of permafrost rocks. It is shown that the increase in temperature during the cold season, which began in the mid-1980s, has had virtually no effect on the river runoff. A more important factor is the increase in temperature during the warm season since the mid-1990s, which promotes a more active participation of suprapermafrost waters (perched water runoff) in the formation of the Lena River runoff. It has been found that the distribution of the average long-term annual runoff across the catchment area is largely determined by the distribution of annual precipitation (correlation coefficient R = 0,8). Long-term fluctuations in the annual river runoff are also largely caused by fluctuations in annual precipitation (R = 0,7-0,9). In recent years (2008-2022), an increase in the runoff has been observed in the middle and lower reaches of the Lena River. Near the villages of Tabaga and Kyusyur, it amounted to 17 and 5 %, respectively, compared to the average runoff for 1930-1980, according to the State Hydrological Institute. In the upper reaches, at the cross-section near the working settlement of Kachug, the runoff, on the contrary, decreased by 6 % compared to the early 1960s. An assessment of the main elements of the genetic vertical structure of the Lena River runoff is given. In recent years, the share of the surface component of the runoff in the total runoff has been 35-50 %. A significant role in the formation of the river runoff in the warm season is played by the runoff of seasonal perched water (suprapermafrost waters) and aufeis, which constitute 20-25 % of the annual total runoff. Sustained groundwater runoff, primarily interpermafrost and subpermafrost water, accounts for 20-40 %.
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D.O. ANDREEVA1, L.S. LEBEDEVA2
1Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
2Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
Keywords: river freezing, runoff duration, climatic factors, landscapes of Central Yakutia, small and medium-sized rivers, permafrost
Abstract >>
An analysis of spatial variability of the runoff duration and its relationship with catchment area, river streamflow, and climatic and landscape factors was carried out for freezing rivers of Central Yakutia based on daily water discharge data from 23 operating and closed hydrological gauges. It was found that rivers in northeastern Central Yakutia are characterized by a later onset of the runoff period in spring and its earlier end, the presence of summer drying-up, and high interannual variability in the runoff duration. It was revealed that the length of the runoff period depends to a greater extent on its end date, which varies widely across the rivers of the territory, than on its onset date. One of the key factors determining the runoff duration and its cessation date is the size of the catchment, which serves as an indirect indicator of the proportion of groundwater recharge of streams. The duration of periods without runoff is significantly influenced by temperature conditions, affecting the freezing regime of soils, which prevents underground recharge of rivers, and the intensity of evaporation, reducing the moisture reserves in the catchment area, which can lead to summer drying-up and an earlier end of the runoff period. Precipitation has a weak effect on the runoff duration. It was also found that winter precipitation has a stronger impact on the annual river runoff depth than summer precipitation. An analysis of the relationship with landscape factors revealed that the prevalence of watershed-eluvial and slope deluvial-solifluction terrain types in the catchment area contributes to an increase in the runoff duration, while alas and inter-alas types reduce it.
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P.S. BELYANIN1, G.S. MIRZEKHANOV2, V.V. IVANOV3
1Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
2Mining Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, Russia
3Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
Keywords: Unya-Bom gold-bearing region, palynological analysis, radiocarbon dating, Karginsky megastadial, climatic optimum, paleovegetation
Abstract >>
The evolution of valley ecosystems of the Bom River (middle Amur River region) has been reconstructed over several climatic cycles of the Late Pleistocene, corresponding to the marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3. The results of the spore-pollen analysis of peat and loam samples from a section of the first floodplain terrace of the Bom River, supported by radiocarbon dating of wood remains and peat, revealed evidence of repeated and significant changes in valley vegetation during climatic fluctuations of the first half of MIS 3. It was found that the warming that started at the beginning of MIS 3 caused the development of spruce-birch forests with Scots pine and alder in the valley. It has been revealed that, apparently, the forest-tundra plant formations, dominated by alder shrubs, shrub and arborescent birches, alder, and larch, which predominated during the preceding, colder era, have shifted higher up the slopes. During the climatic optimum of MIS 3, tree vegetation in the Bom River valley became even more widespread. The main ecosystems of the lower slopes were represented by spruce-small-leaved forests with Scots pine, as well as broad-leaved species such as elm, Mongolian oak and hazel. However, in the swampy areas of the valley, larch sparse forests and sphagnum bogs with dwarf birch and shrubby alder persisted. The process of sedimentation of loams and peat rich in pollen and spores was interrupted during the formation of a thick (7,2 m) layer of boulders and rubble. Significant changes in the taxonomic composition of the palynospectra and the complex lithological structure of the studied section, including transitions from alluvial and biogenic sediments to coarse-grained deposits, indicate significant changes in the natural environment in the Bom River valley during the Late Quaternary.
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S.I. VIOLIN1, K.V. GRIGORICHEV1, G.B. DUGAROVA2, N.V. EMELIANOVA1,2, Yu.A. KIREEVA1, K.N. KOMLEVA1, A.M. NESTERENKO1, V.A. RUDNEVA1, K.S. TSZIAN1
1Federal Research Center “A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences”, Irkutsk, Russia
2V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: master plan, urban development, urban planning, development strategy, Federal Chemistry Center, single-industry city
Abstract >>
The article considers the concept of a “master plan”, concluding that the development of master plans is a modern approach to integrated territorial development, but there are significant gaps in their theoretical justification and insufficient experience of practical implementation. At the same time, master planning has significant potential and can become an important component of the strategic and urban planning system. It is noted that more than 60 master plans for cities and urban agglomerations have already been developed in the Russian Federation; however, the issue of their development has not yet been legally regulated. It has been revealed that there is no consensus among experts regarding the place that a master plan should occupy in the system of strategic documents for territorial development. The aim of the study is to present the main results of a comprehensive analysis of the development of the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye as the first stage of preparing a master plan for this municipality. The article also highlights the city’s competitive advantages, prospects, and key constraints to its development. The following aspects are identified as the main advantages: a favorable economic and geographical location, the presence of its own natural resource base, persisting industrial potential, the presence of a preferential regime for carrying out economic activity, a developed small and medium-sized business sector, and a high provision of well-appointed housing stock. It is emphasized that the city’s main prospects are currently associated with the implementation of large investment projects, the elimination of accumulated environmental damage, and the creation of the Federal Chemistry Center. The most significant restraining factors identified are unfavorable demographic trends, low living standards and quality of life of the population, high level of deterioration and insufficient development of engineering and public utility infrastructure, unfavorable environmental situation and low provision of own budget revenues. It is noted that additional research is needed to assess the current and projected environmental situation, as well as the reasons for the high level of unemployment in the city’s economy and its structure.
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A.N. SALUGIN
Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Integrated Land Reclamation and Protective Afforestation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, Russia
Keywords: mathematical modeling, differential equations, Markov chains, stability, destabilization parameter, autonomous pulse processes
Abstract >>
The article presents methods of mathematical modeling in the study of the dynamics of phytocenoses of soil-plant systems in arid zones of the south of Russia. The models are developed on the basis of continuous and discrete formalisms. The results obtained in the form of analytical expressions in continuous models were used to identify the conditions for the existence of a stable state of pasture ecosystems by applying the destabilization parameter. Quantitative relationships between the permissible pasture load and the calculated destabilization parameter obtained from Markov chains were determined. The conditions for the stable functioning of pastures are discussed, demonstrating the capabilities of continuous models in the form of systems of ordinary differential equations and discrete ones: Markov chains and autonomous pulse processes. Under anthropogenic loads on pastures, Markov chains adequately reflect the nonlinear dynamics of pasture ecosystems and predict their final steady state. This state serves as the starting point for determining the destabilization parameter, which determines the degree of ecosystem deviation from equilibrium. It is shown that homogeneous Markov chains can be used to generate short-term forecasts and manage pasture forage reserves. Using autonomous pulse processes, a model of the dynamics of phytocenoses of natural pastures was developed. Computational experiments were conducted to determine the optimal model parameters corresponding to the steady-state regime and optimal pasture exploitation. The formalism of autonomous pulse processes was used to study the dynamics of interactions between pasture phytocenoses and to determine the optimal parameters of the binary interaction matrix when solving problems of pasture bioresource management. Mathematical modeling as a method for studying the dynamics of soil-plant ecosystems in the form of natural pastures is presented as one of the main research methods in the ecology of soil ecosystems.
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A.B. GLEBOVA, I.S. SERGEEV, A.S. KAPKINA, E.M. PAUTOVA
Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: landscape, archaeological sites, geoinformation systems, digital elevation model, analysis of variance
Abstract >>
The article presents the results of identifying landscape patterns in the distribution of archaeological sites in Southwestern Tuva and constructing a predictive model of the locations of as-yet-unexplored objects based on a neural network. The analysis was carried out using geoinformation systems and a machine learning algorithm. For this purpose, a database of archaeological sites in Southwestern Tuva was compiled based on literary sources and the authors’ field research. Using a digital elevation model and available archaeological data, a geoinformation analysis was carried out and distribution diagrams for archaeological sites were created based on nine landscape features: absolute height, slope inclination, slope aspect, position relative to watercourses, height above the waterline of a nearby watercourse, solar radiation intensity for December and June, visibility of mountain peaks, and distance from mountain peaks. Based on the analysis of variance for known archaeological sites, a diagram of the importance of landscape features was constructed. The distance from the watercourse and the height above the waterline of the nearby watercourse played the greatest role in choosing the locations for religious structures. According to the resulting predictive model, religious sites can be found primarily along the western periphery of the Khemchik depression, along the river valleys flowing toward this depression, and along the river valleys in the southwest of the study area. The accuracy of the predictive model was approximately 85 %. The obtained data make it possible to assess the role of landscape features in the distribution of archaeological sites and provide an opportunity to search for new archaeological sites.
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E.E. TOTONOVA
M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
Keywords: regionalization, zoning, North, tourism geography, development, evolution
Abstract >>
The article presents the results of the study of the coevolution processes of tourism and economy of the northern territories of Canada. The author used system analysis tools and traditional methods of socio-economic geography (zoning and regionalization) adapted to the study of the coevolution of tourism and economy of the northern territories as a methodological basis. A retrospective analysis of the coevolution of tourism and economy of the northern territories of Canada provides the basis for identifying three stages, namely: from 1960 to the 1970s; from the 1970s to the late 1990s; and from 2000 to the present. The stages differ from each other not only in the scale and structure of tourism activity, but also in the nature of its interaction with the economy of the northern territories and the system of institutions of economic development. It has been revealed that the coevolution of tourism and economy results in changes in the trends and forms of spatial organization of the tourism industry, on the one hand, and spatial economic systems, on the other. A spatial approach to studying the coevolution of tourism and economy of the northern territories of Canada makes it possible to uncover the geographical essence of phenomena and processes, their spatial organization, and changes over time, which is associated with the highly dynamic nature of the boundaries of tourist regions, due to the cyclicity of natural processes and the non-linear nature of evolution of tourist regions. Based on the analysis of Canadian regionalization practices, we identified a network of 16 tourist regions of the northern territories and proposed a typology of tourist regions of the northern territories: monocentric, linear-nodal, and network ones. Potential areas for transferring Canadian experience in the spheres of organizing scientific research and regulating tourism activities, taking into account the specific features of the Russian North, have been identified.
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Abstract >>
13 июня 2026 г. исполняется 100 лет со дня рождения выдающегося географа-климатолога, медицинского географа Владимира Ивановича Русанова, участника Великой Отечественной войны.
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