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Contemporary Problems of Ecology

2022 year, number 4

1.
Transfer of essential substances from phytoplankton to zooplankton in freshwater ecosystems (Review)

I. Yu. FENIOVA1, E. G. SAKHAROVA2, A. V. KRYLOV2
1Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
Keywords: efficiency of transfer of essential substances, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Abstract >>
In freshwater ecosystems, the efficiency of transfer of essential substances from phytoplankton to zooplankton, measured as the ratio of the production of these substances in zooplankton to their production in phytoplankton, determines the functioning of higher trophic levels. In addition to carbon, primary producers transfer essential substances up the trophic chain, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). The transfer efficiency of these substances varies greatly in nature depending on environmental factors, thus affecting the quality of biological resources. The goal of this review was to analyze mechanisms regulating the efficiency of transfer of essential substances from phytoplankton to zooplankton and to establish the main factors that may have impact on the efficiency of their transfer.



2.
Factors that most determine the dynamics of lake ecosystems under changing nutrient load: analysis of long-term monitoring data of Naroch lakes

T. I. KAZANTSEVA1, B. V. ADAMOVICH2
1Zoological Institute of RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
2Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
Keywords: lake ecosystems, long-term dynamics, trophic status, PCA method, SSA method, interpretation of the main factors, quantitative estimates, Naroch Lakes system

Abstract >>
Since the second half of the 70s of the twentieth century, the ecosystems of lakes Batorino, Myastro and Naroch have undergone stages of anthropogenic eutrophication, targeted deeutrophication and benthification caused by the introduction of the filter-feeding mollusk Dreissena polymorpha Pallas. The set of continuous series of seasonal mean values of eight parameters of each ecosystem obtained in 1978-2015 were analyzed by mathematical-statistical methods of principal components (PCA) and singular spectra (SSA). The analysis showed that the complex long-term dynamics of the set of selected characteristics of the ecosystems of Lake Batorino and Lake Myastro during this period of time was described by three main components by 92 % and 90 % respectively, and the ecosystem of Lake Naroch - by five main components by 94 %. A biological interpretation of these principal components was proposed, i. e. a hypothesis was put forward as to which factors had the greatest influence on the ecosystem dynamics in those years. The first main factor which determined the dynamics of the ecosystems of lakes Batorino, Myastro and Naroch by 63, 65 and 43 % respectively, was interpreted as the resistance of the lake ecosystem to variable biogenic load, which is inversely related to the trophicity of the reservoir. The second main factor, whose contribution to the dynamics of the Naroch lakes ecosystem parameters (in the same order) amounted to 21, 15 and 22 %, was interpreted as solar radiation activity. The interpretation of the third main factor depends on the properties of a particular ecosystem. For ecosystems which are not deficient in biogenic elements (Lakes Batorino and Myastro, the contribution of the factor to the ecosystem dynamics was 8 and 10 %), it can be interpreted as the transfer of the created primary organic matter to consumers of the next trophic level, associated with the structure of the food chain in the ecosystem. For an ecosystem in which the process of primary production formation is limited by the available amount of biogenic elements (Lake Naroch, 13 % contribution of the third main factor to ecosystem dynamics), it is this available amount of nutrients that is the third main factor affecting its long-term dynamics. The fourth main factor, which determined the dynamics of Lake Naroch ecosystem by 9 %, is also connected with the process of primary production formation. Only the fifth main factor, which determined the dynamics of the ecosystem of Lake Naroch during the time period under consideration by 7 %, controls the transfer of primary production to consumers of the first trophic level. Thus, the conducted statistical study not only confirmed empirically established regularities in the functioning of lake ecosystems, but also for the first time allowed us to obtain quantitative assessments of significance of each main factor for ecosystem development in specific circumstances, depending on the degree of trophicity of water body.



3.
Macro-charcoal particles in lake sediments of Central Tunguska Plateau (Siberia, Evenkia) as a proxy of forest fires and possible trace of Tunguska 1908 Event

D. Yu. ROGOZIN1,2, G. N. BOLOBANSHCHIKOVA2, L. A. BURDIN1, A. V. MEYDUS3
1Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
2Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
3Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: forest fires, charcoal, lake sediments, Lake Cheko, Evenkia, Tunguska 1908 Event

Abstract >>
In the bottom sediments of lakes Cheko and Zapovednoye, located in the southern part of the Evenk region (Krasnoyarsk Territory), the distributions of charcoal particles >100 microns have been analyzed. The background content of charcoal particles in sediments up to 1500 years ago was not less than in recent sediments. Thus, evidence was obtained that the intensity of fires in the vicinity of the studied lakes in the past was not less than at present, and during the XVI-XVIII centuries it was possibly even higher. Therefore, a sharp increase in forest fires in recent times reported for other regions is not confirmed for this territory, which is probably due to the lack of economic activity due to the extremely low population density. In Lake Cheko, a local maximum of charcoal particles was revealed at the sediments corresponding to the year of 1908, presumably being the trace of an extensive forest fire resulted from Tunguska 1908 catastrophe.



4.
Influence of climate change on the productivity of ecosystems of the Belarusian Polesie based on remote sensing data

A. P. GUSEV
F. Skorina Gomel State University, Gomel, Republic of Belarus
Keywords: ecosystems, climate change, trend, Belarusian Polesie

Abstract >>
The results of the analysis of changes in the productivity of forest, bog and arable ecosystems in the eastern part of the Belarusian Polesye in 2000-2020 are presented. Satellite imagery (MODIS radiometer of the Terra satellite) was used. Ecosystem productivity was assessed according to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The correlation between changes in climatic indicators and NDVI has been studied. It was found that the studied ecosystems differ in response to climatic changes. Statistically significant positive NDVI trends were found for forest and bog ecosystems. A reliable correlation of this indicator with the average summer temperature and summer precipitation has not been established. Arable ecosystems are characterized by the absence of a statistically significant trend in productivity and a significant negative correlation of NDVI with temperature and a positive correlation with precipitation. The effect of climatic characteristics on the NDVI of arable ecosystems depends on their soil type.



5.
Demographic structure of Cypripedium calceolus L. populations in the European part of Russia under climate change

M. B. FARDEEVA1, N. A. CHIZHIKOVA1, E. L. ZHELEZNAYA2, A. A. KHAPUGIN3,4, L. V. PUCHNINA5, V. N. SULEIMANOVA6,7, M. M. ISHMURATOVAO8, L. V. TETERYUK9, V. N. ILYINA10, S. P. URBANAVICHUTE11, V. E. PROKHOROV1, N. Yu. EGOROVA6,7, M. I. NABIULLIN12, M. Sh. BARLYBAEVA13, G. N. KILDIYAROVA14, I. V. SUYUNDUKOV15, O. A. MARAKAEV16
1Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
2Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Department of System Ecology, Moscow, Russia
3Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia
4FSBI "Zapovednaya Mordovia", Saransk, Russia
5Pinezhsky State Nature Reserve, Pinega, Russia
6Vyatka State Agrotechnological University, Kirov, Russia
7Prof. Zhitkov Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming, Kirov, Russia
8Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
9Institute of Biology FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
10Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
11State Nature Reserve "Kerzhensky", Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
12Bashkirsky Nature Reserve, Starosubkhangulovo, Russia
13Yuzhno-Uralsky Nature Reserve, Revet, Russia
14"Shulgan-Tash" Nature Biosphere Reserve, Irgizly, Russia
15Sibay Institute (Branch) of Bashkir State University, Sibay, Russia
16P. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
Keywords: population dynamics, demographic structure, climatic factors

Abstract >>
The paper presents modern data on the demographic structure and population size of C. calceolus on the territory of European Russia. The assessment of the species distribution and population size is based on the classification of the terrestrial ecoregions of the World. The long-term dynamics of the number and age structure (150 populations) of C. calceolus was revealed for the 20-year research period 1997-2020. It has been reliably determined that the number of generative plants is positively related to temperature indicators, while the number of pregenerative groups depends on humidity factors and negatively on temperature. Three types of basic age spectra were identified: 1) centered 3 : 10 : 47 : 40 (juvenile (j): immature (im): virginal (v): generative (g)), the most common in the European part of the Russian Federation (RF); 2) bimodal 15 : 26 : 33 : 26 (j: im: v: g), mainly found in the western regions; 3) right-sided 0 : 3 : 13 : 82 : 2 (j : im : v : g : s), which is steadily appears in the continental climate of the eastern regions of European Russia. The current baseline spectra of C. calceolus populations differ from the baseline spectrum of the species given in the 20th century. The base spectra reliable depends on ecological-phytocenotic plant community structure and abiotic features of habitats, it was shown using the scales of ecological indicator values.



6.
Climate change in Central Asia as a prerequisite and trigger for the speciation of the plague microbe Yersinia pestis

V. V. Suntsov
A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Cenozoic, arid climate, maximal Sartan cooling

Abstract >>
Two physico-climatic factors that were both distant and recent prerequisites and a trigger for the transformation of a clone of the ancestral pseudotuberculous microbe Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1b, the causative agent of Far East scarlet-like fever (FESLF), into a population of a derivative of the plague microbe Y. pestis are considered. A distant prerequisite was the aridization of the Central Asian landscapes in the second half of the Cenozoic and the formation of the Gobi arid zone. Arid conditions in Central Asia led to the formation of adaptive species-specific protective behavior in the Mongolian marmot-tarbagan ( Marmota sibirica ) during the installation of a wintering burrow plug, which subsequently contributed to the mass infection of FESLF animals during hibernation in an aberrant (traumatic, non-alimentary) way. The recent prerequisite and real trigger for the speciation of Y. pestis was the onset of the last maximal (Sartan) cooling in Central Asia at the turn of the Pleistocene and Holocene, 22-15 thousand years ago. Freezing of the Mongolian marmot’s wintering burrows caused a behavioral shift in the larval population of the marmot flea Oropsylla silantiewi - a transition in the cold winter-spring months of the year from saprophagy in the nest lining of burrows to hematophagy on the bodies of sleeping animals. Larval scarifications in the oral cavity of sleeping marmots became the entrance gate for a unique traumatic FESLF infection. The constellation of climate change, the heterothermic (and, accordingly, heteroimmune) state of family groups of sleeping marmots, year-round reproduction in the wintering burrows of the flea O. silantiewi , together with behavioral shifts in marmots and fleas caused by climatic changes, led to the formation in the parasitic system of “ Marmota sibirica - O. silantiewi” of conditions in which the transformation of the FESLF microbe into a peripatric plague pathogen took place. Thus, the different climatic changes in the Cenozoic led to a change in the behavior of the Mongolian marmot and later the fleas parasitizing it, and the change in the behavior of marmots and fleas caused the transformation of a clone of a pseudotuberculous microbe into a population of the plague microbe.



7.
Ecological assessment of larch sparse trees in the forest tundra ecotone of Western Siberia (on the example of Mongayurbey river valley)

A. V. FAKHRETDINOV, S. P. AREF’EV, D. V. MOSKOVCHENKO
Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, IPOS, Tyumen, Russia
Keywords: tundra, climate change, dendrochronology, Taz peninsula

Abstract >>
Ecological condition of extrazonal larch sparse trees in the val.y of Mongayurbey river (the Taz peninsula) has been studied on the base of remote sense data and tree-ring chronologies. The site is one of the northernmost enclaves of taiga vegetation in Western Siberia. The analysis of Terra-MODIS satellite images from 2000 to 2020 showed that vegetation index value (NDVImean) revealing average quantity of photosynthetical active phytomass over the summer period depends most on the average annual air temperature (correlation coefficient R=0.69). However, there is no statistical. significant trend of the vegetation index despite the stable trend in the rising of summer temperatures that is connected to the inertness of the shrub-moss-lichen ground cover. Correlation of maximum vegetation index values (NDVImax) and total width rings (TRW) of Larix sibirica Ledeb. revealed close link ( R = 0,72) on the border with the watershed, where is the young tree stand with the most crown density and abundant undergrowth. On the contrary, there is a digression of the tree stand in the val.ys areas, associated with deterioration of nature conditions (changes in drainage, soil characteristics, permafrost and geochemical conditions). At continuation warming, we can expect the spread of larch trees from the river floodplain towards watershed that confirms the current movement to the north of the border of forest vegetation.



8.
Ecological niche of Fusarium poae (Peck.) Wollenw. in Western Siberia

I. G. Vorob’eva1, E. Yu. TOROPOVA2
1Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
2Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: ecological niche, host plant, variety, root rot, competition, interspecific relationships

Abstract >>
Micromycete F. poae (Peck.) Wollenw. is a dominant member of pathogenic mycocenosis of host plant organs in Western Siberia. The main ecological niche of the first order, where the T and R tactics of the phytopathogen are implemented, are the underground organs of host plants, and the additional ones are generative organs. Implementation of tactics B is carried out in econiches of the second order - soil (main) and seeds (additional). The degree of implementation of the F. poae ecological niche in underground plant organs depends on a number of factors, among which the main role is played by the resistance of the host plant, hydrothermal conditions of vegetation, suppressive soil activity, and interspecific relationships with other phytopathogens. Under certain conditions, F. poae loses its dominance and, by the end of the growing season, can be completely displaced from the underground organs of plants by its competitors Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. Shoem. and F. oxysporum Schltdl. The overlap of ecological niches in terms of the frequency of joint occurrence in F.poae was maximum (up to 100 %) with F. oxysporum , which indicates a sharp competitive relationship. Minimal overlap (5-10 %) was found with F. sporotrichioides Sherb. and with F. sambucinum Fuckel. The strength of the influence of the year on the suppressiveness of the rhizosphere soil to F. poae in the phases of plant development varies from 29.2 % to 90.9 % and is statistical significant at the 1 % significance level. The coefficients of correlation between the induction of varieties of soil suppression to F. poae and its representation in pathogenic complexes by vegetation phases were R = -0.546 ± 0.216 … -0.765 ± 0.152 ( p < 0.05). relationship with F. oxysporum , F. solani Koord. and B. sorokiniana , and neutral ones with signs of competition with F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc. and F. sambucinum . The implementation of an additional ecological niche of the first order F. poae in the generative organs of plants was determined by the conditions of the year and the structure of the generative organs.