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Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics

2022 year, number 2

1.
Preface

E.A. Golovatskaya
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia



2.
Development and implementation of UV absorption methods of gas analysis for environmental monitoring of the atmosphere

P.P. Geiko1,2, V.A. Korolkov1, V.V. Tatur1
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2National Research Tomsk State University
Keywords: absorption spectroscopy, gas analyzer, LEDs, UV-radiation, nitrogen oxides, mercury, Zeeman effect

Abstract >>
Stationary non-laser gas analyzers based on the classical differential absorption method have been designed for continuous measurement of the content of nitrogen and sulfur oxides in exhaust gases of thermal power plants natural gas, coal, and fuel oil. The operation of gas analyzers at Russian thermal power plants based on has shown their high sensitivity, reliability, and ease of maintenance. Based on the method of differential optical absorption spectroscopy and UV LEDs, a prototype of a portable low-power gas analyzer has been designed. It is an effective tool for simultaneous trace measurements of concentrations of a number of atmospheric gases. A mercury analyzer has been created based on the atomic absorption method using a capillary lamp with a natural isotopic composition of mercury with a transverse Zeeman effect as a radiation source. A technique for determining mercury in various media has been developed; the sensitivity of the analyzer is 14 ng/m3. The possibility of its wide use for multi-purpose mercury monitoring is shown.



3.
Development of remote techniques and instruments for investigation of the lower atmosphere at IMCES SB RAS

N.P. Krasnenko1,2
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: atmospheric boundary layer, remote sensing means, acoustic sounding, sodar, radiometer, hardware-software complex

Abstract >>
The results of works on the development and use of remote sensing instrumentation for monitoring of the meteorological state of the atmosphere at IMCES SB RAS are considered including, first of all, instruments for active acoustic sounding together with radiometric (passive) instruments for monitoring the temperature and wind structure, turbulence characteristics in the lower atmosphere, and moisture content in the troposphere. A hardware-software complex for monitoring and forecasting the state of the atmosphere over Tomsk and its vicinity and remote sounding stations distributed over the territory under study (test site) are described.



4.
Development of passive radiowave information-measureming technique for monitoring dynamic lithosphere-cryosphere-atmosphere interaction processes

V.F. Gordeev1, S.Yu. Malyshkov1, V.A. Krutikov1, V.I. Polivach1, M.M. Kabanov1, S.N. Kapustin1, S.G. Shtalin1, K.N. Pustovalov1,2
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: Earth's natural pulsed electromagnetic field, atmosphere-lithosphere interactions, stress-deformed state of the rocks, geophysical survey, dangerous geodynamic processes monitoring

Abstract >>
Results of long-term study of the Earth's natural pulsed electromagnetic field in a very low frequency band in different regions are presented. Laboratory and field experiments show a substantial part of the lithosphere component in the field structure, which allows robust instrumental monitoring of spatial lithospheric structures and irregularities and parameters of dynamic lithosphere-cryosphere-atmosphere interaction processes. The hardware, software, and processing techniques developed are briefly described, which allow a wide variety of geophysical research under conditions of distorted electromagnetic fields.



5.
Development of the technology of nonlinear optical ZnGeP2 crystals and laser radiation frequency converters for atmospheric gas analysis systems

P.P. Geiko1,2, A.I. Gribenyukov1
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: nonlinear optical crystals, defects, absorption coefficient, frequency conversion, phase matching, gas analysis

Abstract >>
The results of long-term research on the optimization of technological processes for obtaining crystals with high optical quality that meets the requirements of mass production of nonlinear optical elements are presented. The physical nature of the defects that determine the optical losses of nonlinear optical ZnGeP2 crystals is clarified. Methods and modes of effective post-post processing of single crystals that provide an increase in optical quality are proposed. Precision thermal equipment has been developed for the synthesis of multicomponent compounds and the growth of crystals with controlled properties. The conducted research cycle allowed us to obtain crystals with record absorption coefficients and breakdown thresholds. The dispersion properties of single crystals are investigated. The conditions for phase matching and conversion efficiency of laser pulses of various durations and wavelengths are calculated. Based on the calculations performed, nonlinear optical elements were manufactured, which were used in numerous experiments on the conversion of the frequency of laser radiation. The results of some experiments on frequency conversion in ZnGeP2 crystals, which were also used in atmospheric trace gas analysis systems, are briefly presented.



6.
Progress and applications of Raman gas analyzers developed at IMCES SB RAS

D.V. Petrov1,2, I.I. Matrosov1, A.S. Tanichev1, M.A. Kostenko1, A.R. Zaripov1
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: Raman spectroscopy, gas analysis, atmospheric air, methane, carbon dioxide, natural gas

Abstract >>
Gas analyzers based on Raman spectroscopy designed at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS are described. Their capabilities and advantages are shown in measurements of the composition of fuel gases (natural, bio-, and synthesis gas) and atmospheric and exhaled air. The features of the analyzer operation and the techniques for increasing the measurement accuracy are discussed.



7.
Meteorological observations and instrumentation at IMCES SB RAS

A.A. Tikhomirov1, V.A. Korolkov1, S.V. Smirnov1, A.A. Azbukin1, A.Ya. Bogushevich1, V.V. Kalchikhin1, A.A. Kobzev1, S.A. Kurakov1, A.E. Telminov1, V.Yu. Bogomolov1, M.M. Kabanov1, S.A. Kapustin1, I.A. Repina2, A.D. Pashkin2, V.M. Stepanenko3
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: meteorological observations, meteorological instruments, ultrasonic weather stations, information-measuring systems

Abstract >>
Information is presented on the organization and history of the development of meteorological observations at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMCES), from the 2nd category weather station of the DTI SM “Optics” (1994) to the present observations carried out at the Geophysical Observatory (GO) of IMCES, which is a stationary environmental monitoring point. A retrospective of the development of meteorological instrumentation at IMCES is described beginning from the creation of experimental samples of automated systems for operational measurement of optical and meteorological characteristics of the atmosphere (70-80s of the XX century) during testing of different laser systems to the development and creation of meteorological instruments, including automatic ultrasonic weather stations of different purpose and geographically distributed information and measuring systems based on them. A number of the weather stations are included in the State Register of Measuring Instruments.



8.
Climate web GIS platform for research of climate processes and responses to them: Potential and prospects

E.P. Gordov, Yu.E. Gordova, I.G. Okladnikov, A.A. Ryazanova, A.G. Titov
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: information and computing infrastructure, web GIS, Siberia climate change, anomalies, climate indices, adaptation, Siberia

Abstract >>
The history of development and the current state of the created distributed tool for the analysis of large arrays of climate data are briefly described. The potential of the Climate platform is illustrated by its applications in monitoring of current and prediction of possible future climate changes in Siberia, determining regional responses to them, and preparing a quantitative basis for developing adaptation measures. Possible options for creating a virtual research environment and thematic digital twins are discussed, providing specialists in climatology and related areas with opportunities to use modern information and computing technologies and resources in solution of fundamental and applied problems posed by ongoing and projected climate changes.



9.
Dynamics of climate extremes and trends of dangerous meteorological phenomena in Western Siberia

E.V. Kharyutkina1,2, S.V. Loginov1, E.I. Moraru1, K.N. Pustovalov1,2,3, Yu.V. Martynova1
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
3National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: extreme climatic values, dangerous meteorological phenomena, reanalysis data, observational data, mathematical simulation, Western Siberia

Abstract >>
The spatiotemporal variability of extreme climatic values and dangerous meteorological phenomena in Siberia in 1979-2020 and their trends by the end of the 21st century against the background of global climate change are studied based on ERA5 reanalysis data and observational data at meteorological stations. The combined analysis of the derived estimates of characteristics of these spatiotemporal variations makes it possible to identify the centers of "risk" in the region and to determine the tendencies in their development. The air temperature is found to be increased throughout the territory, while precipitation and wind speed, mainly in northern Western Siberia over 2011-2020. Extreme precipitation increases in summer throughout the region, with the exception of mountainous areas in its southeastern part. In addition, regions affected by heavy rainfall are becoming smaller in area and are located mainly in the south of the region and along its western border. The results of the INM-CM5.0 model calculations revealed the response of the regional climate system to the ongoing global changes: the tendencies towards an expansion in the number of extreme events in the region will persist until 2100.



10.
Structure of the temperature field in the Northern hemisphere during the period of modern climate change

Yu.V. Volkov, N.N. Cheredko, V.A. Tartakovsky
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: climate change monitoring, synchronicity, temperature series phase, climate classification

Abstract >>
An original method for objective climate classification is being developed based on the idea of the universality of the principle of consistency of natural and climatic processes. The method makes it possible to study the response of the climate system structure to different external factors taking into account regional characteristics. A unique interactive software package created for this task allows one to select, study, and simulate climatic clusters based on the climatic characteristics of any nature on any spatial and temporal scales. Examples of the method implementation are given.



11.
The role of large volcanic eruptions in stratospheric ozone depletion and degradation of coniferous forests

V.V. Zuev1, N.E. Zueva1, E.S. Savelieva1, E.M. Korotkova2, A.V. Pavlinsky1
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2Tomsk State University of Architecture and Construction, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: large volcanic eruptions, volcanic aerosol, tropical stratosphere, stratospheric ozone depletion, degradation of coniferous forests

Abstract >>
As a result of large eruptions of tropical volcanoes, a large amount of volcanic aerosol is emitted into the stratosphere and contributes to the formation of positive temperature and negative ozone anomalies in the lower tropical stratosphere. Large eruptions with VEI ³ 5 can cause global ozone loss. A volcanic increase in the temperature of the lower tropical stratosphere leads to an increase in the stratospheric meridional temperature gradient and the subsequent strengthening of the polar vortex. Polar ozone depletion occurs under the conditions of the winter-spring strengthening of the vortex. Stratospheric ozone anomalies due to increased UV-B radiation can manifest themselves in the degradation of coniferous forests, which serve a biosphere indicator of climate change. Massive focal drying of dark coniferous forests has been observed in the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia since the mid-1990s under conditions of an increase in surface UV-B radiation as a result of ozone depletion after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.



12.
Smoke plumes from wildfires and the electrical state of the surface air layer

P.M. Nagorskiy1, K.N. Pustovalov1,2, S.V. Smirnov1
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: atmospheric electricity, forest fires, smog, meteorological visibility range, aerosols

Abstract >>
Using ground-based observation and satellite remote sensing data from 2006 to 2020 the smoke effect from distant wildfires in Siberia on the electrical state of the surface air layer has been studied. The cases were considered where smoke covered the troposphere down to the surface layer and where smoke was observed only in the middle and upper troposphere. It is found that smoke from wildfires in these cases has a strong but different effect on the electrical state of the surface air layer.



13.
Temporal variability of methane emission from a raised bog in Western Siberia

E.E. Veretennikova1,2, E.A. Dyukarev1,3, I.V. Kuryina1
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
3Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ugra State University", Hanty-Mansijsk, Russia
Keywords: Western Siberia, oligotrophic bog, methane emission, temperature of peat deposits

Abstract >>
The data on the seasonal variability of CH4 fluxes from an oligotrophic anthropogenically disturbed bog in Western Siberia (south of the Tomsk region) are analyzed. Methane fluxes were measured using the close static chamber method. The results show a strong variation in CH4 (from -0.07 to 4.40 mg × m2 h). The total CH4 flux from the bog surface varied from 0.99 to 2.94 g × m-2 depending on the growing season. The seasonal dynamics of CH4 fluxes are characterized by a summer maximum and are closely related to the peat temperature. The use of an exponential function of the peat temperature at different depths explains 81-95% of the variability of the CH4 flux. In general, our data show the importance of studying the CH4 emission from the surface of bog ecosystems under the anthropogenic load. Comprehensive monitoring will make it possible to clarify the contribution of Western Siberian bogs of this type to the global climate change.



14.
Isotope mass spectrometry: Application and significance in environmental studies

Yu.V. Volkov1, D.A. Kalashnikova1, O.V. Konovalova1, A.N. Markelova1, G.V. Simonova1,2
1Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: isotope mass spectrometry, environmental objects

Abstract >>
The trends in the development and applications of isotope mass spectrometry in the environmental studies carried out at Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, are briefly reviewed. The use of stable isotopes is shown to be promising in assessment of regional climate changes, simulation of predictive estimates of atmospheric precipitation and sources of their input, paleoclimatic studies, ecological monitoring of atmospheric air, and estimation of the ecological state of bee foraging areas and quality control of honey products.