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Contemporary Problems of Ecology

2019 year, number 4

1.
FIR (ABIES SIBIRICA LEDEB.) MORTALITY IN MOUNTAIN FORESTS OF EASTERN SAYAN RIDGE, SIBERIA

V. I. KHARUK1,2, A. S. SHUSHPANOV1,3, I. A. PETROV1, D. A. DEMIDKO1, S. T. IM1,2,3, A. A. KNORRE2,4
1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS, Кrasnoyarsk, Russia
2Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
3Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
4”Stolby” State Nature Reserve, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: изменения климата, засуха, усыхание хвойных древостоев, Abies sibirica, пихта сибирская, атаки насекомых, Polygraphus proximus, жуки-короеды, tree mortality, coniferous decline, climate change, pest attacks, bark beetles, Polygraphus proximus, drought, Abies sibirica, Siberian fir

Abstract >>
In the initial phase of climate warming, an increase in radial increment was observed, which was replaced by a depression in 1985-2017. The declining of fir trees was preceded by an increase in the relationship between growth index and SPEI, also between growth index and root zone moisture content. At the same time, growth index of the declining cohort was more closely associated with root zone moisture content ( r2 = 0.56) and SPEI ( r 2 = 0.74) than growth index of the surviving cohort ( r 2 = 0.15 and r 2 = 0.39, respectively). Fir declining began in the 2000s, when Abies sibirica trees, weakened by water stress, were attacked by Polygraphus proximus Blandford. During this period, dead stands were localized mainly on the relief elements with the highest probability of water stress (steep slopes located in “rain shadow”). By 2017, the declining spread throughout the entire territory of fir stands, which led to the mortality of ~75 % of fir stands. During the period of tree declining, a close relationship was observed between growth index and fir mortality ( r = -0.79). The surviving trees grew in conditions of a higher humidity of root zone (compared to declining trees). Noteworthy is the proximity of growth index trajectories of cohorts of declining and surviving trees, which indicates the probability of mortality of surviving trees in the context of a predicted climate aridity increase.



2.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIFE FORMS SPECIAS RICHNESS OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

P. A. Shary1, L. S. Sharaya2, A.V. Ivanova2, N. V. Kostina2, G. S. Rozenberg2
1Institute of Physiochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of RAS, Pushchino, Russia
2Institute of Volga Basin Ecology of RAS, Tolyatti, Russia
Keywords: видовое богатство сосудистых растений, спектры жизненных форм, климат, энергия, освещенность склонов, множественная регрессия, species richness of vascular plants, life form spectrum, climate, energy, slope insolation, multiple regression

Abstract >>
A single quantitative parameter, d , is introduced for the spectrum of seven life forms (LFs) that characterizes proportions of their species richness (SR) in the Middle Volga region for 25 plots of 100 km2 each. It is substantiated that d grows with moisture. All significant links between SRs of various LFs were positive. However, links of different signs were found between proportions of species numbers of each LF from the total SR, or relative species richness (RSR). For example, a strong negative link was observed between RSR of dominant in the region LF, hemicryptophytes, and annual grasses (therophytes). Using regression models, we describe specific relations between SR and RSR of the seven LFs and climate and topography. Within the region, precipitation was more important for some LFs, and temperature for others. The links were stronger when insolation was taken into account, but links with it may have different signs for SR of various LFs. Maps of SR and RSR for hemicryptophytes and therophytes were calculated using regression models. These maps demonstrated subdivision of these LFs in space: hemicryptophytes are related to flat areas near water divides, while therophytes are related to northeastern slopes. The main factors that differentiate these LFs in space were solar energy and precipitation in March and in winter. The subdivision of these LFs potentially results in diminishing of competition between them.



3.
REGRESSION MODELS OF ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF PEAT SWAMPS AS OPERATIONAL CRITERIA FOR THEIR CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

T. T. Efremova, A. F. Avrova
Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: болота, торфяные почвы, кислотность среды, обменные основания, диагностика, парный регрессионный анализ, swamps, peat soil, acidity, exchange bases, diagnostics, paired regression analysis

Abstract >>
The quantitative relationships of active acidity (pHH2O) of peat soils with the value of exchange acidity (pHKCl), nonexchangeble (total potential) acidity (1M CH3COONa extract), and the content of exchange cations and alkaline-earth bases, as well as the degree of bases saturation were established by the type of linear function. The coefficients of the regression equations are given. Using independent data, we proved the high predictive capability of regression models. Using the regression equations eliminates the time-consuming execution of analytical works, which allows to quickly classification the wetlands and peat soils on the chemical principle - saturation of alkaline-earth bases and pH value. The indicator role of the botanical composition may be credible provided the low peat decomposition degree and special knowledge of morphology and anatomy of sphagnum mosses and vascular bog plants.



4.
RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY OF SOME LICHEN SPECIES - REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ANTARCTIC FLORA

M. A. Shelyakin1, M. P. Andreev2, G. N. Tabalenkova1, T. K. Golovko1
1Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
2Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: лишайники, Антарктида, дыхание, азот, температура, lichens, Antarctica, respiration, nitrogen, temperature

Abstract >>
The data on the respiratory activity of 12 species of Antarctic lichens are presented. It was founded that respiration of the foliose lichens was more intensity then that fruticose lichens. The lichen respiration rate correlated positively with nitrogen content in the biomass, and depended on temperature. The thalli O2 uptake rate was increased of 2.2-2.4 times with the increasing of temperature from 5 to 15 °С. The reaction of respiration to further rise of temperature was species-specific. The decrease in the temperature coefficient of respiration ( Q 10) with an increasing temperature to 35 °С was most pronounced in the well adapted to Antarctic conditions of the endemic species Usnea aurantiaco-atra . The calculations showed that in summer daily, the lichens are able to lose in respiration the amount of substrate equivalent to 0.8-1.4 % of the thallus dry biomass. The total respiration cost of the lichen maintenance under snow during the winter can reach of 30-35 % from their biomass. The results extend our knowledge on the Antarctic lichens, and prediction their response to climatic change.



5.
AVIFAUNA OF NORTH-EASTERN SIBERIA MOUNTAINS

A. A. Romanov1, E. V. Melikhova2, M. A. Zarubina1, N. A. Miklin3, V. O. Yakovlev4
1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
2All-Russia Research Institute for Environment Protection, Moscow, Russia
3Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
4Russian Society for Conservation and Studies of Birds, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: авифауна, население, ареал, распространение, видовое разнообразие, горы Северо-Восточной Сибири, высотный пояс, avifauna, population, range, distribution, species diversity, north-eastern Siberia mountains, altitudinal belt

Abstract >>
In our study we analyzed ecological patterns of the altitudinal belts differentiation of birds fauna and population in the North-Eastern Siberia mountains. Data was collected during expeditions conducted in summer 2014-2016 in the regions with distinct forest, subalpine and alpine altitudinal belts. Breeding avifauna of the region includes 150 species. We specified distribution ranges of 26 birds species. Avifauna of the North-Eastern Siberia mountains develops in a framework of general zonal-landscape and altitudinal zonal patterns. Species diversity of birds decreases in northern direction and from foothills to the mountain tops. In the forest belt nest 63-64 species (89-97 %), in the subalpine belt - 13-33 species (20-47 %), in the alpine belt - 8-15 species (12-21 %). Wide vertical distribution of many bird species predetermines great general biodiversity even in high-altitude belts with extreme environment conditions. In the mountains of the North-Eastern Siberia population density of birds and their abundance progressively decrease with altitude in the majority of species. Birds population density of the forest belt is 312-594 ind./km2, subalpine belt is 57-266 ind./km2, and alpine belt is 40-111 ind./km2.



6.
ZOOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION ON THE PLAIN DUMP OF THE NAZAROVO LIGNITE OPEN-CAST MINE IN KRASNOYARSK KRAI

V. G. Mordkovich, I. I. LyubechanskII
Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Жужелицы, карьеры, сукцессии, жизненная стратегия, Carabid beetles, open-cast mines, successions, life strategies

Abstract >>
In 1983-1985, the population of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of plain lignified brown coal dumps in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex, KATEK) was investigated. 7 sites were studied, ranging in age from several weeks to 26 years. The change of abundance and species richness of ground beetle populations in a sequence of uneven-aged communities has a wavy character. These demographic parameters are high in three communities: pioneer (less than one year old), initial (age 2 years), and medial (age 26 years). Three communities which can said model ones for the above stages, are distinguished by their own set of preferential species with an increased density of populations in key habitats. For a quarter of a century of succession in carabidocenosis, the 3 types of the cenotic strategy (specific combinations of adaptive tactics) are gradually replaced in the following sequence: extreme pioneers → ruderal → stress-tolerants. The parameters of ground beetles population succession and the order of their replacement on the plain dump are radically different from the population of the dump with differentiation of habitats by mesorelief. In the conditions of the hilly-hollow relief, the composition and structure of the 25 year-old beetle population approached the native standards of the forest-steppe biome much closer than in the placer conditions of the leveled dump.



7.
NUMBER OF MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR COMMUNITIES ON SAKHALIN

V. A. Nesterenko1, O. A. Burkovskii2
1Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
2Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia
Keywords: грызуны, структура сообщества, численность, Сахалин, rodents, community structure, number, Sakhalin

Abstract >>
On the basis of a long-term comparative study of two rodent communities of Sakhalin Island, similar in their species composition, patterns of transformation of their structure are considered. Analysis of the dynamics of species abundance and dominance structure showed that monodominant community structure on Northern Sakhalin is characterized by the absence of interannual rearrangements and is very stable, and the formation of the total number of rodent communities occurs only depending on the abundance of M. rutilus , whereas the southern part of the island is characterized by two structure type: monodominant with a predominance of either M. rutilus or M. rufocanus , or bidominant, when both species act as co-dominants. The number of secondary species varies independently from dominants. Abundance of M. rutilus and M. rufocanus within the same community change synchronously, while the conjugation of the population cycles of these species in the southern and northern communities is absent.



8.
THE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY IN VITRO OF A RARE SPECIES OF RHODIOLA ROSEA L. FROM VARIOUS HABITATS

A. A. Erst1, V. V. Yakubov2
1Central Siberian Botanical Garden of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
2Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
Keywords: Rhodiola rosea, морфогенез in vitro, сохранение биоразнообразия, Rhodiola rosea, in vitro morphogenesis, biodiversity conservation

Abstract >>
The evaluation of the morphogenetic potential in in vitro culture of the valuable medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea from six natural habitats as a basis for the development of effective methods of reproduction and conservation of this rare species has been carried out. The influence of different quality seeds from different habitats on germination in vitro ; the dependence of the regenerative capacity of R. rosea shoots on the concentration and combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA); the effect of shoot precultivation on media with growth regulators on the development parameters of regenerants on a hormone-free medium 1/2MS. The dependence of the germination of in vitro seeds of R. rosea on the habitat of samples and shelf life is shown. It was noted that the introduction of growth regulators into the nutrient medium led to an increase in the multiplication factor by 1.9-2.8 times and a decrease in the height of the shoots by 2.4-3.3 times. Variant number 2 from the Sakhalin region was characterized by the highest average rates of shoot height and breeding rate. For variant N 4 from the Kamchatka Territory, various morphogenic reactions in an in vitro culture have been noted: sprouting, callus formation, flowering of plants. For all the studied variants, 100 % rooting on 1/2MS medium is typical. For variants N 1 and 5, the positive effect of pre-cultivation of explants on media containing 1 mg/l BAP alone or in combination with NAA 1 mg/l is shown to obtain optimal indicators of rhizogenesis and the development of regenerants. Significant differences in the parameters of growth and development of explants in in vitro culture depending on the composition of the nutrient medium and habitat of R. rosea are shown.



9.
BIOGENIC ACCUMULATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS BY PLANTS OF THE POACEAE BARNHART AND ARTEMISIA L. IN THE DRY STEPPE AND SEMI-DESERT ZONES OF THE SOUTH OF THE RUSSIAN PLAIN

I. Yu. Kudrevatykh, P. I. Kalinin, A. O. Alekseev
Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil of RAS, Pushchino, Russia
Keywords: биогеохимия, химические элементы, степная растительность, полупустыня, коэффициент биологического поглощения, biogeochemistry, chemical elements, steppe vegetation, semi-desert, coefficient of biological uptake

Abstract >>
The steppe and semi-desert landscapes of the Republic of Kalmykia and the Rostov Region (12 in total) in various ecological and geochemical conditions (rainfall, temperature, soil salinization, position in meso- and macro- relief, etc.) were studied. In selected areas samples of vegetation and soil were taken, in which Р2О5, MgO, Al2O3, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3, S, Sr, Ba, Zn and Ni by X-ray fluorescence were measured. In the soil organic carbon (Corg), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), pH and gran size were determined additionally. To assess the absorption and biogenic accumulation of chemical elements by vegetation the coefficient of biological uptake (CBU) was calculated. For interpretation and visualization of the obtained data, the method of nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used. It was revealed that in the studied plants with varying environmental conditions the content of elements decreases in the following: Са > Al > Fe > K > S > P > Mg > Ti > Mn > Sr > Ba > Zn > Ni. It is shown that, according to aggregate characteristics, the concentrations of the studied elements in vegetation reliably differ in the above-ground part of Poaceae Barnhart, the above-ground and underground part of Artemisia L. and the underground part of Poaceae Barnhart. The highest content of Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ti, Ba, Zn, Sr were in plants of the Poaceae Barnhart, Ca, K, P, S - Artemisia L. For the studied plant species, the coefficient of biological uptake of chemical elements above 1 was at S(1.1-12.7), Zn(0.2-6.5), K(0.1-3.9), Ca(0.1-3.5), Sr(0.1-3.0) and P(0.2-1.3).



10.
THE EFFECT OF METAL IONS ON THE SURVIVAL AND COELOMIC FLUID CELLS OF STARFISH ASTERIAS RUBENS (LINNAEUS, 1758) (ECHINODERMATA: ASTEROIDEA)

V. A. Fedyunin, A. A. Poromov, A. V. Smurov
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Asterias rubens, морские звезды, токсичность, металлы, биоконцентрация, целомоциты, целомическая жидкость, поведенческая реакция, Asterias rubens, starfish, toxic effect, metals, bioconcentration, coelomocytes, coelomic fluid, behavioral response

Abstract >>
Toxic effects of various concentrations of cobalt, manganese, iron, lead, cadmium and copper on survival, behavioral response of starfish Asterias rubens , and changes in cellular elements of coelomic fluid (CF) in response to exposure to these metals were investigated. The experiments included survival evaluation, evaluation of the righting time, number of cells and cell distribution among different groups. Half-lethal concentrations measured for copper (0.98 ± 0.16 µM), lead (9.6 ± 0.4 µM) and cadmium (15.1 ± 0.96 µM). Exposure of these metals leads to a significant righting time growth. Number of cells circulating in CF increased under lead, cadmium and copper exposure, under the highest doses of cobalt, manganese and iron. Exposure to Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ resulted in an increase in the proportion of agranulocytes, Co2+, Mn2+ and Fe3+ leads to an increase in the percentage of red amoebocytes (granulocytes) in the CF. It was shown that Cu2+, Cd2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ are dose-dependent bioconcentrated in bodies of Asterias rubens .