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Contemporary Problems of Ecology

2017 year, number 6

1.
Genetic Сharacteristics of Kodar Snow Heep Using SNP Markers

D. G. MEDVEDEV1,2, A. V. DOTSEV2, I. M. OKHLOPKOV2,3, T. E. DENISKOVA2, H. REYER4, K. WIMMERS4, G. BREM2,5, V. A. BAGIROV2, N. A. ZINOVIEVA2
1Fund for studying, preservation of the snow leopard and the rare species of mountain fauna, 664011, Irkutsk, Proletarskaya str., 9
2L. K. Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry, 142132, Dubrovitzy, 60
3Institute of biological problems of cryolitozone, SB RAS, 677890, Yakutsk, Lenin ave., 41
4Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology Leibnits, Dummerstorf, Vilgelm-Stakhl-Allee, 2
5Institute of Animal Breeding аnd Genetics, University of Veterinаry Medicine, Viennа, A-1210, Veterenаrplats, 1
Keywords: cнежный баран, кодарский, генетический анализ, SNP, snow sheep, Kodar, genetic analysis, SNP

Abstract >>
For the first time polymorphisms in Kodar snow sheep, KOD ( Ovis nivicola kodarensis ) nuclear DNA were studied. KOD is a representative of small isolated population of Asian snow sheep ( Ovis nivicola Eschscholtz, 1829) inhabiting the Kodar Ridge (Irkutsk Oblast, Transbaikal Krai). We compared KOD with its geographically closest Yakut subspecies ( Ovis nivicola lydekkeri ). Genome-wide study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed using the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The final set of markers for analysis included 1030 SNPs. We found that Kodar snow sheep had almost 10 times lower level of genetic diversity evaluated by multilocus heterozygosity - MLH (0.027 for KOD - 0.215-0.270 for individuals of Yakut subspecies) and standardized MLH - stMLH (0.116 against 0.910-01.147). The results of multidimensional scaling (MDS), Nei distances calculations ( DN ) and STRUCTURE analysis showed a clear genetic differentiation of Kodar snow sheep from Yakut subspecies. Our data represent the first step to understanding of the demographic history of the original Kodar population of snow sheep.



2.
Home Ranges of Brown Bears on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Island

I. V. SERYODKIN1,2, J. PACZKOWSKI3, M. Y. BORISOV1, Yu. K. PETRUNENKO1
1Pacific Geographical Institute, FEB RAS, 690041, Vladivostok, Radio str., 7
2Far Eastern Federal University, 690091, Vladivostok, Sukhanova str., 8
3Alberta Environment and Parks, Canmore, Suite 201, 800 Railway Ave
Keywords: бурый медведь, участок обитания, GPS-телеметрия, внутривидовые отношения, Ursus arctos, brown bear, home range, GPS-telemetry, intraspecific relations, Ursus arctos

Abstract >>
We studied brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) land use using satellite collars deployed on four animals in Kamchatka in 2005-2006 and three animals on Sakhalin Island in 2011-2012. The annual home range sizes ranged from 6.09 to 27.58 km2 for females and was 153.12 km2 for male. The sizes of annual core area of home range did not exceed 1.68 km2. Seasonal home range sizes were the highest in August and September and the lowest in May. Home ranges of two females in Kamchatka significantly overlapped, while a lower degree of overlap was found for two females in Sakhalin. Habitat use by bears depends on the seasonal distribution of food, in particular salmon.



3.
Range Expansion of Rotan Perccottus glenii, Sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus, and Bleak Alburnus alburnus in the Ob River Basin

A. N. RESHETNIKOV1, A. S. GOLUBTSOV1,2, V. B. ZHURAVLEV3, S. L. LOMAKIN4, A. S. REZVYI5
1Severtsov Ecology and Evolution Institute, RAS, 119071, Moscow, Leninskiy ave., 33
2Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, RAS, 152742, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast
3Altai State University, 656049, Barnаul, Leninа str., 11
4Altai Branch of Upper-Ob "GLAVRYBVOD", 656056, Barnаul, Leninа str., 8
5Museum of Nature and Man, 628011, Khanty-Mansiysk, Mira str., 11
Keywords: ареал, Западная Сибирь, Обь, Иртыш, чужеродный вид, range, West Siberia, Ob, Irtysh, alien species

Abstract >>
Ranges of three studied alien fish species (rotan Perccottus glenii , sunbleak Leucaspius delineaus , and bleak Alburnus alburnus ) in the Ob River basin, West Siberia, have expanded. Our data prove the expansion of rotan and sunbleak ranges to the north. In particular, for the first time populations of rotan have been reported from the lower section of the Ob. We also present new data on range expansion of the studied fish species southward. All three species have probably reached southern limits of their possible distribution in the Upper Ob system getting into potamon/rhithron transition zone because the species under study prefer lowland waters. Spatial-temporal dynamics of their expansion reveals the role of the Ob River as the main invasion corridor enhancing their distribution mostly in meridional direction. In the system of the Upper Ob, rotan and sunbleak were found by us in isolated ponds and lakes as well as in floodplain and river systems. This is in agreement with the concept of two invasion vectors: translocation of fish by humans between water bodies and self-distribution along the river courses.



4.
Effects of Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) and Bream (Abramis brama) on the Structure of Littoral Communities in a Mesotrophic Lake: Mesocosm Experiments

V. P. SEMENCHENKO, M. D. MOROZ, E. A. SYSOVA, T. P. LIPINSKAYA
Scientific and Practical Centre for Bioresources, Nationаl Academy of Sciences, 220072, Minsk, Akademicheskaya str., 27
Keywords: карп, лещ, фитопланктон, зоопланктон, макрозообентос, carp, bream, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrozoobenthos

Abstract >>
In order to compare the impact of alien common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and native bream ( Abramis brama ) on water chemistry, phyto- and zooplankton, and macrozoobenthos, nine enclosures, 9 м2 each, were placed in the littoral zone of Lake Obsterno (Republic of Belarus) at a distance of 60 m from the shore. Feeding behavior of carp, characterized by extensive burrowing in the sediment, led to the change in the phytoplankton community structure. But the significant differences in algae biomass between control and fish enclosures were received only for diatoms algae. Carp had a more pronounced effect on abundance of large-bodied species of zooplankton ( Diaphanosoma brachyurum ) than bream did. For both fish species an increase in abundance of small-bodied Bosminа longirostris was recorded. Decreased abundance and biomass of macrozoobenthos occurred at a much higher rate within the carp enclosures, with the strongest impact on ephemeropterans. There was no difference in the consumption of chironomids and oligochaetes regardless of fish species.



5.
Spatial-Typological Structure and Organization of the Population of Small Mammals of the Prealtai Plain

A. V. MAKAROV
Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, 630091, Novosibirsk, Frunze str., 11
Keywords: мелкие млекопитающие, неоднородность сообществ, классификация, структурный граф, факторы среды, small mammals, nonuniformity of communities, classification, structural graph, environmental factors

Abstract >>
Based on materials collected in 1963, 1998 and from 2009 to 2016, the subzonal changes in the population of the small mammals of the Prealtai plain are described, its classification and spatial-typological structure are given, the strength of the connection between nonuniformity of communities depending on environmental factors are estimated. The results of the analysis of the spatial inhomogeneity of the population of the West Siberian and Prealtai plains and mountain provinces of the Altai are compared.



6.
Structure of Plant Communities of the Initial Stages of Succession on Anthropogenic Sandy Outcrops of the Forest-Tundra and Northern Taiga of West Siberia

O. A. KAPITONOVA1, A. E. SELIVANOV2,3, V. I. KAPITONOV1
1Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station of the Ural Branch of RAS, 626152, Tobolsk, academician Yu. Osiрov str., 15 u
2Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, 626152, Tobolsk, academician Yu. Osiрov str., 15 u
3Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station of the Ural Branch of RAS, 614990, Perm, Sibirskaya str., 24
Keywords: запесочивание, песчаные обнажения, сукцессия, зарастание, северотаежная подзона, лесотундра, Западная Сибирь, sandy outcrop, eroded soil, succession, overgrowing, north-taiga subzone, forest-tundra, West Siberia

Abstract >>
The results of the study of taxonomic, ecological and phytocenotic structure of plant communities formed in the initial stages of overgrowing the anthropogenic sandy outcrops within the forest-tundra zone and the subzone of the northern taiga forests of West Siberia are presented. At the pioneering stages of vegetative cover restoration, there are two to eleven species growing into sparse communities of the Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea, Artemisietea vulgaris and Koelerio-Corynephoretea classes. The participation in the recovery succession on the sandy outcrops of some meso-xerophitic forest-tundra, meadow-margin and weed herbaceous plant species and dwarf shrubs mostly with ruderal and stress-tolerant eco-phytocenotic strategies, as well as with secondary strategies - violent-ruderal and ruderal-stress-tolerant strategies are shown. The primary succession begins at the bottom and slopes of the quarry ditches, as well as on the surface of the sand dunes, and proceeds on an accelerated scenario. In the initial stages of succession participate hygro-, meso- and xerophilous species, predominantly oligo-mesotrophic rhizome and densely turf grass plants and shrubs of the native flora as well as ground lichens.



7.
On Variation of Metric and Qualitative Characters of Nitraria L. Species in the Context of Ecological-Climatic Cinditions of Habitats in Siberia

E. V. BANAEV, M. A. TOMOSHEVICH, M. B. YAMTYROV
Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Zolotodolinskaya str., 101
Keywords: Nitraria sibirica, Nitraria schoberi, Сибирь, внутривидовая изменчивость, межвидовые различия, листовая пластинка, семя, лепесток венчика, пыльник, Nitraria sibirica, Nitraria schoberi, Siberia, intraspecific variation, interspecific dissimilarities, leaf blade, seed, corolla petal, anther

Abstract >>
Sizes of bushes, leaves, seeds and flower elements of Nitraria sibirica Pall. and N. schoberi L. were studied in 19 Siberian populations. It has been revealed that larger bushes 150-170 cm high, leaves 15-30 cm long and 5,7-8,8 mm wide, seeds up to 10 mm long, wider corolla petals about 2,5 mm and larger (by 1,2-1,5 times) anthers are typical of N. schoberi . Height of N. sibirica bush does not exceed 80 cm, length of a leaf blade varies from 8 to 15 mm; length of stones amounts to 3,7-7,4 mm; length of petals is somewhat more than 3,5 mm and that of anthers - 0,5-1 mm. Rather high constancy of metric characters typical of both species regardless of habitat conditions is shown. Climatic dependence is only followed by bush height in N. sibirica which is a trailing plant in the continental regions, especially in the high mountains of the Altai Republic. The vegetative organs (leaf blades and young stems) of N. sibirica are always more pubescent compared to those of N. schoberi .



8.
Transformation of Life Forms and Ontogenetic Structure of Nepeta pulchella Pojark. Coenopopulations in Acsy-Zhabaglinsky Nature Reserve

A. Yu. ASTASHENKOV1, V. A. CHERYOMUSHKINA1, A. V. GREBENYUK2, S. D. DZHUMANOV3
1Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Zolotodolinskaya str., 101
2V. L. Komarov Institute of Botany, RAS, 197376, St. Petersburg, Prof. Popov str., 2
3Aksu-Zhabaglinsky Nature Reserve, 131610, Zhabagly, Abay str., 8
Keywords: Nepeta pulchella, морфология, жизненные формы, онтогенез, морфологическая адаптация, ценопопуляции, Аксу-Жабаглы, Nepeta pulchella, morphology, life forms, ontogenesis, morphological adaptation, coenopopulations, Aksu-Zhabagly

Abstract >>
The present paper is devoted to the results of study of ontogenesis and structural-morphological pattern of Nepeta pulchella individuals of different life forms. Ecological-coenotic conditions of the species habitats within Aksu-Zhabaglinsky Nature Reserve are characterized. N. pulchella occurs from the middle part of the mountains to the subalpine belt. Status of coenopopulations in two types of plant communities has been assessed. Depending on various ecological-coenotic conditions N. pulchella individuals have two life forms: taprooted caudex and short-rooted- taprooted. Individuals of these biomorphs pass complete complicated ontogenesis. The following morphogenetic phases are described for the first biomorph: primary shoot -> main axis -> primary bush -> clone and for the second one - primary shoot -> main axis -> primary bush -> tillering particle -> not tillering particle. The coenopopulations studied are normal, transitional to mature, resistant and incomplete. Ecological-coenotic and structural-morphological analyses have made it possible to reveal in N. pulchella individual morphogenesis a number of characters indicative to phylogenetic link with сlosely related taxa.



9.
Chemical Transformation of Kamchatka Soils after the Inclusion of Tephra

Yu. S. LITVINENKO1, L. V. ZAKHARIKHINA2
1EcoGeoLit Ltd., 119330, Moscow, Mosfil’movskaya str., 17B
2Geotechnological Research Center, Far Eastern Branch, RAS, 683002, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Severo-Vostochnoye sh. 30, p/o box 56
Keywords: Камчатка, вулканические извержения, пеплопады, химические элементы, изменение свойств почв, Kamchatka, volcanic eruptions, ash falls, chemical elements, changing soil proper

Abstract >>
It is established that in the conditions of cold humid climate the change in the chemical composition of soils after the arrival of volcanic ash in them depends on the granulometric and petrochemical composition of the products of eruptions, the method and the forms of chemical elements entering the soils, the season and the meteorological conditions of the ash falls. Petrochemical composition of ash determines, mainly, the nature of changes in the gross composition of soils. Transformations of soils in the part of the contents of mobile forms depend more on the time of year and the meteorological conditions of ash falls. The overwhelming part (up to 99.3 %) of the mobile forms of most elements enters the soils at ash falls not in the composition of ash particles, but in gas and water-soluble forms directly from the dispersion medium of volcanic aerosol. In 25 km from the centers of eruptions in soils are established: in winter conditions - growth of gross contents of elements and removal of their mobile forms; in the summer period - the accumulation of mobile forms of elements against the background of a fall in the content of their gross forms, acidification of soils is observed here with a significant (about 1.5-fold) decrease in the degree of saturation of soils with bases.



10.
Preliminary Analysis of Changes in Structure of Small Mammal Communities under the Influence of the Industrial Pollution in the Northern Kazakhstan Region

T. A. DUPAL1, Z. M. SERGAZINOVA2, N. T. ERZHANOV2, Yu. N. LITVINOV1
1Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, 630091, Novosibirsk, Frunze str., 11
2Toraigyrov Pavlodar State University, 637034, Pavlodar, Lomova str., 64
Keywords: грызуны, насекомоядные, сообщества, численность и структура населения, промышленное загрязнение, Северный Казахстан, rodents, insectivores, community, species abundance, dominance structure, industrial pollution, Northern Kazakhstan

Abstract >>
The new data on the small mammal communities in the industrial area near Pavlodar (Northern Kazakhstan) are presented in this article for the first time. The comparative analysis of the diversity characteristics of the small mammal communities in the areas of technological environmental impact, and the reference area was performed. It is shown that the total abundance increases with the distance from the pollution sources. The community of small mammals in a territory with a significant anthropogenic pressure is characterized by depleted species composition and the monodominant structure. With a moderate intensity of anthropogenic load, species diversity increases, but the number of individual species decreases due to fragmentation of habitats.



11.
Post-Breeding Densities, Population Sizes and Lake Size Partitioning of Loon Species in Western Chukotka, Russia

D. V. SOLOVYEVA1, J. D. PARUK2, J. TASH2, S. L. VARTANYAN3, G. K. DANILOV3, V. V. POSPEKHOV1, D. C. EVERS2
1Institute of Biological Problems of the North, FEB RAS, 685000, Magadan, Portovaya str., 18
2Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, Maine, USA
3N. A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, FEB RAS, 685000, Portovaya str., 16
Keywords: чернозобая гагара, Gavia arctica, белошейная гагара, G. pacifica, краснозобая гагара, G. stellata, белоклювая гагара, G. adamsii, Чукотка, Россия, Arctic Loon, diver, Gavia arctica, Pacific Loon, G. pacifica, Red-throated Loon, G. stellata, Yellow-billed Loon, G. adamsii, Chukotka, Russia

Abstract >>
The present paper deals with data on abundance and habitat use of four arctic breeding species of loons in the plains and surrounding mountains of western Chukotka, Russia. Loon species differed in their use of the four lacustrine habitat types within the study area. In yedoma habitat, the Yellow-billed Loon ( Gavia adamsii ) was the most abundant (0.593 birds/km2); on fluvial plains Pacific loons ( G . pacifica) outnumbered other loons (0.701 birds/km2); mountain valleys were inhabited similarly by G . pacifica (0.354 birds/km2) and Red-throated loons ( G . stellata ; 0.307); and maritime tundra was used only by G. pacifica (1.13) and Arctic loons ( G . arctica ; 0.553). G. adamsii was not observed in mountain valleys or maritime tundra. Mountainous portions of rivers were predominantly occupied by G. stellata and G. pacifica , and lowland rivers by G. stellata , G. pacifica and G. arctica .