Publishing House SB RAS:

Publishing House SB RAS:

Address of the Publishing House SB RAS:
Morskoy pr. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia



Advanced Search

Contemporary Problems of Ecology

2017 year, number 1

1.
Distribution and Parameters of Genetic Polymorphism of the Northern Red-Backed Vole (Clethrionomys rutilus) and the Bank Vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) in West Siberia

O. N. ZHIGILEVA, E. V. GORBACHEVA
Tyumen State University, 625003, Tyumen, Semakova str., 10
Keywords: Clethrionomys, Myodes, красная полевка, рыжая полевка, симпатрия, гибриды, мтДНК, генетическая изменчивость, northern red-backed vole, bank vole, sympatry, hybrids, mtDNA, genetic variability

Abstract >>
The article presents data on the genetic variability of the northern red-backed vole and the bank vole when inhabiting sympatrically in West Siberia. Two species of voles had comparable, relatively high indices of genetic variability of intermicrosatellite sequences of DNA. The proportion of polymorphic DNA markers was 95-98 %, Nei’s genetic diversity index - 0.33-0.35. In voles 47-58 % of allozyme loci were polymorphic, the average heterozygosity per locus was 0.058 in the northern red-backed vole, and 0.054 in the bank vole. Interpopulation differentiation in the red-backed vole ( FST = 0.293) was less compared to that in the bank vole ( FST = 0.475). Individuals of the hybrid line of the bank vole with mitochondrial haplotype of red-backed vole were found by the method of PCR-typing of cytochrome b gene fragment of mtDNA. The proportion of hybrid specimens ranged from 2 to 34 % in different regions. Indices of genetic variability in the hybrid line of the bank vole were lower than those of the parental species.



2.
Interpopulation Variation in Growth and Puberty Rate of Moor Frog Males (Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842)

E. A. BAYTIMIROVA1, V. L. VERSHININ1,2
1Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, UrB RAS, 620144, Ekaterinburg, 8 Marta str., 202
2Ural Federal University nаmed after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 620002, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 19
Keywords: амфибии, остромордая лягушка, рост, годовой прирост, скелетохронология, минерализация вод, гидрохимия, amphibians, moor frog, growth, annual growth, skeletochronology, water salinity, water chemistry

Abstract >>
With a view to identifying interpopulational peculiarities of moor frog male growth and puberty, we have analyzed age composition, body sizes, and annual growth of amphibians inhabiting three water reservoirs with various hydrochemical composition. In all, 117 pubescent males aged from 2 to 6 were studied. As established, ambient surface water salinity in the Middle Urals is 150 mg/dm3 in the springtime. Interannual variations of salinity in the reservoirs under study are linked with changing sulphate content. It has been noted that water salinity up to 300 mg/dm3 during the spawning season shall not be viewed as a negative aspect restricting growth of moor frogs. Relatively early puberty of moor frog males occurs under close-to-optimal conditions and is followed by redistribution of energy towards reproductive processes along with growth retardation of amphibia.



3.
Food Selectivity of Large Herbivores in Eastern Mongolia

I. S. SHEREMETYEV1, E. A. PETRUNENKO2, D. E. KISLOV2, S. B. ROZENFELD3, I. A. DMITRIEV3, L. ZHARGALSAIKHAN4, S. ENKH-AMGALAN5
1Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch, RAS, 690022, Vladivostok, Stoletiya ave., 159
2Botanical Garden-Institute, Far Eastern Branch, RAS, 690024, Vladivostok, Makovskogo str., 142
3Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, 119071, Moscow, Leninskii ave., 33
4Institute of Common and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 190070, Ulaanbaatar, Zhukov str., 77
5Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, P.O. 210620, Ulaanbaatar, Box 361
Keywords: травоядные, избирательность, соперничество, Procapra gutturosa, Восточная Монголия, herbivores, food selectivity, competition, Procapra gutturosa, Eastern Mongolia

Abstract >>
The present paper deals with food selectivity of the large herbivores of Eastern Mongolia, governing factors and role in formation of herbivores’ community structure. It was established that due to vegetation degradation a high level of selectivity was characteristic of all herbivores under study, it was conditioned by their morphophysiological features and spatial distribution. Selectivity may provide competitive advantages, but not food niche differentiation. We suppose that the herbivore communities of Eastern Mongolia, both under inspection and in the wild, experience under pasture degradation an increase of the portion of small browsers, which in turn raise the rate of degradation. This interrelationship shows a likely mechanism of formation of intrinsic crises in herbivore communities and may explain extinction processes of big steppe herbivores of the “Mammoth fauna”.



4.
Ecological Ranges and Types of Rarity in the Kuznetsk Alatau of Some Saussurea DC. Species

M. N. SHURUPOVA, A. A. ZVEREV, I. I. GUREYEVA
Nationаl Research Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Leninа avе., 36
Keywords: экологическая ниша, фитоиндикационный анализ, Saussurea, Кузнецкий Алатау, редкость, ecological niche, indicator value, Saussurea, the Kuznetsk Alatau

Abstract >>
Indicator values for Saussurea baicalensis (Adams) B. L. Rob., S. frolowii Ledeb., S. salicifolia (L.) DC., and S. schanginianа (Wydl.) Fisch. ex Serg. on the gradients of soil moisture and nutrient availability-salinity were analyzed for more than 1600 relevés. We determined the size of their ecological niches and their importance value in phytocenoses. We assessed the vulnerability of local populations of S. baicalensis, S. frolowii, S. salicifolia and S. schanginianа in the Kuznetsk Alatau by comparison of their position within the ecological niches and determined types of rarity for each of listed species in the Kuznetsk Alatau.



5.
Detection of the Most Probable Pleistocene Microrefugia on the Northern Macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge (Southern Prebaikalia)

V. V. CHEPINOGA1,2, M. V. PROTOPOPOVA3, V. V. PAVLICHENKO3
1V. B. Sochava Insitute of Geography, SB RAS, 664033, Irkutsk, Ulan-Batorskaya str., 1
2Irkutsk State University, 664003, Irkusk, Karl Marks str., 1
3Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, SB RAS, 664033, Irkutsk, Lermontova str., 132
Keywords: неморальный реликт, неморальный рефугиум, рефугиальная зона, реликтовые растения, хребет Хамар-Дабан, nemoral relict, nemoral refugium, refugial zone, relict plant species, Khamar-Daban Ridge

Abstract >>
Currently, the natural zone of broad-leaved (nemoral) forests in Eurasia has a wide disjunction that falls on the most continental part of Siberia. However, there are several well-distinguished sites of high concentration (refugia) of nemoral relict species on the foothills of some mountains in South Siberia. The easternmost refugium is the northern macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge. We analyzed present-day distribution of 27 nemoral relict plant species on the Khamar-Daban Ridge to detect the most probable Pleistocene microrefugia. Our results revealed that the microrefugia are most probably confined to the valleys of the Utulik, Babkha, Snezhnaya, Pereemnaya and Mishikha rivers. Based on the ranges of species within the distinguished microrefugia, six groups of relicts were identified. Evidently, species from those groups differed in their survival strategies during glaciations, as well as subsequent reexpansion during the interglacial time.



6.
Morphogenetic Analysis of Brunnera sibirica (Boraginaceae) Coenopopulations in the Mountains of South Siberia

I. E. YAMSKIKH1, M. G. KUTSEV2
1Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Svobodny ave., 79
2Altai State University, 656049, Barnаul, Leninа str., 61
Keywords: Brunnera sibirica, неморальный реликт, черневая тайга, морфолого-генетический анализ, RAF-PCR, Западный Саян, Северо-Восточный Алтай, nemoral relict, mountain taiga, morphogical and genetic analysis, the West Sayan, North Eastern Altai

Abstract >>
Fifteen Brunnera sibirica cenopopulations were studied. Morphological and genetic study revealed increase of variability and a high level of correlation of morphological features (together with decrease of sizes of vegetative organs) during the first years after deforestation in fir and aspen forests. High morphological and genetic diversity is typical of mountain fir forests, pine-birch and pine forests.



7.
Succession of Vegetation after the High Intensity Firein a Pine Forest with Lichens

G. A. IVANOVA1, V. A. IVANOV2, N. M. KOVALEVA1, S. G. CONARD3, S. V. ZHILA1, P. A. TARASOV2
1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, 660036, Kransnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, 50/28
2Siberian State Technological University, 60049, Kransnoyarsk, Mira ave., 82
3US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 5775 W US Highway 10, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
Keywords: лесной пожар, сукцессия, сосняки, лесовозобновление, лесные горючие материалы, forest fire, succession, pine stand, reforestation, fuel loads

Abstract >>
The impact of experimental high intensity fire on components of an ecosystem and post fire succession was studied in middle taiga of pine forest over 20 years. About 44 % of forest fuel loads burned down during the fire. The emission of carbon was about 18 t C/he. The trees died for the first three years after the fire and there was essential accumulation of fuel loads. Twenty years later the fuel loads exceeded that before the fire by four times, which opened up possibilities for repeat high-intensity fires. The initial stage of post fire succession is specified by forest growth conditions and occurs with change of dominants of herbaceous-dwarf shrub cover in the pine forest. The agrochemical and hydro-thermal soil indicators changed after fire, which promoted natural regeneration of pine trees enough for formation of forest stand.



8.
Transformation of the Ground Cover after Surface Fires and Estimation of Pyrogenic Carbon Emissions in the Dark-Coniferous Forests of Central Siberia

E. A. KUKAVSKAYA1, L. V. BURYAK2,3, O. P. KALENSKAYA2, D. S. ZARUBIN2,3
1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, 50/28
2Siberian State Technological University, 660049, Krasnoyarsk, Mira ave., 82
3Central Siberian State Nature Biosphere Reserve, 663246, Bor, Gribnaya str., 1
Keywords: средняя тайга, кедровые насаждения, запасы и структура напочвенных горючих материалов, устойчивые и беглые пожары, показатель пожарной опасности по погоде, полнота сгорания, эмиссия углерода, Siberian pine stands, central taiga, loads and structure of ground fuels, steady and fast-moving fires, weather fire danger index, fuel consumption, carbon emissions

Abstract >>
Ground fuel loads and structure in the dark-coniferous forests with the dominance of Siberian pine were studied in the Central Siberian State Nature Biosphere Reserve located in the middle taiga of Central Siberia. The impacts of surface fires of various forms and severities were studied. Low- to moderate-severity fires were found to decrease ground fuel loads from 35-49 t/ha to 26-28 t/ha, while moderate- to high-severity fires - to 17-18 t/ha. Consumption of down woody debris varied from 3 to 29 t/ha depending on the prefire fuel characteristics, fire form and severity. Steady fires spreading under the fire danger index PV-1 of 3919 ± 482 resulted in carbon emissions of 14.0 tC/ha and 24.6 tC/ha due to fires of low- to moderate- and moderate- to high-severities, respectively. The lowest carbon emissions (10.1 tC/ha) were estimated to be due to fast-moving fire spreading under PV-1 of 1167±386.



9.
Features of Algal Communities in Forest Biogeocoenosis Litters of the Steppe Zone

Ye. I. MALTSEV1, A. Ye. PAKHOMOV2, I. A. MALTSEVA1
1Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 72312, Melitopol, Lenin str., 20
2Oles Honchar Dnepropetrovsk Nationаl University, 49010, Dnepropetrovsk, Gagarin ave., 72
Keywords: лесная подстилка, водоросли, степная зона, лесные биогеоценозы, биоразнообразие, Украина, forest litter, algae, steppe zone, forest biogeocoenoses, biodiversity, Ukraine

Abstract >>
We studied features of algal communities in forest litters of natural and artificial forest biogeocoenoses in the steppe zone. The greatest resemblance was observed between algal communities formed in the litters with a similar composition (leaf or needle litter). The complex of dominants and the structure of algal groups varied by seasons and subhorizons of the forest litter, which characterized the specifics of the forest litter as a medium of existence of algae with high dynamics of changes in thickness, chemical and physical properties as a result of processes of abiotic and biotic degradation of plant residues. Needle forest litter was characterized by the predominance of green and yellow-green algae, both in the number of species and its percentage in the total number while leaf litter - by green and yellow-green algae with significant contribution from Cyanoprokaryota. When some leaf litter was added to the needle one, it resulted in the increased diversity of algae.



10.
The Bioassay of Toxicity Based on the Phototaxis of Baikalian Amphipods

D. I. STOM1,2, G. O. ZHDANOVA1, M. N. SAKSONOV1, A. E. BALAYAN1, M. Yu. TOLSTOY3
1Irkutsk State University, 664003, Irkutsk, Lenin str., 3
2The Baikal Museum at the ISC, SB RAS, 664520, Listvyanka, Akademicheskaya str., 1
3Irkutsk Nationаl Research Technical University, 664074, Irkutsk, Lermontov str., 83
Keywords: фототаксис, токсичность, Eulimnogammarus vittatus, биотестирование, phototaxis, toxicity, bioassay

Abstract >>
In this study, amphipods Eulimnogammarus vittatus were evaluated as test organisms for use in aquatic toxicity bioassays. Dependence of the time of departure of organisms from the light on presence of toxicants was studied. The most rapid response to light was established in pure Baikal water. Presence of pollutants retarded moving of E. vittatus individuals to the dark areas. A similar effect was observed in the experiments with heavy metals, detergents, and petroleum products. The results obtained indicate good prospects of using this test reaction of E. vittatus as a biological assay for toxic contamination.



11.
90Sr and 137Cs Accumulation in the March Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus Pall.) in the Middle Urals

V. P. GUSEVA1, M. Ya. CHEBOTINA1, V. G. ISHCHENKO1, D. L. BERZIN2
1Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, UrB RAS, 620144, Ekaterinburg, 8 Marta str., 202
2B. N. Yeltzin Ural Federal University, 620002, Ekaterinburg, Mira str., 19
Keywords: озерная лягушка, промливневый канал, Белоярское водохранилище, Верхнетагильское водохранилище, река Тагил, 90Sr, 137Cs, the march frog, discharge channel, Beloyarskoye reservoir, Verkhnetagilskoye reservoir, the Tagil river

Abstract >>
90Sr, 134Cs and 137Cs accumulation in the march frog were studied in the regions of the Beloyarskoye (discharge channel) and Verkhnetagilskoye (the Tagil river downstream of the dam) reservoirs. 90Sr concentrations in the animals from the discharge channel varied from 2 to 25 Bq/kg, from the Tagil ri ver - from 1 to 13 Bq/kg, 137Cs concentrations were 8-26 and 11-100 Bq/kg, respectively. No distinctions in 90Sr and 137Cs accumulation depending on age and sex were found. Accumulation levels in the march frog were compared with those in other representatives of the water ecosystem of the discharge channel. It was found that the population from the discharge channel accumulated significantly more 90Sr and less 137Cs than the population from the Tagil river. Evidently, 137Cs was transferred to the Tagil river from a certain unknown source of radioactive pollution.