Home – Home – Jornals – Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2011 number 6

Principles of the recovery of initial (indigenous) vegetation are considered. They may be applied to determine the optimal sites of growth of forest-forming species. Such a possibility is demonstrated for Primorsky Territory as an example. The efficiency of the use of these principles for solving the problems of mathematical and cartographic modeling of forest vegetation is demonstrated.

Results of the classification of ecosystems over the matrix of average quotient of similarity are reported. Initial coefficients were calculated at first separately over the four components comprising the ecosystem. These components (blocks) include the underground part (humus of soil, mortmass, and underground phytomass), top vegetation, as well as invertenrates and vertebrates. Mismatch of boundaries in separate blocks of the ecosystems and in comparisons with the inhomogeneity of ecosystems in general was demonstrated. These differences manifest themselves both in the typological and in the typological-chorologic analysis. The revealed features of the territorial interchange in the indicated blocks generate continuity of ecosystems and the conventional character of all the classifications and drawn boundaries.

Analysis of the state of live ground cover of green moss forests in the middle and northern taiga of West Siberia under the action of various factors of oil production is presented. These factors include oil pollution of land, salinization, underflooding by underground water. The action of these factors causes the consequences that are negative for the phytocoenosis: a decrease in total abundance and the biological productivity of the plants in the live ground cover, a decrease in taxonomic abundance, changes of the role of separate species and groups of plants in the phytocoenosis.

Evaluation of the effect of wastes from tin ore processing on the objects of environment is presented. Measures aimed at the provision of ecological and social safety are proposed.

This work surveys the genetic toxicity of benz(a)pyrene added to soil for Tradescantia plants (clon 02). Different adaptation levels of Tradescantia (02) to soil pollution with benz(a)pyrene have been estimated. Plant adaptation was not observed at the morphological level, but found for the physiological and genetic (with every adaptation stage) levels. The products of benz(a)pyrene metabolism act as auxin on plants influencing the growth of root biomass and the cell size.

Major kinds of the technogenic action of oil and gas production on the ecosystems of taiga forests in the Tyumen Region at all the stages of deposit developments - exploration, construction, extraction, abandonment - are considered on the basis of the statistical data and the results of own long-term field investigations. The most severe negative consequences at each stage are determined.

Pine forests of Zabaikalie region growing under rainless climate are remarkable for high inflammability. Forest fires increase the limiting role of moisture in tree growth. The outward diagnostic signs were determined which characterize the xylogenesis state of trees damaged by fire. Pyrogenic fluctuations of the year-to-year tree rings are illustrated in the paper. The process of digression dynamics of pyrogenic tree stands was monitored as well. Their reparation potential becomes weaker with ageing. As a result of the permanent effect of the pyrogenic factor, the productivity of pine forests in Transbaikalia is 1.5-2 times lower than that of the pine forests in the Priangarie region.

Prediction of intensification and directional development of the actions in forestry aimed at the formation of the forests of future is given, relying on the zonal typological features of the taiga forests of West Siberia and dynamic processes that occur in them.

The studies of fluoride content in the system ground-plant were made to establish the regularities in fluoride absorption by herbaceous plants of meadow biotopes of Norrthern Bucovina. The ecological groups of plants with different level of fluoride absorption were determined according to the complex of criteria. A plant-concentrator Chamaerion angustifolium (L.) Holub was singled out.

Seasonal changes of the photosynthesis activity and the concentration of green pigments in the needles of common pine Pinus sylvestris L. and Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb. depending on the environmental factors are studied. Under the extremely dry conditions, the daily maximal of photosynthesis are regulated by the level of water content in needles and the concentration of green pigments. Under optimal watering, the concentration of pigments depends on soil temperature. The efficiency of chlorophyll functioning under optimal watering is 2-6 times higher than under the dry conditions.

The influence of fire events and forest cutting on the soil and ecological factors of reforestation in the pine forests of the Middle territory of the Ob basin was studied. It was revealed that potassium content increased, pH shifted toward the neutral values, humus (detritus) content decreased in the upper layer of the sod-podzol soil of cutover patches. The fell trussing after fire caused some increase in the temperature of the upper soil horizons, while the temperature of over-soil air increased by a factor of 1,5-2. Sometimes temperature reached the critical level for the emerging seedlings causing their death. The humidity of the upper soil level increased with respect to the reference up to 10 %. In general, the ecological factors on forest cuttings correspond to the conditions of natural reforestation.

The cytogenetic study of Abies sibirica seed progenies in decline fir stands of West Sayan High Mountains was carried out. The chromosome and genome mutations, pathologies of mitotic cycle and cells with micronuclei were recorded with high frequency. The revealed irregularities might be a result of the long-term exposure to extreme environmental factors and they probably reflect the high level of West Sayan highland forest ecosystems decline.

Lead and cadmium migration was studied in the system: biologically active plant raw material - extract. Antioxidant activity and detoxication ability of the extracts of birch buds and leaves was studied in pattern experiments with rats.

Long-term (1974-2009) monitoring of the regularities of sub-population arrangement of Soldanella hungarica Simonk. (Primulaceae) was performed in the plant community of Mugetum luzulosum in the Carpathian Mountains. The basic principles of the formation and dynamics of subpopulation loci were revealed. It was concluded that the non-uniformity of the illuminance of mountain pine elfin woodland causes the matrix of micro-habitats over which the subpopulation loci with their specific composition and dynamics are formed. Arguments in favor of the fact that the vital heterogeneity of loci is the most important prerequisite of the conservation of homeostasis vitality of naturalistic populations of plants are presented.

Dwarf and typical trees of the population of Pinus silvestris L. in the Shirinskaya forest-steppe are compared in the variability of vegetative and generative organs, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bearing. Special attention is paid to the investigation of the correlation structure of indices in the samples under comparison. It is established that the dwarf pines are characterized by high variability of the size and qualitative characteristics. In spite of the low reproductive potential of dwarf trees, some individuals are distinguished by regular and abundant bearing. They are characterized by the higher correlation of signs and tendency to gonochorism. In spite of the generally small contribution from dwarf individuals into the reproduction of pine population, it is quite corresponding to the small area occupied by rocks at the territory under study. Some individuals are distinguished by the high reproductive potential and can be used to solve the problems of selection.

The outstanding role of leading Scandinavian researchers at the beginning of the XX century - I. T. Nordensheld, A. K. Kayander, B. R. Poppius, I. Koren, R. Amundsen and G. Sverdrup in the investigation and development of the regions of North-Eastern Asia is revealed. The deeds of these researchers will always remain in the grateful memory of people.