Home – Home – Jornals – Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2005 number 5

The rate of decomposition of vegetable residues in embryonic soils characterized by the stage of post-technogenius soil formation is considered. Syngenesicity and vicissitude of the process of mineralization and losses of organic matter in the soils under study are demonstrated.

The soil cover of man-made landscapes of the Kuznetsk basin is described. It is established that the basis of the soil cover of man-made landscapes is composed of four types of embryonic soils. The specificity of formation of the embryonic soils is determined by the peculiarities of development of biological processes. It is demonstrated that the rate of development of biogeocenoses is controlled by the environmental conditions which are formed during the technogenesis stage.
Therein, considered as the ecologically most important element of technogenesis must be the rock formation, i.e. the man-caused lithogenesis.

The work is dedicated to the problems of rational ecologically safe use of chernozems - the main automorphous type of irrigated soils in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of West Siberia. For the main provinces of the region, theoretically and experimentally substantiated are the most important elements of soil humidification, and on this basis soil protection regimes of irrigation are developed.

The composition of the soil cover of the Sokur upland is considered. Morphometric peculiarities of elementary soil areas composing the soil cover are characterized. The basic types of soil cover structures are determined, and the degree of their complexity, contrast and heterogeneity is expressed in quantitative indicators.

The basic types of soils formed in superaqua landscapes of the Sokur upland are studied. Morphological, chemical and physicochemical properties of soils and their association with the peculiarities of soil formation factors determined by the specificity of landscape change time course is characterized.

An estimation of agricultural usefulness of lands of the Novosibirsk region characterized by a very variegated qualitative composition of soils is given, and arability of soils is estimated. Considered as arable are soils which, when involved in tillage, do not require preliminary melioration and are capable of conserving for a long time their good ecological state and ensuring a high productivity under the conditions of use of rational technologies.

The state of land resources of the Krasnoyarsk region in indicators of sustainable development is considered. The following criteria are used: comprehensive approach to planning and management of land resources, maintenance of sustainable development of agriculture and farmership, management of frangible ecological systems. The results demonstrate that the third principle of the Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro) about the equality of possibilities and the right of natural resources of the present and future generations is infringed.

Data on biogenic and toxic elements in roadside ecosystems of urbanized territories and on the intensity of release of carbon dioxide by micro biota in soils of various biogenicity are presented. Characteristics of toxigenicity of soils and arboreal vegetable residues of green plantations in terms of toxic chemical element content, content of sanitary representative bacteria, and phytotoxicity are given. Inhibition of landscaping plants - clover, meadow grass, phacelia - is compared with respect to germination energy, growth of roots and shoots on composted arboreal vegetable farm wastes. Choice of technologies of aerobic decomposition of municipal refuses for improvement of urban soils is offered.

Peculiarities of hydrothermal regime of the Salair chernozems in the cold period of hydrological year are determined. These peculiarities consist in the fact that, irrespective of the type of spring weather, a permafrost screen is formed which hinders the migration of snowmelt water into the profile depth and provokes a surface runoff.

An evolutionary genetic peculiarity of soils and rocks of the south of the West Siberian lowland is the presence

Results of comprehensive of reserves and structure of above-ground and subterranean biomass, data on the chemical composition of dominant plant species of typical mountain-tundra landscapes of the northern Okhotsk Sea shores, Upper Kolyma upland and the Arctic coasts of Chukotka are presented. It is found that mountain tundra ecosystems of the extreme northeast of Asia are characterized by a considerable accumulation of dead plant residues, which is determined by a discrepancy between the supply of leaf-fall and the rate of its decomposition, low temperatures, peculiarities of the environment conditions and a specific biochemical composition of plants. It is demonstrated that the annual consumption of chemical elements varies from 8,5 to 16,6 kg/ha. In small-shrub-lichen tundras, the series of absorption of chemical elements are practically identical, despite the differences in the ratios of structural components of vegetable mass. Characteristics of pedogenesis peculiarities in various types of mountain tundras that differ in the expression of Al-Fe process are presented.

The density of skeleton and solid phase, the total porosity and the ratio of water-air space in the soils of the city of Vladivostok have been studied. The parameters under analysis are considered depending on the type of urban plantations and in association with the degree of urbanization and alteration of soils. The differences of urban soils from their natural analogs most important with respect to the proportions of the water-air space and density of soil have been established. Due to the necessity of optimization of growing conditions of green plantations in urban ecosystems of Vladivostok, it is recommended to restore the physical parameters of urban soils by making them closer to the background levels.

With the help of information-logical analysis, models of fertility of meliorated solonetzs for Russian wild rye have been built.

On a 25-year old seed-forest plantation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Altai region, a significant influence of various clones of this species on the content of macro-and trace elements and on the content of heavy metals in the surface layer of soil is found. It is demonstrated that six clones can be promising from the point of view of carrying out some metals from the soil and their fixation in the phytomass. The study permits supplementing and focusing further studies of breeding in the direction of control of the chemical composition and decrease of the volume of works necessary for a detailed estimation of transformation of metals by various arboreal clones under the conditions of a long-term field experience.